2. CONTINUITY in politics and social classes From the earliest civilizations to the present, political leaders and governments had connections or were directly tied to religion. Religious leaders were in the elite classes. Egyptian pharaoh, Mandate of Heaven, Caliph, Akbar made his own religion, Divine Right, Iranian Revolution
3. "The National Government will preserve and defend those basic principles on which our nation has been built. It regards Christianity as the foundation of our national morality, and the family as the basis of national life."— Adolf Hitler, Berlin, 1933, first radio address after coming to power
4. "We believe democracy is an atheist call that idolizes human beings."—Ansar al-Sunnah
5. CHANGE in politics in the WEST and later in Asia and Africa (1750 to 1914) & (1914-Present) The RISE OF SECULAR GOVERNMENTS Political structures in some regions were NO LONGER directly connected to religious institutions. Governments’ power was not based on religious ideology – but on other ideas such as: Popular sovereignty Military leadership Ability to rule
6. Causes and Examples Causes: Enlightenment (1450-1750) Post-WWs disillusion (1914 to present) Examples: U.S. government (1770s)
7. Believing that religion is a matter which lies solely between man and his God . . . I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their Legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," thus building a wall of separation between Church and State . Thomas Jefferson
8. Causes and Examples Causes: Enlightenment (1450-1750) Post-WWs disillusion (1914 to present) Examples: U.S. government (1770s) French governments (1800s) Communist Russia (1918) Turkey (from former Ottoman) (1920s) Communist China (1940s)
9. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature. It is the opium of the people. The abolition of religion as the illusory happiness of the people is required for their real happiness. Karl Marx
10. ECONOMIC CHANGES 2000s bce Neolithic Revolution (agriculture) leads to permanent settlements 200s bce - 400s ce Classical Trade Classical period saw more trade as classical empires in Mediterranean, India, and China helped foster trade
11. ECONOMIC CHANGES 700s – 1000s ce Islamic Empire 1450 – 1750 ce Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires Islamic Empire(s) connect Asia, Africa, Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean – trade increases (pilgrimage)
12. ECONOMIC CHANGES 1450 – 1750s ce European Expansion Americas, Africa, Asia, Atlantic and Indian Ocean connections (Columbian Exchange, slave trade) Europeans begin to dominate trade networks. More “world” in world trade
13. ECONOMIC CHANGES Late 1700s to 1900 Industrial Revolution first in Europe, then US, then Russia and Japan Manufacturing and commerce became the base of many economies. Political, social, and gender results. The WEST continued to dominate.
14. ECONOMIC CHANGES 19th century Imperialism and Colonialism World trade increases as Europeans and US take control of many parts of Africa and Asia.
15. ECONOMIC CHANGES 1900s Consumerism Emphasis on consumer goods in the economy began in the West. 1930s Global Economic Crisis (between the world wars) Economies of the West declined with major implications for the dependent economies of Latin America, Africa, & Asia
16. CONTINUITIES in POLITICS and SOCIAL CLASSES The military had an important role in the government and politics of regions and empires. Warriors/military leaders have often been in the elite classes. Some evidence Classical Civs were all based on expansion and then dominance through military might or alliances (1st centuries bce to 3rd centuries ce). Islamic Empire expanded through military conquest. (8th centuries to 11th century). Mongol armies built the largest land empire in the world (13th century). Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires and Aztec & Inca. (13th to 17th centuries) The America, French, Haitian (18th), Latin American (19th), and Russian Revolutions (20th) were military based. Ashoka, Muhammad, Knights, Samurai, Aztec warriors, Chinggis Khan, George Washington, Mao
17. CONTINUITIES in POLITICS From the earliest civilizations to the present, the military has had an important role in the government and politics of regions and empires. HOWEVER, Chinese scholar gentry had power over the military in times of stability and were in an equivalent social class.
18. Continuities according to 3rd period “Luxury” goods tended to be a main part of trade – early civs to present Gold, spices, silk, porcelain China – exported more than imported (until the 1700s) Ag is the base of most economies Competition improves quality European weapons US intervention in 1900s Trade benefits the upper class (or merchant) Dependency on the west . . (after 1800s) Capitalism after industrial rev China (1800s) & Japan’s (up to 1800s) chosen isolation
19. Economic Continuities according to 5th period “Luxury” goods tended to be a main part of trade – early civs to present Gold, spices, silk, porcelain Ag is base of economy Gov involved or controlled trade. Economy is improved through expansion Division of labor = social classes. Economic & trade centers near water routes. Until 19th c – importance slave labor
20. Economic Continuities according to 6th period Luxury goods important part of regional or world trade Spice, ivory, silk, precious metals, coffee? Ag based economies Economy expanded through colonizing or conquest Specialization of labor Religion and trade Government supported control
21. SOME AP VOCAB Demographics – make-up of human populations (ethnic, religious, regional) Political structure or system – how the government is set up (and its bureaucracy) Social hierarchy – social class (the caste system was only in India)
22. SOME AP VOCAB Labor systems – how people work, work patterns Coercive labor system – forced labor like slavery or indentured servitude. Elite – upper class Gender systems – roles of men and women
