3. CONTENT
Definition of Biofilm
History
Biofilm information
Biofilm information in vitro
Where biofilms are found?
Advantage of biofilm
Biofilm and antibiotic resistance
Dis advantage of biofilm
Biofilms and infectious diseases
References
4. DEFINITION OF BIOFILM
Biofilm: An aggregate of microbes with a distinct
architecture. A biofilm is like a tiny city in which
microbial cells, each only a micrometer or two long,
form towers that can be hundreds of micrometers
high. The "streets" between the towers are really
fluid-filled channels that bring in nutrients, oxygen
and other necessities for live biofilm communities.
The biofilm is held together and protected by a
matrix of excreted polymeric compounds called
EPS .This matrix protects the cells within it and
facilitates communication among them through
biochemical signals
Attachment by pili and etc
5. BIOFILM
Biofilms consist of:
1-microbes
2-EPS(poly sacarid--glycoprotein)
3-water(85-98%)
Biofilm can contain many different types of
microorganism, e.g. bacteria, archaea, protozoa,
fungi and algae; each group performing specialized
metabolic functions.
Fungal biofilms also frequently contaminate medical
devices. They cause chronic vaginal infections and
lead to life-threatening systemic infections in people
with hobbled immune systems
8. HOW IS BIOFILM FORMED?
Bacteria continue to grow, outer cells provide a
physical barrier to protect inner cells
surface
Planktonic bacteria, in
the presence of water, attach
to a surface.
9. BIOFILM INFORMATION IN VITRO
1_batch culture model
2_cotinuous culture model
NOTE
Study population of archie bacteria use of
coenzyme F420 and use of OR NAD and ATP
production and so
MONOCULTURE:THIS BIOFILM FORMED BY ONE
TYPE OF BACTERIA
10. . WHERE BIOFILMS ARE FOUND
. 1. on solid substratums in
contact with moisture,
2. on soft tissue surfaces in living
organisms
3. at liquid-air interfaces.
4-Biofilms form on the surface of
catheter lines and contact
lenses. They grow on
pacemakers, heart valve
replacements, artificial joints and
other surgical implants
5-Biofilms grow in hot, acidic
pools in Yellowstone National
Park (USA)
6-In industrial environments,
biofilms can develop on the
interiors of pipes
12. ADVANTAGE OF BIOFILM
Bacteria growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antibiotics, up to
1,000 times more resistant than the same bacteria not growing in a
biofilm. Standard antibiotic therapy is often useless and the only
recourse may be to remove the contaminated implant.
One benefit of this environment is increased resistance to
detergents
Biofilms can help eliminate petroleum oil from contaminated
oceans or marine systems.
Bioreactors for water infiltration
13. BIOFILM AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Little or no effect
because the bacteria in
biofilm are in a different
Bacteriostatic
phase than most
Antibiotics
antibiotics target
Surface
14. DIS ADVANTAGE OF BIOFILM
In industrial environments, biofilms can develop on the
interiors of pipes, which can lead to clogging and corrosion. Biofilms
on floors and counters can make sanitation difficult in food
preparation areas
Infiltration of wast water
Oil industrial
Attache to hulk and reduce speed of ship
Envelope Destruction such as color and epoxi
envelopes
Reduce of heat transfer in condenser
Biological erosion
Biofoulding
Reduce speed of water in pipe
15. BIOFILMS AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Biofilms have been found to be involved in a wide
variety of microbial infections in the body, by one
estimate 80% of all infections.Infectious processes
in which biofilms have been implicated include
common problems such as urinary tract infections,
catheter infections, middle-ear infections, formation
of dental plaque --gingivitis, coating contact lenses,
and less common but more lethal processes such
as endocarditis, infections in cystic fibrosis, and
infections of permanent indwelling devices such as
joint prostheses and heart valves-chronic sinusitis-
16. DENTAL PLAQUE
Dental plaque is the material that adheres to the
teeth and consists of bacterial cells (mainly
Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis),
salivary polymers and bacterial extracellular
products. Plaque is a biofilm on the surfaces of the
teeth. This accumulation of microorganisms subject
the teeth and gingival tissues to high concentrations
of bacterial metabolites which results in dental
disease
17. ROLES FOR FLAGELLAR STATORS IN BIOFILM
FORMATION BY PSEUDOMONAS AEROGINOSA
pseudomonas
aeroginosa caused
sistic fibrosis It has
only a single flagellum
Genom of bacteria
encode 2 flagellar
stators called MotAB or
the MotCD
Flagellar stator
produce energy
18. MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM
A biofilm-forming
opportunistic human
pathogen found in the
environment
Several strains have
been isolated from
AIDS patients and
others with
compromised immune
systems
19. PAST WORK
Past work on genes associated with biofilm
formation in M. avium has yielded approximately 12
genes that are up-regulated in biofilm formation.
Several of these genes are important for
glycopeptidolipid (GPL) biosynthesis, while others
play a key role in fatty acid metabolism or the citric
acid cycle.
20. CURRENT WORK
Using primers for previously identified genes
associated with biofilm formation, quantify gene
expression M. avium strains MAC A5, MAC 101,
and MAC 104 in the presence and absence of three
different antibiotics at sub-inhibitory concentrations
using Real-Time PCR.
21. GENES / GENE PRODUCTS
Biofilm genes
Glycosyl Transferase, essential for the expression
of mature GPLs.
GuaB2 (IMP dehydrogenase), catalyzes the first
reaction in GMP biosynthesis
PmmB (Phosphomannose mutase), converts D-
Mannose 1-Phosphate TO D-Mannose 6-
Phosphate
Control gene
16S RNA, not involved in biofilm formation, to be
used as a control
22. TIME COURSE OF BIOFILM FORMATION BY
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS
EPIDERMIDIS MASTITIS ISOLATES
Isolation mastitis staphylococcal
Loci gene
Isolatin with fluorescent in situ hybridisation(FISH)
TSB
Fixation by paraformaldehyde
Change in pentration by ethanol,lysostaphin
Hybridation with 16SrRNA
Probes :sta and sau
23. EFFECT OF SHEAR STRESS ON GROWTH ,ADHESION AND BIOFILM
FORMATION OF PSEUDOMONAS AEROGINOSA WITH
ANTIBIOTIC_INDUCED MORPHLOGICAL CHANGES
Effect of morphological changes and stress on
growth and attachment biofilm formation
pseudomonas aeroginosa ATCC27853
Microtitre plate assay
Effect of .5 piperacillin tazobactam imipenem
meropenem
Orbital shaking 250rpm
Decrease of attachment and biofilm information
Use of sub_mic antibiotic(minimal inhibitory
concentration)
24. BILE SALTS ENHANCE BACTERIAL CO-AGGREGATION,
BACTERIAL-INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELL
ADHESION,BIOFILM FORMATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL
RESISTANCE OF BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS
bacteroides fragilis
anearobic bacteria
Bile as detergenet
Bile salt hydrolase
enzyme
bacteroides fragilis
NCTC9343
25. TRYPANOSOMA CRUZI: ULTRA STRUCTUREAL
STUDIES OF ADHESION,LYSIS AND BIOFILM
FORMATION BY SERRATIA MARCESCENS
trypanosoma cruzi
cused chagas disease
Serratia SM365
Attach by D_MANOSE
Serratia DB11
26. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF ESHERICHIA COLI
PROTEIN YMGB:APROTEIN CRITICAL FOR BIOFILM
FORMATION AND ACID RESISTANCE
YMgB gene in biofilm
In richment culture of
glocose ,decrease
motolity of cellular
Resistance to acid
27. REFERENCES
1-Christian m,toutain(2007) Roles of flagellar stators in
biofilm formation by pseudomonas aeruginosa
2-Staffan kjellberg and micheal givskov(2007) the
biofilm mode of life :mechanism and adaptations
3-M.oliveira s.f nunes (2007)Time course of biofilm
formation by staphylococcus aureus and
staphylococcus epidermidis mastitis isolates
4-Daniele p.castro Sergio H.seabra (2007)
trypanosoma cruzi: ultra structureal studies of
adhesion,lysis and biofilm formation by serratia
marcescens
28. 5-Lilian pumbwe christopher A.skilbeck(2007) bile salts
enhance bacterial co-aggregation, bacterial-intestinal
epithelial cell adhesion,biofilm formation and
antimicrobial resistance of bacteroides fragilis
6-Kristina mojica danielle Elsey (2007) Quantitative
analysis of biofilm EPS uronic acid content
7-A.P.FONSECA J.C SOUSA(2007) effect of shear
stress on growth ,adhesion and biofilm formation of
pseudomonas aeroginosa with antibiotic_induced
morphlogical changes
8-JINTAE LEE Rebecca pag (2007)
9-Structure and function of esherichia coli protein
YmgB:Aprotein critical for biofilm formation and acid
resistance