Soil hazards are caused by the presence of human-made chemicals or alterations in the natural soil environment, typically from industrial activity, agriculture, or improper waste disposal. Major soil hazards include toxic, reactive, ignitable, corrosive, infectious, and explosive wastes as well as municipal solid waste and agricultural waste. Toxic wastes are poisonous in small amounts and can cause biological changes, while reactive wastes can ignite spontaneously. Proper management of soil hazards requires analyzing risks, identifying critical control points, establishing monitoring and limits, corrective actions, record keeping, and ensuring systems are working as intended. Reduction, reuse, and recycling of wastes can help mitigate soil hazards.

2. SOIL HAZARD DEFINITION:
 Soil hazard is caused the presence of human-made
chemical or other alteration in the natural soil
environment.
 It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural
chemicals and improper disposal of waste.

3.  Toxic wastes
 Reactive wastes
 Ignitable wastes
 Corrosive wastes
 Infectious wastes
 Explosive wastes
 Municipal solid wastes
 Agricultural wastes

4.  Toxic wastes are those that are poisonous in small or trace
amounts.
 Carcinogenic or mutagenic causing biological changes in
children of exposed people and animal.
 Ex: pesticides, heavy material.

5.  Which have a tendency to react vigorously with air or
water are unstable to shock or heat, generate toxic gases.
 Ex: gun powder, nitroglycerine.

6.  Are those that burn at relatively low temperature
(<600c) and are capable of spontaneous combustion during
storage or disposal.
 Ex: Gasoline, Paint thinners and Alcohol.

7.  Corrosive materials are those that destroy material and
living tissues by chemical reactions.
 Ex: Acids and base.

8.  Infectious wastes includes human tissue from surgery,
used bandages, hypoderm needles, hospital wastes.

9.  An explosive waste is a gaseous waste which is in itself
capable, by chemical reaction.
 Producing gas at such a temperature, pressure and speed,
as to cause damage to the surroundings.

10. • Municipal solid wastes are also called as trash or garbage.
It contains food wastes like vegetable and meat material,
left over food, egg shells, paper, plastic, glass bottles,
cardboard boxes, aluminium foil.

11. Common domestic wastes Time taken for
degeneration
Kitchen wastes vegetables,
fruits
1-2 weeks
Paper, card board paper 15 days-1 month
Cotton clothes 2-5 months
Woolen clothes About a year
Metal cans, tin, aluminum 100-500 years
plastics 1 million year

12.  The wastes generated by agriculture wates includes waste
from crops and live stock.
 Agricultural wastes are rice husk, bagasse, ground nut
shell, maize cobs and straw of cereal.

13. Proportion of agricultural and live stock waste

16.  Principle 1: Conducting a hazard analysis
 Principle 2: Identifying the critical control
points(CCP)
 Principle 3: Establishing critical control point
monitoring requirements.
 Principle 4: Establishing critical limits for each critical
control point.

17. Principle 5: Establishing corrective actions
 Principle 6: Establishing record keeping procedures.
 Principle 7: Establishing procedures for ensuring the
HACCP system is working as intended
 Email Based Assignment Help in Protective And
Preventive Measures In Hazards Control

20. 1)Reduce
2)Reuse
3)Recycle
1) Reduce:
 Reduce the amount and toxicity of garbage and trash
that you discard.
 Source reduction means consuming and discarding less,
is a successful method of reducing waste generation.

21. 2) Re-use:
 It is a process it involves re-using items by repairing
them, donating them to charity, and community groups, or
selling them.
3)Recycling:
 The process of recycling, including composting, has
diverted several million tons of material away from
disposal.
 It create vulnerable resources and it generates a host of
environmental, financial, and social benefits.

22.  . Wastes to energy
1) Gasification
2) Pyralysis
 Biogas production
Methane and organic fertilizer.
 Agricultural wastes like corn cobs, paddy husk, bagasse of
sugarcane, waste of wheat, coconut wastes, jute waste,
rice and other cereals, cotton stalks etc can be used in
making of paper and hard board.

27. K. Suneethamma
TAM 2014-11