1. BAB 8
HAZAD HABA/KEPANASAN
DAN SUHU
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

2. KESELESAAN UDARA PANAS (THERMAL COMFORT)
• Melibatkan faktor-faktor yang berbeza
b. Suhu
d. Kelembapan
f. Edaran udara
h. Kesesuaian /keutamaan peribadi
j. Penyesuaian diri dengan perubahan suhu
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

3. KONSEP “THERMAL ENERGY”
a. Pengaliran/conduction
• Perpindahan suhu antara dua objek melalui
sentuhan.
b. Pemanasan
• Perpindahan suhu antara satu lokasi ke tempat
lain melalui pergerakan medium (gas atau cecair).
• Cth oven
c. Suhu Metabolisma
• Pembakaran tenaga melaui aktiviti yang
melibatkan tubuh badan.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

4. KONSEP “THERMAL ENERGY”
a. Suhu persekitaran
• Punca luaran yang memberi kesan kepada suhu
sekitar
• Contoh: sistem gas atau elektrik pemanas.
b. Suhu bahang/sinaran (radiant)
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

5. HEAT STRESS & HEAT STRAIN
• The net heat load to which a worker may be exposed
from combined contributions of
• Metabolic cost of work
• Environmental factors ( air temperature / humidity / air
movement / radiant heat exchange)
• Clothing requirement
• A mild or moderate heat stress may cause discomfort
and may adversely affect performance and safety, but
not harmful to health
• As the heat stress approaches human tolerance limits,
the risk of heat related disorders increases.
• Heat strain is the overall physiological response
resulting from MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
heat stress.

6. RECOGNIZING HEAT STRAIN
• A sustained rapid heart rate (180 beats per minute minus the
employee’s age in years). Eg. A 40 year old employee has a
sustained heart rate of 150 beats per minutes. This is a problem
cause the heart rate exceeds 140 (180 minus 40) beats per
minute.
• Core body temperature is greater than 38.5oC or 101.3oF.
• Recovery rate one minute after peak work effort is greater than
110 beats per minute.
• Sudden and severe fatigue, nausea, dizziness or light
headedness.
• Profuse sweating that continues for hours.
• Weight loss of more than 1.5% of body weight during one work
shift
• Urinary sodium excretion of less than 3083)moles (24 hour period).
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 50

7. HEAT STRESS MANAGEMENT
• Provide accurate verbal and written instructions, training
programs and other information about heat stress and strain.
• Encourage drinking small volumes (approximately 1 cup) of
cool water about every 20 minutes.
• Permit self limitation of exposure. Encourage co-workers
observation to detect signs and symptoms of heat strain in
others.
• Counsel and monitor those employees who take medication that
may compromise normal cardiovascular, blood pressure etc as
well as those who abuse or who are recovering from the abuse of
alcohol and other intoxication.
• Adjust expectation of those returning to work after absence from
heat stress situation and encourage consumption of salty food.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

8. HEAT STRESS MANAGEMENT – Specific Control
• Establish engineering controls that reduce the metabolic rate,
provide general air movement, reduce process heat and water
vapor release and shield radiant heat sources.
• Consider administrative controls that set acceptable exposure
times, allow sufficient recovery and limit physiological strain.
• Consider personal protection that has been demonstrated to be
effective for the specific work practices and conditions at the
location.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

9. Engineering Controls
• Control the heat at source through the use of insulating
and reflective barriers (insulate furnace walls).
• Exhaust hot air and steam produced by specific
operations.
• Reduce the temperature and humidity through air
cooling.
• Provide air-conditioned rest areas.
• Increase air movement if temperature is less than 35°C
(fans).
• Reduce physical demands of work task through
mechanical assistance (hoists, lift-tables, etc.).
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

10. Administrative Controls
• Health and safety committees should assess the
demands of all jobs and have monitoring and control
strategies in place for hot days.
• Increase the frequency and length of rest breaks.
• Schedule hot jobs to cooler times of the day.
• Provide cool drinking water near workers and remind
them to drink a cup every 20 minutes or so.
• Workers should salt their food well, particularly
while they are acclimatizing to a hot job (workers
with a low salt diet should discuss this with their
doctor).
• Assign additional workers or slow down work pace.
• Make sure everyone is properly 3083)
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH acclimatized

11. Administrative Controls - cont
• Train workers to recognize the signs and symptoms
of heat stress and start a 'buddy system' since people
are not likely to notice their own symptoms.
• Pregnant workers and workers with a medical
condition should discuss working in the heat with
their doctor.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

12. Personal Protective Equipment
• Light clothing should be worn to allow free air
movement and sweat evaporation.
• Outside, wear light-coloured clothing.
• In a high radiant heat situation, reflective clothing may
help.
• For very hot environments, air, water or ice-cooled
insulated clothing should be considered.
• Vapour barrier clothing, such as acid suits, greatly
increases the amount of heat stress on the body, and
extra caution is necessary.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

13. TEKANAN HABA DAN PENCEGAHAN (Heat Stroke)
Pukulan haba/kepanasan( heat stroke)
• Berlaku akibat kenaikan mendadak suhu badan
• Disebabkan faktor-faktor
b. Obesiti /kegemukan,
c. Keadaan fizikal yang lemah,
d. Pengambilan akhohol,
e. Penyakit jantung dan,
f. Terdedah kepada kepanasan yang lama
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

14. Heat Stroke - samb
• Tanda-tandanya
• kulit terasa panas dan kering, merah serta berbintik.
• hilang kesedaran.
• keliru serta menjadi sawan.
• Pencegahannya
• penapisan masalah kesihatan.
• penyesuaian diri secra perlahan-lahan terhadap
persekitaran yang panas.
• pusingan kerja.
• penggunaan PPE.
• pemantauan pekerja - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
MM/FS/CK/ZH

15. KELETIHAN/KEHAUSAN AKIBAT HABA
( HEAT EXHAUSTION)
• Akibat dari kehabisan air atau garam galian
• Punca
• terdedah pada persekiatarn haba/panas yang lama.
• gagal menggantikan air atau garam yang hilang
• Tanda-tandanya
• Keletihan
• rasa loya dan muntah
• pening kepala
• hendak pengsan dan berdiri tidak stabil
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

16. KELETIHAN/KEHAUSAN AKIBAT HABA
( HEAT EXHAUSTION) - samb
• Pencegahannya
• Penyesuaian diri dengan persekitaran tempat kerja
secara sistematik.
• Minuman yang memberi tenaga.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

17. KEKEJANGAN (HEAT CRAMPS)
• Akibat kehabisan garam dan potassium
• Tanda
• Kekejangan otot secara mendadak
• Punca
• Kehilangan garam galian melalui peluh.
• Pencegahan
• Penyesuaian diri
• Minuman yang membekalkan cukup galian.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

18. RUAM (HEAT RASH)
• Timbul tanda merah/ gelumbung yang menyebabkan
ketidakselesaan.
• Punca
• Terdedah kepada keadaan yang panas dan
kelembapan yang tinggi
• Pencegahan
• Pindahkan mangsa ketempat yang persekitaran yang
sesuai.
• Penggunaan pakaian serta krim.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

19. KELETIHAN( HEAT FATIGUE)
• Akibat ketidakstabilan mental dan fizikal.
• Tidak cergas
• Lembap
• Punca
• Terdedah pada haba/suhu yang tidak mewujudkan
keselesaan.
• Pencegahan
• Menyediakan persekitaran yang selesa.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

20. HAZAD SUHU RENDAH (COLD STRESS)
• Faktor menyebabkan cold stress
• Suhu yang rendah
4. Angin yang sejuk
6. Kawasan kerja yang basah dan;
8. Air yang sejuk
• Persekitaran yang sejuk memaksa badan bekerja lebih
keras untuk mengekalkan suhu badan normal.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

21. Wind Chill
• Wind Chill merupakan kombinasi suhu udara dan
kelajuan angin yang bertiup.
• Cth suhu 40°F dengan kombinasi kelajuan angin 35
km/j, menyebabkan kulit terdedah kepada suhu
11°F.
• Maka keadaan kerja di bawah suhu beku dengan
kombinasi pakaian yang tidak sesuai boleh
menyebabkan cold stress.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

22. WIND CHILL - samb
Wind-Chill Dangers Chart
Adapted from TLVs® and BEIs®: Threshold Limit
Values® for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents
and Biological Exposure Indices®, American
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists,
1999. MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

23. HYPOTHERMIA
• Berlaku bila badan tidak dapat mengekalkan suhu badan normal.
Badan akan menggeletar apabila suhu badan menjadi rendah dari
35ºC (95ºF).
• Tanda – tanda
• Badan menggeletar secara konsisten
• Kelakukan yang tidak rational dan menggelirukan
• Kepekaan mental yang rendah
• Meningkatkan risiko serangan sakit jantung
• Pencegahan
• Pastikan mangsa sedar dan tukar pakaian basah kepada
kering.
• Gunakan alat pemanas untuk memanaskan tubuh mangsa.
• Berikan mangsa minuman panas dan manis Cuma bila
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)
mangsa dalam keadaan sedar.

24. INCREASED RISK HYPOTHERMIA
• Predisposing health conditions
– cardiovascular disease
– diabetes
– hypertension
• Medications
• Poor physical condition
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

25. STAGES IN HYPOTHERMIA
• Mild Hypothermia
• Body temperature 97F - 93F
• Shivering
• Alert
• Numbness in limbs, loss of dexterity, clumsiness
• Pain from cold
• Moderate Hypothermia
• Body temperature 93F - 90F
• Same symptoms as mild hypothermia except: shivering
may decrease or stop
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

26. STAGES IN HYPOTHERMIA
• Severe Hypothermia
• Body temperature 90 F - 82F
• Shivering decreased or stopped
• Confusion and loss of reasoning
• Slurred speech & Muscular rigidity
• Semi to unconscious
• Critical Hypothermia
• Body temperature < 82F
• Unconscious and may appear dead
• Little breathing
• Pulse slow
• Eyes dilated
• Body is rigid MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

27. FIRST AID FOR HYPOTHERMIA
• Mild Hypothermia
• Prevent further heat loss
• Give warm sweet liquids
• Apply gentle heat source
• Exercise to generate heat
• Keep head and neck covered
• Moderate Hypothermia
• Same as mild but limit exercise
• Sips of warm liquids if victim fully conscious
• No alcohol
• Checked by Medical Doctor
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

28. FIRST AID FOR HYPOTHERMIA
• Severe Hypothermia
• Victim is in serious trouble
• Apply external heat source
• Avoid jarring victim
• No food or drink
• Transport gently to hospital
• Critical Hypothermia
• Don’t give up
• Handle with extreme care
• Tilt head to open airway & CPR
• Stabilize temperature with external heat source
• Hospitalization
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

29. FROSTBITE
• Berlaku bila terdedah kepada suhu rendah yang melampau atau
hubungan dengan objek yang terlalu sejuk.
• Ia selalunya berlaku kerana tersentuh besi yang sejuk berbanding
dengan terdedah kepada air yang sejuk kerana haba lebih cepat
dipindahkan dari kulit ke besi.
• Bahagian badan yang terdedah kepada frostbite ialah muka,
telinga, jari dan kaki.
• Tanda-tandanya
• Kulit kelihatan berkilat (waxy)
• Terasa kebas
• Kematu (blister)
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

30. FROSTBITE - samb
• Pencegahan
• Panaskan bahagian tubuh yang mengalami frostbite secara
beransur-ansur (gradually). Jangan gosok
• Jangan berikan haba kepada mangsa dengan menggosokkan
tangan kita dengan bahagian tubuh mangsa.
• Dapatkan rawatan hospital dengan cepat.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

31. WATER IMMERSION SURVIVAL
Water Temperature Exhaustion Survival Time
32.5 15 min 15 min to 45 min
32.5 - 40 15 to 30 min 30 min to 90 min
40 to 50 30 min to 1 hr 1 hr to 3 hrs
50 to 60 1 hr to 2 hrs 1 hr to 6 hrs
60 to 70 2 hrs to 7 hrs 2 hrs to 40 hrs
70 to 80 3 hrs to 12 hrs 3 hrs to indefinite
Over 80 Indefinite indefinite
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

32. H. E. L. P.
• Heat Escape Lessening Posture
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

33. HUDDLE
• Extends survival time by 50% over swimming or
treading water
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

34. KAWALAN HAZAD SUHU RENDAH
• Secara Am
• Pastikan pekerja memahami hazad suhu rendah.
• Pastikan keadaan kesihatan pekerja dalam keadaan
membenarkan mereka terdedah kepada hazah suhu rendah.
• Sediakan minuman panas dan waktu rehat yang kerap.
• Sediakan atau nasihatkan pekerja memakan makanan
berkalori tinggi untuk suasana pekerjaan yang sejuk. Elakkan
kopi kerana ia meningkatkan penyejatan air dalam badan.
• Pakaian
• Pakai pakaian yang sesuai dan dalam beberapa lapis supaya
udara yang terperangkap dapat menjadi penebat untuk badan.
• Pakaia pakaian yang fabrik synthetic seperti polypropylene.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

35. KAWALAN HAZAD SUHU RENDAH - samb
Pakaian yang sesuai untuk hazad suhu rendah
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

36. KEBAKARAN DAN IMPAKNYA (aspek suhu)
• Kemalangan yang sering terjadi
• Kecederaan yang parah –kulit
• Kulit-lapisan luar-epidermis
• Lapisan dalam- dermis,cutis atau corium
• Fungsi kulit
• Lindungan
• Sensasi/reaksi
• Pengatur/pengukur kepanasan
• Pengeluaran
• Respirasi
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

37. TAHAP KEBAKARAN( SEVERITY OF BURNS)
• Tahap pertama
• Kebakaran kulitl-erythrema
• Cth:“sunburn”
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

38. TAHAP KEBAKARAN( SEVERITY OF BURNS) - samb
• Tahap Kedua
• Kecederaan kecil pada permukaan kulit – gelembung
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

39. TAHAP KEBAKARAN( SEVERITY OF BURNS) - samb
• Tahap Ketiga
• Kecederaaan parah dan boleh mengakibatkan
kematian.
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

40. TAHAP KEBAKARAN( Third Degree Burn )
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)

41. KEBAKARAN/KECEDERAAN AKIBAT BAHAN
KIMIA
• Merosakan tisu/kulit
• Kepanasan
• Ketidakselesaan
• Contohnya melekit
• Tahap kecederaan akibat bahan kimia dipengaruhi
oleh:
• Kepekatan
• Tahap karat/ketajaman
• Suhu
• Tempoh
MM/FS/CK/ZH - OSH 1 (PH 3083)