Presentación sobre "Agua y Energía: Problemática y soluciones" por Tomás Sancho, Consejo Mundial de Ingenieros Civiles, en la Conferencia Anual 2014 de ONU-Agua en Zaragoza. Preparando el Día Mundial del Agua 2014: Alianzas para mejorar el acceso, la eficiencia y la sostenibilidad del agua y la energía. 13-16 de enero de 2014.

1. AGUA Y ENERGÍA:
PROBLEMÁTICA Y SOLUCIONES

2. AGUA Y ENERGÍA:
PROBLEMÁTICA Y SOLUCIONES
Tomás A. Sancho
Presidente
Consultores
en Ingeniería y Arquitectura
Zaragoza 15 01 2014

3. Water & Energy in the nature: the hydrologic cycle

4. • 1.- El agua y la energía están mal distribuidas.
• Muy buena parte de la población mundial no
tiene acceso a agua segura y saneamiento básico,
ni a electricidad.
• El primer mundo importa agua (virtual) y energía
del mundo en desarrollo
• El primer mundo no puede aceptar
inestabilidades extremas en los lugares de donde
depende su bienestar y prosperidad

5. AGUA: RETOS FRENTE A LA URBANIZACIÓN Y EL CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO

8. With
electricity
Without
electricity
Fuente: Luis Berga, ICOLD honorary President

9. ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY
LACK ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY. 2010
1441 million people
1.4 billion people
live without acces
to electricity.
CHINA; 8
OTHERS; 14
LATIN AMERICA; 31
OTHER ASIA; 397
Another billion
only have acces to
unreliable
electricity
Source: Luis Berga ICOLD
honorary President
.
INDIA; 404
AFRICA; 587

10. • 2.- La energía, “big brother” ve las orejas al
lobo: puede haber problemas en un futuro
no muy lejano
• Agotamiento yacimientos fósiles
• Stress hídrico
• Cambio climático

11. Fuente; Mariano Marzo, Club de Roma, 2012

12. ¿CÓMO SUSTITUIR EL PETRÓLEO? ¿RENOVABLES, SHALE GAS, FUSIÓN…?

15. Fuente; Mariano Marzo, Club de Roma, 2012

16. • 3.- Las renovables son parte de la solución
•
•
•
•
Aseguran mayor autoabastecimiento
Versátiles y acercables a la demanda
Junto con nuclear, las de menores emisiones CO2
Eólica y solar tienen sus problemas, necesitan
almacenamiento y respaldo
• Los países desarrollados deben absorber la curva
de aprendizaje

17. La Directiva UE Renewable Energy Source Directive (2008), más
conocida como la Directiva 20-20-20:
3 objetivos, 3 retos para Europa en el año 2020:
- Reducción del 20% en la emisión de gases de los hogares europeos
- Incremento del 20% en la eficiencia energética de los edificios
- Utilización del 20% de energías renovables en el total de la
producción energética europea.

18. NECESIDAD DE ALMACENAMIENTO DE EÓLICA

19. EL IMPERATIVO ALMACENAMIENTO DE ENERGÍA:
REALIDAD ACTUAL, LAS REVERSIBLES DE BOMBEO

20. • 4.- LA ENERGÍA HIDROELÉCTRICA, APUESTA
DE FUTURO
• Es una tecnología renovable, madura,
probada, fiable y que actualmente a nivel
mundial, tiene capacidad para generar mucha
más electricidad que todas las demás fuentes
renovables, juntas.
• Es el mejor respaldo para la eólica y la solar

21. HYDROPOWER: 3.551 TWh/y
≈ 16% ELECTRICITY. 2011.
85% RENEWABLES
Source: Luis Berga, ICOLD honorary President

22. The role of hydropower in 2012:
•
World hydro production stands at 3,551 TWh/year
•
Hydro capacity is 976 GW.
•
Increase 3.5 % annual rate, in the last 5 years.
•
There are about 180 GW of hydro under construction, and more
than 300 MW planned
Source: Luis Berga, ICOLD honorary President

23. HYDROPOWER:
USAGE/ ECONOMIC FEASIBLE POTENTIAL
(2004)
Source: Luis Berga, ICOLD honorary President

24. ROLE OF HYDROPOWER IN CC
MITIGATION
-PREVENT EMISSION: ≈ 3 Gt CO2 –eq/year.
-9 % OF TOTAL ANNUAL GHG EMISSIONS
-IN GENERAL, IT IS A SOURCE OF ENERGY
PRODUCING FEW GREENHOUSE EMISSIONS

25. • 5.- Actuaciones en el mundo

28. 33.150 MW
Under construction

29. WORLD BANK GUARANTEE PROGRAM
YEARS 2005-2012

31. Central Asia Energy-Water Development Program
• At the country level, the World Bank is supporting a
number of energy and water resources projects and
studies in Central Asia. Many have regional significance
and benefits and others have more localized project or
country level benefits.
• At the regional level, in response to requests from
Central Asian governments, the World Bank is actively
engaged in dialogue on energy/water issues with
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
and Uzbekistan, acting in the best interests of all its
member countries and taking maximum care in the
application of its policies, including environmental and
social safeguard policies.

32. Central Asia Energy-Water Development Program
The main components of the CAEWDP are:
• Energy Development to promote highest value energy investments and
management. Areas of focus include: infrastructure planning, winter energy
security, energy trade, energy accountability, and institutional development;
• Energy-Water Linkages to improve the understanding of linkages between
water and energy at the national and regional levels. Areas of focus include:
energy-water modeling, regional hydrometeorology, climate vulnerability, and
energy-water dialogue;
• Water Productivity to enhance the productivity and efficiency of water use in
both agriculture and energy sectors. Areas of focus include: capacity
strengthening, 3rd Aral Sea Basin Management Program, national action plans
for water productivity, and rehabilitation of infrastructure.
OTHER ACTORS INVOLVED IN W&E IN CENTRAL ASIA: the Asian
Development Bank (ADB), the Islamic Development Bank (IsDB), the
European Commission (EC), Eurasian Development
Bank, UNDP, UNECE, Germany (GTZ), Switzerland (SECO), UK (DFID), the
US (USAID), and the Aga Khan Foundation

33. WPP WATER PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM
The WPP Response
Making efficient use of water and energy in parallel can transform
development regimes and foster growth. The WPP is influencing
activities at the core of the water-energy nexus. The WPP shows how
mitigation incentives can bring energy efficiency improvements to
water service delivery. It is also helping several countries re-engage in
large-scale hydropower, and helping others meet development
objectives through comprehensive planning to secure energy sources
from water.
WPP Activity Highlights:
• Water utilities in Karnataka, India are using energy efficient pumps to
reduce supply costs. The project will cut 135,000 tons of carbon
dioxide emissions over 10 years.
• Tajikistan benefited from suggested operational improvements for a
hydropower facility that supplies 70 percent of the country’s electrical
power.
• A new 21-country study details the opportunities for using
concentrated solar power as a reliable energy source for desalination
plants across the water-scarce Middle East.

34. AFGHANISTAN: Micro-Hydro Power Plant
Lights the Way for Future
• A micro-hydro power plant has eased the life of villagers
in Nangarhar province, enabling children to study at
night and families to use computers and cell phones.
• The power plant was made possible by the National
Solidarity Program, which provides basic infrastructure
and services to rural Afghanistan. It is implemented by
the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development
with support by the World Bank and ARTF.
Some 3,200 projects involving
small-scale construction have
already been completed in the
province under NSP

35. INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE IDB
•The IDB is helping the region (LAC) to address their needs and
challenges by financing projects and leading collaborative
processes.
•In the last decade (2000-10) the IDB approved more than
US$37 billion in infrastructure projects (US$ 26 billion in SGO +
US$ 11 billion in NSGO).
•Around 30% of this financing went to water and sanitation.
•Since 2007, the IDB financed more than $2.6 billion for
renewable energy, energy efficiency and climate change loans
and technical cooperation operations.
To encourage sustainable development, the IDB is supporting
through the Climate Change and Renewable Energy Initiative
(SECCI), the development of institutional and regulatory
frameworks to allow investments in sustainable transport,
alternative fuels, renewable energy and energy efficiency.

36. • The IDB participation in hydroelectric projects in the private
sector is just one area within the context of the Bank’s
strategy to support the introduction or increased utilization
of energies from renewable sources
• The IDB has been principally involved in run-of-the-river
hydroelectric transactions which from an environmental
and social perspective tend to have less potential negative
impacts. Nevertheless, the IDB undertakes a thorough
environmental and social due diligence with attention to
issues such as, but not limited to, minimum ecological
flows, protection of indigent species and fish,
sedimentation impacts, cumulative impacts with other
projects on the same river, upstream and downstream
impacts and if any, resettlement and indigenous population
concerns.

37. Project
Form of
IDB
Support
PandoSenior,
Monte Lirio Secured
Loan
IDB Loan
Amounts
Approved
US$40
million
(Cost 292)
Country/
Power
IDB website link
Panama
83 MW
http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/projectdescription-title,1303.html?id=PN-L1054
Reventazon Senior,
Secured
Loan
US$200
mllion
(Cost 944)
Costa Rica
305 MW
http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/projectdescription-title,1303.html?id=CR-L1056
Chaglla
Senior,
Secured
Loan
US$150
million
(Cost 1200)
Perú
406 MW
http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/projectdescription-title,1303.html?id=PE-L1113
Alto Maipo
Senior,
Secured
Loan
US$200
million
(Cost 1200)
Chile
531 MW
http://www.iadb.org/en/projects/projectdescription-title,1303.html?id=CH-L1067

38. FONDO DE COOPERACIÓN PARA AGUA Y
SANEAMIENTO (1.500 MILLONS USD)
OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS DEL FONDO
• Garantizar el acceso al agua potable asegurando el uso
sostenible de los recursos naturales.
• Garantizar el acceso a servicios básicos de saneamiento
promoviendo el uso sostenible de los recursos naturales.
• Favorecer la gestión
integral del recurso hídrico.
• Fortalecer una
gobernanza del sector
agua promoviendo una
gestión pública,
transparente y participativa
del recurso.
• Adoptar mecanismos que
mejoren la calidad de la
ayuda, en los términos de
la Declaración de París.

39. ¡MUCHAS GRACIAS
POR SU ATENCIÓN!
Tomás A. Sancho
tsancho@sers.es