2. 2
• One of the 15 CGIAR research centres
• employing about 500 scientists and other staff.
• We generate knowledge about the diverse roles
that trees play in agricultural landscapes
• We use this research to advance policies and
practices that benefit the poor and the
environment.
Who are we?
3. By 2050, we need to…
•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of
land
•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant
to extreme weather
•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.
3
5. World Bank World Development Indicators
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
100gramsperHectare
Sub-Saharan Africa
South Asia
Latin America
East
Asia
The context: fertiliser use by region
6. World Bank World Development Indicators
South Asia
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
KgperHectare
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America
East Asia
Cereal yields by region
18. 7
African facts
Population growth rates, land degradation, hunger and literacy
are dragging people into a hellish spiral
• Population growth has rendered fallowing impossible in many
communities
• Land overuse is depleting soil organic matter, soil carbon and soil
microbiology
• Soil fertility is dropping by 10-15% a year (Bunch, 2011)
• Poverty and logistics makes fertiliser unaffordable for most smallholders
• Funding for fertiliser subsidies is scarce and fickle
Where will soil fertility, soil organic matter and
extreme weather resilience come from ?
22. Agroforestry brings massive yield
increases in trials…
Maize yield, no fertiliser – tonnes per hectare
2008 2009 2010
Number of trials 15 40 40
With fertiliser trees 4.1 5.1 5.6
Without trees 1.3 2.6 2.6
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23. … and on farmer’s fields.
maize yield (t/ha)
Maize only 1.30
Maize + fertilizer trees 3.05
__________________________________________________________
2011 Survey of farms in six Malawi districts (Mzimba, Lilongwe,
Mulanje, Salima, Thyolo and Machinga)
26. ... and now.
Zinder, Niger, today.
These 5 million hectares of new agroforest
parklands are yielding
500,000 tonnes
more than before.
(Reij, 2012)
27. 23
Kantché district, Zinder, Niger
350,000 people, rainfall ca. 350 mm / year, typical of Sahel
drylands.
Annual district-wide grain surplus:
2007 21,230 tons drought year !
2008 36,838 tons
2009 28,122 tons
2010 64,208 tons
2011 13,818 tons drought year !
.
Yamba & Sambo, 2012
28. 13
Fertilizer trees can perform better than
NPK.
Plot management Sampling
Frequency
Mean
(Kg/Ha)
Standard
error
Maize without fertiliser 36 1322 220.33
Maize with fertiliser 213 1736 118.95
Maize with fertiliser trees 72 3053 359.8
Maize with fertiliser trees & fertiliser 135 3071 264.31
2009/2010 season; data from 6 Malawian districts
Mwalwanda, A.B., O. Ajayi, F.K. Akinnifesi, T. Beedy, Sileshi G, and G. Chiundu
2010
31. By 2050, we need to…
•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of
land
•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant
to extreme weather
•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.
3
√
32. • Agroforests: combinations of perennial species on arable
land
• Home gardens with perennials
• Woodlots or farm forests
• Trees on field and farm boundaries
• Sylvopastoral systems: Trees in pastures
• EverGreen Agriculture: Trees intercropped with field
crops
• Productive landscape systems
33. 800 $ / Ha / year
High social costs
High environmental
costs
3,000 $ / Ha / year
No social costs
Low environmental
costs
Leakey,
2012
35. • Food security: organic matter, nutrients, microclimate
• Nutrition: fruits, fodder, multi-crop system support
• Weather resilience: roots pump water, trees offer shade and windbreaks
• Insurance: in hard times, farmers can sell timber
• Income diversification: crops, fuel, fodder, timber, fruits
• Health: medicinal barks and leaves, nutrition
• Energy resources: fuelwood, charcoal
• Higher biodiversity
• Reduced deforestation
• Soil restoration
• Carbon sequestration
Adaptation through trees
36. By 2050, we need to…
•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of
land
•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant
to extreme weather
•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.
3
√
√
39. By 2050, we need to…
•Produce 60% more food on ~ the same amount of
land
•Make farms, fields and landscapes more resistant
to extreme weather
•Massively reduce GHG emissions from land use.
3
√
√
√
40.
41. 3
Agroforestry is key to
agroecological intensification
and thus to
Climate Smart Agriculture.
42. Microdosing
Adaptation of fertilizer recommendation to local
conditions with strategic application of nurients
Application of fertilizers in the seed holes at
planting time
Simple tools that boost
agroforestry
•Local fertilizer packaging and
blending
•Target input Vouchers
•Legume-cereal rotation or
intercrop
•Participatory approaches
45. Scaling up Evergreen Agriculture
Integrating Fertilizer and Fodder Trees into croplands
to restore and build more productive and drought resilient
farming and livestock systems
Rainwater Harvesting with an accent on simple techniques
for enhanced crop production, water recharge and water
retention integrated with agroforestry.
Integrated Soil Fertility Management with fertilizer
microdosing with enhanced organic nutrient sources combined
with agroforestry.
47. The overreaching goal:
• Use agroforestry for mitigation and
adaptation.
– Improve productivity and soil properties to feed an
increasing population using climate smart agriculture
– Buffer deforestation and improve GHG
sequestration: AF is key to REDD+ and AFOLU
– Combine AF options and land management to address
land-use sustainability
52. 15 years ago, this was barren land
(yield: 0 kg/ha)
Thank you !
53. 53
For more information
Patrick Worms, World Agroforestry Centre
Email:p.worms@cgiar.org
Tel: +32 495 24 46 11
www.worldagroforestrycentre.org
Editor's Notes
What are the data points we want to highlight Build up – demographics, political, productivity, future resilience D – start with political (in the news – terrorism, instability) – what’s undelying this – productivity
What are the data points we want to highlight Build up – demographics, political, productivity, future resilience D – start with political (in the news – terrorism, instability) – what’s undelying this – productivity
Gliricidia is a a leguminous coppice tree interplanted with maize in this photo. The leaves are cut and turned over into the topmost soil layer, providing nitrogen and other nutrients to this season’s crop. The coppiced trees then grow back below the maturing maize.
With Faidherbia tree and no fertiliser, yields exceed the average yield observed in East Asia
High input carbon practices: Improved crop varieties, crop rotation, use cover crop, conservation agriculture, better use of manure Integrated nutrient management: reduction of leaching, improved N use, improved use of fertilizers Increase availability of water: water management, water harvesting Improved tillage: less soil disturbance, incorporating crop residues and soil organic matter Agroforestry: increase above ground biomass and fuel wood, reduce soil erosion, set-aside,
Food insecurity: For farmers, finding food for survival takes precedence over innovation & investment. Projects must focus on improving livelihoods & income so that there is incentive for smallholder farmers to invest in AF. High opportunity costs: Investing in many AF practices requires up-front costs, but benefits are only realized in the long term. Pairing practices that deliver short-term benefits with AF can help farmers overcome opportunity costs and encourage investment in better management practices. Limited market access: Market access is a constraint that limits farmers’ ability to raise their income through income diversification opportunities provided by AF. Access to farm implements and capital: Payments for carbon sequestration is one potential way to overcome investment gaps and facilitate innovation. Provision of farm implements can also provide short-term benefits. Access to knowledge and training: Dissemination among farmers has the potential to spread agricultural technologies, while educational farm visits can demonstrate the local benefits of agroforestry and increase uptake rates. Insecure land tenure: Farmers are generally less willing to invest in their land and improve productivity where land tenure is less secure; therefore improved tenure arrangements are needed. Farmer involvement: Farmer involvement in project planning is crucial to making development projects relevant to local communities and within the local context. Communication: Better communication is needed to convey important messages about carbon finance to community stakeholders and to engage farmers in carbon finance schemes. Communication strategies within carbon finance should incorporate the principle of Free Prior Informed Consent (FPIC). Inclusion within REDD+: The potential exists for AF to find a place within REDD+ and other strategies – due to its capacity to prevent deforestation and reduce emissions from forest degradation. In order for AF to contribute to REDD+ goals, policies guaranteeing tree rights and ownership and an appropriate market infrastructure for AF would be necessary.
