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The nasal cavity
The external nose




• Parts:
  – Root, dorsum or bridge, tip, alae, base, nares
      ( nostril) separated by the septum
• Nerves
• Motor, facial to muscles
• Sensory, to infratrochlear from nasociliary
  br. Of ophthalmic(V) to skin of root, alae,
  nostril; infraorbital br. To maxillary(V) to
  sides of nose
Blood vessels
• Vessels:
• Arteries: facial to side, alae, septum;
  dorsal nasal br. Of ophthalmic to root and
  dorsum; infraorbital branch of maxillary to
  sides.
• Veins, drain into ophthalmic and anterior
  facial vein.
Woodruff's plexus:
• Is responsible for posterior bleeds.
• This area is located over the posterior end of the middle turbinate.
• The anastomosis here is made up of branches from the internal
  maxillary artery namely its sphenopalatine and ascending
  pharyngeal branches.
• The maxillary sinus ostium forms the dividing line between the
  anterior and posterior nasal bleeds.
• Posterior nasal bleeds are difficult to treat because bleeding area is
  not easily accessible.
• Bleeding from Woodruff's plexus commonly occur in patients with
  extremely high blood pressure. Infact this plexus acts as a safety
  valve in reducing the blood pressure in these patients, lest they will
  bleed intracranially causing more problems.
• In patients with posterior bleeds it is difficult to access the amount of
  blood loss because most of the blood is swallowed by the patient.
• Etiology: The etiology of epistaxis is not just simple or straight nasal
  bleeding.
Framework
• Hyaline cartilage
  – Septal, between right and left nasal cavities,
    attachment: perpendicular plate of ethmoid,
    vomer, maxilla, nasal, septal process of lower
    nasal passages.
  – Lateral nasal ( upper lateral), attached to
    nasal bone, frontal process of axilla, lower
    nasal cartilage continuous with septal
    cartilage.
Framework:
• Hyaline cartilage

  – Greater alar (lower lateral alar),
     • U shaped, open posteriorly, has medial and lateral
       crura.
     • Medial crura attach with each other and upper
       nasal cartilage.
  – Lesser alar.
Boundaries :

• Bones:
  – 2 nasal bones
  – Frontal process of
    maxillae
Nasal cavities
• Separated by nasal septum into L and R
  cavities.
• Anterior aperture: ( nares) open into:
  – Vestibule, a dilated area bounded by ala and
    crus of nasal cartilage.
Boundaries of nasal cavities
•   Roof = frontonasal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal
•   Floor = wider, formed by palatine process
•   Medial wall = nasal septum
•   Lateral wall = nasal conchae, irregular
•   Conchae = form a meatus, a passage of
    the nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
•   4 passages
•   Sphenoethmoidal recess
•   Superior meatus
•   Middle meatus
•   Inferior meatus
Nasal cavities
• Lateral wall: division created by the nasal
  conchae:
  – Sphenoethmoidal recess, above superior
    concha
  – Superior meatus, below superior concha,
    above middle concha.
  – Middle meatus, below lateral to middle
    concha, above inferior concha.
  – Inferior meatus, below and lateral to middle
    concha above palate.
Cavities
• Openings into the meatus or recesses:
  – Sphenoethmoidal recess: sphenoidal sinis
  – Superior meatus: posterior ethmoidal air cells
  – Middle meatus:
    • Anteriorly, forntonasal duct, ant. Ethmoidal air cells
    • post.: ostium from maxillary sinus
    • On or above bulla: middle ethmoidal air cells
  – Inferior meatus: naso lacrimal duct
Nasal cavities
• Medial wall: recess, spaces, or hiatus
  – Nasopalatine recess: depression in septum
    over incisive canal.
  – Vomeronasal organ


• Posterior aperture: 2 choanae opening
  into nasopharynx.
Nasal cavity
• Anterior aperture: pear shaped, bounded
  by nasal bone and anterior border of
  maxillae.
• Boundary:
  – Medial (septal) wall
     •   Septal cartilage
     •   Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
     •   Vomer
     •   Projections of other bones :palatine, maxillary,
         frontal, nasal, sphenoid.
Nasal cavity
• boundary:
  – Lateral wall:
     •   Superior and middle conchae ( turbinates) of ethmoid.
     •   Inferior conchae ( turbinate)
     •   Nasal bone
     •   Frontal process and nasal surface of maxilla
     •   Lacrimal bone
     •   Perpendicular plate of palatine.
     •   Medial pterygoid plate and body of sphenoid.
     •   Inferior & middle conchae project medially & inferiorly
Nasal cavity
• Roof
  –   Upper nasal cartilage
  –   Nasal bone
  –   Spine of frontal bone
  –   Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone.
  –   Body of sphenoid bone
• Floor
  – Palatine process of maxilla
  – Horizontal plate of palatine bone.
  – Posterior choanae opens into the nasopharynx.
Vasculature and innervation
• Sphenopalatine artery
• Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
• Greater palatine artery
• Superior labial artery
• Lateral nasal branches of facial artery
Nerve
• Maxillary nerve = to posteroinferior half by
  nasopalatine and greater palatine
• Nasocilliary nerve = via the anterior and
  posterior ethmoidal nerves
Clinical
• Deviated septum
• Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucous
  membrane ( nasal catarrh)
• Nasal polyp, a focal submucosal thickening due
  to edema, pinkish gray and edematous and may
  attain a large size.
• Rhinorrhea, discharge from nasal mucous
  membrane.
  – CSF rhinorrhea, fracture of cribriform plate, tearing of
    meninges.
Clinical
• Fracture of the nose:
• Common and usually transverse.
• Caused by a direct blow, the horizontal
  plate of ethmoid is often fractured.
Causes of epistaxis:
1. Vascular anamolies
2. Infections and inflammatory
    states of the nasal cavity,
3. Trauma
4. Iatrogenic injuries
5. Neoplasms and foreign bodies.
• a. infection
• b. inflammation of mucosa
6. Chronic granulomatous lesions
7. Rhinosporidiosis
8. Anatomical deformities
9. Septal perforations
Epistaxis
•   To manage post nasal bleed a post nasal pack is a must. Post nasal packing
    can be done in 2 ways:
•   Post nasal packing (conventional): A gauze roll about the size of the patient's
    naso pharynx is used here. Three silk threads must be tied to the gauze roll.
    One at each end and the other one at the middle. The patient should be in a
    recumbent position. After anesthetising the nasal cavity with 4% xylocaine the
    mouth is held open. Two nasal catheters are passed through the nasal cavities
    till they reach just below the soft palate. These lower ends of the catheters are
    grasped with forceps and pulled out through the mouth. The silk tied to the
    ends of the gauze is tied to the nasal catheters. The post nasal pack is
    introduced through the mouth and gradually pushed into the nasopharynx, at
    the same time the nasal catheters on both sides of the nose must be pulled out.
    When the pack snugly sits inside the nasopharynx, the two silk threads tied to
    its end would have reached the anaterior nares along with the free end of the
    nasal suction catheter.
Epistaxis management
• Problems of nasal packing:
1. Epiphora (watering of eyes)
    occur due to blocking of the
    nasal end of the nasolacrimal
    duct.
2. Heaviness /headache due to
    blocking of the normal sinus
    ostium.
3. Prolonged post nasal pack can
    cause eustachean tube block
    and secretory otitis media.
4. Prolonged nasal packing can
    cause secondary sinusitis due
    to blockage of sinus ostium.
Application of Nasal pack
Mucous membrane
• Divisions: vestibule, respiratory area, olfactory
  area.
• Structure:
   – Vestibule, skin turned in at nares with coarse hairs
     and sebaceous glands.
   – Olfactory, over sup. Concha, roof, upper 3rd of
     septum, thick epithelial layer with supporting and
     olfactory cells
   – Respiratory: covers remainder of nasal cavity,
     continuous into sinuses. Epithelium is pseudostratified
     columnar ciliated with goblet cells.
Paranasal sinuses
• Air filled extensions of the nasal cavities
  lined with mucous membrane.
  – Frontal, behind supercillary ridges of frontal
    bone, divided by septum, drains into
    frontonasal duct thru rostral ethmoidal cells to
    middle meatus
  – Ethmoidal, aggregations of thin walled spaces
    in ethmoidal labyrinth between orbit and nasal
    cavities in 3 sets. Drainage:
     • Anterior into infundibulum of middle meatus
     • Middle, above ethmoid bulla in mid meatus
     • Posterior, into superior meatus, to sphenoid sinus.
Paranasal sinuses
• Sphenoidal sinus
  – Located at body of sphenoid, divided by
    septum. Drain into sphenoidal recess.
• Maxillary sinus ( largest)
  – Located at body of maxilla, roofed by orbit,
    wall of nasal cavity is medial, alveolar process
    is lateral and sinus extends to zygoma.
  – Drain into semilunar hiatus of mid meatus.
Blood and nerve supply
• Supraorbital artery & nerve, major suppliers of
  frontal sinus.
• Anterior & posterior ethmoidal vessels & nerves,
  orbital branch of pterygopalatine ganglia.
• Posterior ethmoidal vessels & nerves & orbital
  branch of pterygopalatine ganglia supply the
  sphenoidal sinus.
• Branches of ant.post, mid, superior alveolar and
  infraorbital nerve supply to maxillary sinus.
• Vessels are: facial, infraorbital, greater palatine.
Clinical
• Mucous membrane, motile cilia and rich
  blood supply, adapt to purifying,
  moistening and warming air to protect the
  lungs.
• Sinuses are effectively making the head
  lighter.
Disadvantage
• Numerous connections to nasal cavities prone to easy
  infections.
• Swelling of nasal mucosa around orifice slows discharge
• Maxillary & sphenoid, largest portion of sinus lie below
  opening into nose, making drainage difficult.
• Proximity of maxillary sinus to root of upper teeth, to
  distinguish, sinusitis from toothache is difficult.
• Thin bone separating meninges and sinuses making a
  good chance for infection of meninges.
• Sinusities, an inflammation of the mucousa of one or
  more accessory nasal sinuses & maybe acute or
  chronic.
Arteries of the nose
• Anterior ethmoidal
  – Origin = ophthalmic
  – Distribution = lateral
    wall and septum,
    dorsolateral external
    surface of nose.
• Posterior ethmoidal
  – Origin, ophthalmic
  – Distribution, ethmoidal
    sinus, lateral wall,
    septum of nose
• Sphenopalatine
   – Origin = 3rd part of maxillary
   – Distri = posterior lateral
     nasal branches to
     conchae, meatus
   – Posterior septal branches
     to nasal septum
• Greater palatine
   – 3rd part maxillary
   – Distri = to septum
• Septal, alar branches
   – Origin = superior labial
     branch of facial
   – Distri = rostral inferior
     septum and vestibule
   – Source of nose bleeding
     especially in children.
Clinical
• Injuries to membrane lead to profuse bleeding. If
  bleeding are severe in posterior end of mid
  conchae and roof of nose, ligation of external
  carotid or ethmoidal artery is necessary.
• Epistaxis, nose bleeding, due to broad
  anastomosis of the major arteries in the anterior
  lower portion of nasal septum.
• Bleeding at the back end of middle conchae,
  sphenopalatine artery is involved, packing is
  therapeutic.
• Bleeding from roof of the nasal cavity comes
  from ethmoidal arteries.
Nerves of nasal cavity
• Special sensory:
  – Olfactory (1) nerve of smell
  – Receptor: neuroepithelial cells of olfactory
    mucosa lie on the upper 3rd of nasal septum
• General sensory:
  – Ophthalmic div, of Trigeminal nerve(V),
    nasociliary to anterior of nasal septum and
    lateral wall, to cutaneous tip of nose.
A. Maxillary/mandibular nerve
B. Sphenopalatine ganglion
•   General sensory
•   Maxillary division
     – Pterygopalatine nerves.
          • Greater palatine nerve. To
            the inferior nasal concha,
            inferior and middle
            meatus.
          • Posterior superior nasal
            branches to superior and
            middle conchae.
            Nasopalatine nerve to
            incisive canal.
     – Anterior superior alveolar
       nerve to rostral part of inferior
       meatus and floor of nasal
       cavity
• Motor: autonomic system distributed to the
  glands and blood vessels of the mucous
  membrane
  – Craniosacral division (parasympathetic)
     • Preganglionic fibers from superior salivatory
       nucleus of the Pons via nervus intermedius and
       greater petrosal nerve to pterygopalatine ganglion.
     • Postganglionic fibers from cells in the
       pterygopalatine ganglion to the pterygopalatine
       nerves.
• Motor:
  – Thoracolumbar (sympathetic)
  – Preganglionic fibers from intermediolateral
    gray column of upper thoracic to the superior
    cervical ganglion.
  – Postganglionic fibers from cells in the superior
    cervical ganglion to form the nerve of the
    pterygoid canal.
Cranial nerves
Name             Nuclei origin Distribution Function
                 & termination
I Olfactory      Central / deep     Nasal mucous         Sense of
                 process of         membrane
sensory          olfactory bulb                          smell
II Optic         Ganglionic      Retina of               Sense of
                 cells of retina eye                     sight
Sensory
III Oculomotor   Nucleus in floor   Sup, inf, med,       Motion
                 of cerebral        recti; inf oblique
Motor            aqueduct           ciliaris;
                                    sphincter
                                    pupillae mm.
IV Trochlear     Nucleus in floor   Superior oblique Motion
                 of cerebral        of eye
Motor            aqueduct
Name            Nuclei origin Distribution Function
                & termination
                Sensory from           Ophthto cornea,       Sensation
V Trigeminal                           ciliary BD,iris,
                semilunar
                                       lacrimal gld, eye,
Mixed           ganglion               nose. Max. to nose    Sensation
                Motor from pons        Mandibular to ear,
                                       mastication, tongue

VI Abducens     4th ventricle          Lat. Rectus of        Motion
                                       eye
Motor
                Sensory from           Ant.2/3 tongue,mid    Taste
VII Facial      geniculate ganglion    ear,Face, scalp,
                                       auricle,neck,         Gen. sensation
Mixed           Motor from pons,
                sup. Salivatory        sublingual gland      secretion
                nucleus

                Cochlear, bipolar      To organ of corti Sense of hearing
VIII Acoustic   spiralganglion
                                       To semicircular Sense of equilibrium
Sensory         Vestibular, bipolar
                                       canal
                veswtibular ganglion
Name              Nuclei origin         Distribution Function
                  & termination
                  Sensory from inf.     Mucus membrane of         Taste
IX Glosso         Ganglion, nucleus      fauces, tonsils,
pharyngeal        ambiguus & inf.       pharynx, post 1/3         Gen. sense of
Mixed             Salivatory nucleus    tongue, pharynx,          motion
                                        secretory fibers of
                                        parotid
                                                                  Secretion
                  Sensory from sup.     Mucus membrane            Sensation
X Vagus           Gang. Inf gang.       larynx, trachea, lungs,
                  Nodosum               esophagus, stomach,
Mixed                                   SI, LI, larynx, esopha.
                  Motor from nuc        Stom, excitatory fibers   Motion
                  ambiguus n medulla
                                        Gastric,pancreatic gld.   Secretion
                  Cranial from nuc.     To pharyngeal             Motion
XI Accessory      Ambiguus              laryngeal brs. Of vagus
                                        to pharynx & larynx
Cranial, spinal   Spinal: spinal cord   To sternocleidomastoid
                  C5                    & trapezius               Motion

XII Hypoglossal   Hypoglossal nuc. Muscles of tongue Motion
                  medulla
Motor
12 CRANIAL NERVES           CN 1 Olfactory , s
                            CN 2 Optic , s
• Oh , Oh, Oh, To, Taste,
                            CN 3 Oculomotor , mtr
  A, Female, And,
                            CN 4 Trochlear , mtr
Glossy, Vagina, Ah,
  Heaven.                   CN 5 Trigeminal , mxd
                            CN 6 Abducens , mtr
                            CN 7 Facial , mxd
                            CN 8 Acoustic , s
                            CN 9 Glossopharyngeal
                              ,mxd
                            CN 10 Vagus , mxd
                            CN 11 Accessory , spinal
                            CN 12 Hypoglossal , Mtr
Thank you

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12130764 nose

  • 2. The external nose • Parts: – Root, dorsum or bridge, tip, alae, base, nares ( nostril) separated by the septum
  • 3. • Nerves • Motor, facial to muscles • Sensory, to infratrochlear from nasociliary br. Of ophthalmic(V) to skin of root, alae, nostril; infraorbital br. To maxillary(V) to sides of nose
  • 4. Blood vessels • Vessels: • Arteries: facial to side, alae, septum; dorsal nasal br. Of ophthalmic to root and dorsum; infraorbital branch of maxillary to sides. • Veins, drain into ophthalmic and anterior facial vein.
  • 5. Woodruff's plexus: • Is responsible for posterior bleeds. • This area is located over the posterior end of the middle turbinate. • The anastomosis here is made up of branches from the internal maxillary artery namely its sphenopalatine and ascending pharyngeal branches. • The maxillary sinus ostium forms the dividing line between the anterior and posterior nasal bleeds. • Posterior nasal bleeds are difficult to treat because bleeding area is not easily accessible. • Bleeding from Woodruff's plexus commonly occur in patients with extremely high blood pressure. Infact this plexus acts as a safety valve in reducing the blood pressure in these patients, lest they will bleed intracranially causing more problems. • In patients with posterior bleeds it is difficult to access the amount of blood loss because most of the blood is swallowed by the patient. • Etiology: The etiology of epistaxis is not just simple or straight nasal bleeding.
  • 6. Framework • Hyaline cartilage – Septal, between right and left nasal cavities, attachment: perpendicular plate of ethmoid, vomer, maxilla, nasal, septal process of lower nasal passages. – Lateral nasal ( upper lateral), attached to nasal bone, frontal process of axilla, lower nasal cartilage continuous with septal cartilage.
  • 7. Framework: • Hyaline cartilage – Greater alar (lower lateral alar), • U shaped, open posteriorly, has medial and lateral crura. • Medial crura attach with each other and upper nasal cartilage. – Lesser alar.
  • 8. Boundaries : • Bones: – 2 nasal bones – Frontal process of maxillae
  • 9. Nasal cavities • Separated by nasal septum into L and R cavities. • Anterior aperture: ( nares) open into: – Vestibule, a dilated area bounded by ala and crus of nasal cartilage.
  • 10. Boundaries of nasal cavities • Roof = frontonasal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal • Floor = wider, formed by palatine process • Medial wall = nasal septum • Lateral wall = nasal conchae, irregular • Conchae = form a meatus, a passage of the nasal cavity
  • 11. Nasal conchae • 4 passages • Sphenoethmoidal recess • Superior meatus • Middle meatus • Inferior meatus
  • 12. Nasal cavities • Lateral wall: division created by the nasal conchae: – Sphenoethmoidal recess, above superior concha – Superior meatus, below superior concha, above middle concha. – Middle meatus, below lateral to middle concha, above inferior concha. – Inferior meatus, below and lateral to middle concha above palate.
  • 13. Cavities • Openings into the meatus or recesses: – Sphenoethmoidal recess: sphenoidal sinis – Superior meatus: posterior ethmoidal air cells – Middle meatus: • Anteriorly, forntonasal duct, ant. Ethmoidal air cells • post.: ostium from maxillary sinus • On or above bulla: middle ethmoidal air cells – Inferior meatus: naso lacrimal duct
  • 14. Nasal cavities • Medial wall: recess, spaces, or hiatus – Nasopalatine recess: depression in septum over incisive canal. – Vomeronasal organ • Posterior aperture: 2 choanae opening into nasopharynx.
  • 15. Nasal cavity • Anterior aperture: pear shaped, bounded by nasal bone and anterior border of maxillae. • Boundary: – Medial (septal) wall • Septal cartilage • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid • Vomer • Projections of other bones :palatine, maxillary, frontal, nasal, sphenoid.
  • 16. Nasal cavity • boundary: – Lateral wall: • Superior and middle conchae ( turbinates) of ethmoid. • Inferior conchae ( turbinate) • Nasal bone • Frontal process and nasal surface of maxilla • Lacrimal bone • Perpendicular plate of palatine. • Medial pterygoid plate and body of sphenoid. • Inferior & middle conchae project medially & inferiorly
  • 17. Nasal cavity • Roof – Upper nasal cartilage – Nasal bone – Spine of frontal bone – Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone. – Body of sphenoid bone • Floor – Palatine process of maxilla – Horizontal plate of palatine bone. – Posterior choanae opens into the nasopharynx.
  • 18. Vasculature and innervation • Sphenopalatine artery • Anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries • Greater palatine artery • Superior labial artery • Lateral nasal branches of facial artery Nerve • Maxillary nerve = to posteroinferior half by nasopalatine and greater palatine • Nasocilliary nerve = via the anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves
  • 19. Clinical • Deviated septum • Rhinitis is an inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane ( nasal catarrh) • Nasal polyp, a focal submucosal thickening due to edema, pinkish gray and edematous and may attain a large size. • Rhinorrhea, discharge from nasal mucous membrane. – CSF rhinorrhea, fracture of cribriform plate, tearing of meninges.
  • 20. Clinical • Fracture of the nose: • Common and usually transverse. • Caused by a direct blow, the horizontal plate of ethmoid is often fractured.
  • 21. Causes of epistaxis: 1. Vascular anamolies 2. Infections and inflammatory states of the nasal cavity, 3. Trauma 4. Iatrogenic injuries 5. Neoplasms and foreign bodies. • a. infection • b. inflammation of mucosa 6. Chronic granulomatous lesions 7. Rhinosporidiosis 8. Anatomical deformities 9. Septal perforations
  • 22. Epistaxis • To manage post nasal bleed a post nasal pack is a must. Post nasal packing can be done in 2 ways: • Post nasal packing (conventional): A gauze roll about the size of the patient's naso pharynx is used here. Three silk threads must be tied to the gauze roll. One at each end and the other one at the middle. The patient should be in a recumbent position. After anesthetising the nasal cavity with 4% xylocaine the mouth is held open. Two nasal catheters are passed through the nasal cavities till they reach just below the soft palate. These lower ends of the catheters are grasped with forceps and pulled out through the mouth. The silk tied to the ends of the gauze is tied to the nasal catheters. The post nasal pack is introduced through the mouth and gradually pushed into the nasopharynx, at the same time the nasal catheters on both sides of the nose must be pulled out. When the pack snugly sits inside the nasopharynx, the two silk threads tied to its end would have reached the anaterior nares along with the free end of the nasal suction catheter.
  • 23. Epistaxis management • Problems of nasal packing: 1. Epiphora (watering of eyes) occur due to blocking of the nasal end of the nasolacrimal duct. 2. Heaviness /headache due to blocking of the normal sinus ostium. 3. Prolonged post nasal pack can cause eustachean tube block and secretory otitis media. 4. Prolonged nasal packing can cause secondary sinusitis due to blockage of sinus ostium.
  • 25. Mucous membrane • Divisions: vestibule, respiratory area, olfactory area. • Structure: – Vestibule, skin turned in at nares with coarse hairs and sebaceous glands. – Olfactory, over sup. Concha, roof, upper 3rd of septum, thick epithelial layer with supporting and olfactory cells – Respiratory: covers remainder of nasal cavity, continuous into sinuses. Epithelium is pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells.
  • 26. Paranasal sinuses • Air filled extensions of the nasal cavities lined with mucous membrane. – Frontal, behind supercillary ridges of frontal bone, divided by septum, drains into frontonasal duct thru rostral ethmoidal cells to middle meatus – Ethmoidal, aggregations of thin walled spaces in ethmoidal labyrinth between orbit and nasal cavities in 3 sets. Drainage: • Anterior into infundibulum of middle meatus • Middle, above ethmoid bulla in mid meatus • Posterior, into superior meatus, to sphenoid sinus.
  • 27. Paranasal sinuses • Sphenoidal sinus – Located at body of sphenoid, divided by septum. Drain into sphenoidal recess. • Maxillary sinus ( largest) – Located at body of maxilla, roofed by orbit, wall of nasal cavity is medial, alveolar process is lateral and sinus extends to zygoma. – Drain into semilunar hiatus of mid meatus.
  • 28. Blood and nerve supply • Supraorbital artery & nerve, major suppliers of frontal sinus. • Anterior & posterior ethmoidal vessels & nerves, orbital branch of pterygopalatine ganglia. • Posterior ethmoidal vessels & nerves & orbital branch of pterygopalatine ganglia supply the sphenoidal sinus. • Branches of ant.post, mid, superior alveolar and infraorbital nerve supply to maxillary sinus. • Vessels are: facial, infraorbital, greater palatine.
  • 29. Clinical • Mucous membrane, motile cilia and rich blood supply, adapt to purifying, moistening and warming air to protect the lungs. • Sinuses are effectively making the head lighter.
  • 30. Disadvantage • Numerous connections to nasal cavities prone to easy infections. • Swelling of nasal mucosa around orifice slows discharge • Maxillary & sphenoid, largest portion of sinus lie below opening into nose, making drainage difficult. • Proximity of maxillary sinus to root of upper teeth, to distinguish, sinusitis from toothache is difficult. • Thin bone separating meninges and sinuses making a good chance for infection of meninges. • Sinusities, an inflammation of the mucousa of one or more accessory nasal sinuses & maybe acute or chronic.
  • 31. Arteries of the nose • Anterior ethmoidal – Origin = ophthalmic – Distribution = lateral wall and septum, dorsolateral external surface of nose. • Posterior ethmoidal – Origin, ophthalmic – Distribution, ethmoidal sinus, lateral wall, septum of nose
  • 32. • Sphenopalatine – Origin = 3rd part of maxillary – Distri = posterior lateral nasal branches to conchae, meatus – Posterior septal branches to nasal septum • Greater palatine – 3rd part maxillary – Distri = to septum • Septal, alar branches – Origin = superior labial branch of facial – Distri = rostral inferior septum and vestibule – Source of nose bleeding especially in children.
  • 33. Clinical • Injuries to membrane lead to profuse bleeding. If bleeding are severe in posterior end of mid conchae and roof of nose, ligation of external carotid or ethmoidal artery is necessary. • Epistaxis, nose bleeding, due to broad anastomosis of the major arteries in the anterior lower portion of nasal septum. • Bleeding at the back end of middle conchae, sphenopalatine artery is involved, packing is therapeutic. • Bleeding from roof of the nasal cavity comes from ethmoidal arteries.
  • 34. Nerves of nasal cavity • Special sensory: – Olfactory (1) nerve of smell – Receptor: neuroepithelial cells of olfactory mucosa lie on the upper 3rd of nasal septum • General sensory: – Ophthalmic div, of Trigeminal nerve(V), nasociliary to anterior of nasal septum and lateral wall, to cutaneous tip of nose.
  • 35. A. Maxillary/mandibular nerve B. Sphenopalatine ganglion • General sensory • Maxillary division – Pterygopalatine nerves. • Greater palatine nerve. To the inferior nasal concha, inferior and middle meatus. • Posterior superior nasal branches to superior and middle conchae. Nasopalatine nerve to incisive canal. – Anterior superior alveolar nerve to rostral part of inferior meatus and floor of nasal cavity
  • 36. • Motor: autonomic system distributed to the glands and blood vessels of the mucous membrane – Craniosacral division (parasympathetic) • Preganglionic fibers from superior salivatory nucleus of the Pons via nervus intermedius and greater petrosal nerve to pterygopalatine ganglion. • Postganglionic fibers from cells in the pterygopalatine ganglion to the pterygopalatine nerves.
  • 37. • Motor: – Thoracolumbar (sympathetic) – Preganglionic fibers from intermediolateral gray column of upper thoracic to the superior cervical ganglion. – Postganglionic fibers from cells in the superior cervical ganglion to form the nerve of the pterygoid canal.
  • 39. Name Nuclei origin Distribution Function & termination I Olfactory Central / deep Nasal mucous Sense of process of membrane sensory olfactory bulb smell II Optic Ganglionic Retina of Sense of cells of retina eye sight Sensory III Oculomotor Nucleus in floor Sup, inf, med, Motion of cerebral recti; inf oblique Motor aqueduct ciliaris; sphincter pupillae mm. IV Trochlear Nucleus in floor Superior oblique Motion of cerebral of eye Motor aqueduct
  • 40. Name Nuclei origin Distribution Function & termination Sensory from Ophthto cornea, Sensation V Trigeminal ciliary BD,iris, semilunar lacrimal gld, eye, Mixed ganglion nose. Max. to nose Sensation Motor from pons Mandibular to ear, mastication, tongue VI Abducens 4th ventricle Lat. Rectus of Motion eye Motor Sensory from Ant.2/3 tongue,mid Taste VII Facial geniculate ganglion ear,Face, scalp, auricle,neck, Gen. sensation Mixed Motor from pons, sup. Salivatory sublingual gland secretion nucleus Cochlear, bipolar To organ of corti Sense of hearing VIII Acoustic spiralganglion To semicircular Sense of equilibrium Sensory Vestibular, bipolar canal veswtibular ganglion
  • 41. Name Nuclei origin Distribution Function & termination Sensory from inf. Mucus membrane of Taste IX Glosso Ganglion, nucleus fauces, tonsils, pharyngeal ambiguus & inf. pharynx, post 1/3 Gen. sense of Mixed Salivatory nucleus tongue, pharynx, motion secretory fibers of parotid Secretion Sensory from sup. Mucus membrane Sensation X Vagus Gang. Inf gang. larynx, trachea, lungs, Nodosum esophagus, stomach, Mixed SI, LI, larynx, esopha. Motor from nuc Stom, excitatory fibers Motion ambiguus n medulla Gastric,pancreatic gld. Secretion Cranial from nuc. To pharyngeal Motion XI Accessory Ambiguus laryngeal brs. Of vagus to pharynx & larynx Cranial, spinal Spinal: spinal cord To sternocleidomastoid C5 & trapezius Motion XII Hypoglossal Hypoglossal nuc. Muscles of tongue Motion medulla Motor
  • 42. 12 CRANIAL NERVES CN 1 Olfactory , s CN 2 Optic , s • Oh , Oh, Oh, To, Taste, CN 3 Oculomotor , mtr A, Female, And, CN 4 Trochlear , mtr Glossy, Vagina, Ah, Heaven. CN 5 Trigeminal , mxd CN 6 Abducens , mtr CN 7 Facial , mxd CN 8 Acoustic , s CN 9 Glossopharyngeal ,mxd CN 10 Vagus , mxd CN 11 Accessory , spinal CN 12 Hypoglossal , Mtr