The document discusses the evolution of development goals from the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) established in 2000 to the current Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted in 2015. It outlines the 17 SDGs which aim to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all people and nations. The SDGs include goals related to poverty, hunger, health, education, gender equality, water, energy, economic growth, infrastructure, inequality, cities, consumption, climate change, oceans/marine life, terrestrial ecosystems, institutions, and partnerships. Financing for the SDGs will come from domestic public/private resources as well as international cooperation, trade, and debt management.

1. What is Development?
It is somewhat easier to say which countries are richer and which are poorer. But indicators of
wealth, which reflect the quantity of resources available to a society, provide no information
about the allocation of those resources—for instance, about more or less equitable distribution of
income among social groups, about the shares of resources used to provide free health and
education services, and about the effects of production and consumption on people’s
environment. Thus it is no wonder that countries with similar average incomes can differ
substantially when it comes to people’s quality of life: access to education and health care,
employment opportunities, availability of clean air and safe drinking water, the threat of crime,
and so on. With that in mind, how do we determine which countries are more developed and
which are less developed?
Goals and Means of Development
Different countries have different priorities in their development policies. But to compare their
development levels, you would first have to make up your mind about what development really
means to you, what it is supposed to achieve. Indicators measuring this achievement could then
be used to judge countries’ relative progress in development. Is the goal merely to increase
national wealth, or is it something more subtle? Improving the well-being of the majority of the
population? Ensuring people’s freedom? Increasing their economic security? Recent United
Nations documents emphasize “human development,” measured by life expectancy, adult
literacy, access to all three levels of education, as well as people’s average income which is a
necessary condition of their freedom of choice. In a broader sense the notion of human
development incorporates all aspects of individuals’ well-being, from their health status to their
economic and political freedom. According to the Human Development Report 1996, published
by the United Nations Development Program, “human development is the end—economic
growth a means” . It is true that economic growth, by increasing a nation’s total wealth, also
enhances its potential for reducing poverty and solving other social problems. But history offers
a number of examples where economic growth was not followed by similar progress in human
development. Instead growth was achieved at the cost of greater inequity, higher unemployment,
weakened democracy, loss of cultural identity, or overconsumption of resources needed by future
generations. As the links between economic growth and social and environmental issues are
better understood, experts including economists tend to agree that this kind of growth is
inevitably unsustainable—that is, it cannot continue along the same line for long. To be
sustainable, economic growth must be constantly nourished by the fruits of human development
such as improvements in workers’ knowledge and skills along with opportunities for their
efficient use: more and better jobs, better conditions for new businesses to grow, and greater
democracy at all levels of decision making (Figure 1.1). Conversely, slow human development
can put an end to fast economic growth. According to Human Development Report 1996,
“during 1960–1992 not a single country succeeded in moving from lopsided development with
slow human development and rapid growth to a virtuous circle in which human development and

2. growth can become mutually reinforcing.” Since slower human development has invariably been
followed by slower economic growth, this growth pattern was labeled a “dead end”
Millennium Development Goals
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the eight international development goals that
were established following the Millennium Summit of the United Nations in 2000, following the
adoption of the United Nations Millennium Declaration. All 189 United Nations member states at the
time (there are 193 currently), and at least 23 international organizations, committed to help achieve
the following Millennium Development Goals by 2015:
1. To eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
2. To achieve universal primary education
3. To promote gender equality
4. To reduce child mortality
5. To improve maternal health
6. To combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
7. To ensure environmental sustainability[1]
8. To develop a global partnership for development[2]
Each goal has specific targets, and dates for achieving those targets. To accelerate progress,
the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank,

3. the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to
$55 billion in debt owed by members of the heavily indebted poor countries(HIPC) to allow them to
redirect resources to programs for improving health and education and for alleviating poverty.
Critics of the MDGs complained of a lack of analysis and justification behind the chosen objectives,
and the difficulty or lack of measurements for some goals and uneven progress, among others.
Although developed countries' aid for achieving the MDGs rose during the challenge period, more
than half went for debt relief and much of the remainder going towards natural disaster relief and
military aid, rather than further development.
As of 2013, progress towards the goals was uneven. Some countries achieved many goals, while
others were not on track to realize any. A UN conference in September 2010 reviewed progress to
date and concluded with the adoption of a global plan to achieve the eight goals by their target date.
New commitments targeted women's and children's health, and new initiatives in the worldwide
battle against poverty, hunger and disease.
2016-2030 > New Goals
Sustainable development goals
On 25 September 2015, the 193 countries of the UN General Assembly adopted the 2030
Development Agenda titledTransforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Following the adoption, UN agencies, under the umbrella of the United Nations Development Group,
decided to support a campaign by several independent entities, among them corporate institutions
and International Organizations. The Campaign, known as Project Everyone, introduced the
term Global Goals and is intended to help communicate the agreed Sustainable Development Goals
to a wider constituency. However the decision to support what is an independent campaign, without
the approval of the member states, has met resistance from several sections of civil society and
governments, who accuse[19]
the UNDG of ignoring the most important communication aspect of the
agreement: Sustainability. There are also concerns that Global Goals is a term used to refer to several
other processes that are not related to the United Nations.

4. Description and agenda for SDG
The Official Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted on 25 September 2015 has 92
paragraphs, with the main paragraph (51) outlining the 17 Sustainable Development Goals and
its associated 169 targets. This included the following goals:
1. Poverty - End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2. Food - End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agriculture[22]
3. Health - Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
4. Education - Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for all
5. Women - Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
6. Water - Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
7. Energy - Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all
8. Economy - Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all
9. Infrastructure - Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable
industrialization and foster innovation
10.Inequality - Reduce inequality within and among countries
11.Habitation - Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and
sustainable[31]
12.Consumption - Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns
13.Climate - Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
14.Marinosystems - Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
15.Ecosystems - Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation
and halt biodiversity loss
16.Institutions - Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions
at all levels

5. 17.Sustainability - Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development
As of August 2015, there were 169 proposed targets for these goals and 304 proposed indicators
to show compliance.
Steps to arrange financing for SDGs:
1. Domestic public resources Mobilization

6. 2. Domestic and international private business and finance
3. Increasing International development cooperation
4. International trade as an engine for development
5. Debt and debt sustainability
6. Science, technology, innovation and capacity-building
How Financing for Development works:
References:
1. http://www.worldbank.org/depweb/beyond/beyondco/beg_01.pdf
2. https://class.coursera.org/fin4devmooc-001/wiki/Course_Overview
3. https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/fin4devmooc/pdf/begbw_7_15.pdf
4. https://d396qusza40orc.cloudfront.net/fin4devmooc/pdf/N1467001.pdf
5. http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jan/19/sustainable-development-
goals-united-nations