The document is a presentation on implementing node localization for wireless sensor networks. It discusses wireless sensor networks and their applications. It then covers issues related to wireless sensor networks, including localization. Localization aims to estimate the position of sensor nodes that are randomly deployed. The presentation reviews several papers on localization systems and algorithms. It discusses approaches like using beacon nodes, distance estimation techniques, and localization algorithms that involve trilateration, triangulation or Voronoi diagrams. The conclusion covers challenges in localization and potential areas of future work.

1. Presentation
On
Implementing Node Localization
For
Wireless Sensor Networks
Presented By :-
Gaurav Dhaka
Dept. Of Comp. Science &
Engg.
.
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2. ContentsContents
Introduction
Localization
Conclusion and Future Work
References
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3. Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless Sensor Networks
A sensor network is an infrastructure comprised of sensing,
computing and communication elements [1].
Provides the ability of instrumenting, observing and reacting to
events and phenomena in a specified environment [1].
Wireless Sensor Network consist of a large number of small,
cheap, battery powered devices with limited resources, known
as Sensor Nodes.
First major Implementation was done during cold war by USA
for submarine surveillance [1].
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4. Application Areas of Wireless Sensor NetworksApplication Areas of Wireless Sensor Networks
Wireless Sensor Networks has a very vast range of
applications [2,6].
Disaster relief applications
Military Applications
Intelligent buildings
Precision agriculture
Medicine and health care
Logistics
Traffic Monitoring
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5. Issues Related to Wireless Sensor Network [2]Issues Related to Wireless Sensor Network [2]
Quality of Service
Fault Tolerance
Energy Efficient Operation
Auto Configuration
Collaboration and in-network processing
Localization :- Estimating the position of sensor nodes in
random deployment applications.
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6. LocalizationLocalization
• Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks
• Terms Related to Localization
• Design Objectives of Localization
• Literature Review
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7. Localization in Wireless Sensor NetworksLocalization in Wireless Sensor Networks
Sensor networks may be deployed in inaccessible terrains
or disaster relief operations, the position of sensor nodes
may not be predetermined [3].
Localization system deals with the task of providing
position information to the nodes [3].

8. Terms Related To Localization [3]Terms Related To Localization [3]
Unknown Nodes/Free Nodes/Dumb Nodes
Nodes, Those Do not know their localization
information.
Settled Nodes
Initially unknown nodes but now managed to get their
location.
Beacon Nodes/Anchor Nodes/Landmark Nodes
Doesn’t require localization system to get their location.
Location obtained by Manual placing or some external
means i.e. GPS.

9. Design Objectives of Localization [6]Design Objectives of Localization [6]
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Independence from Anchor Node placement
Robustness
Energy Efficiency
Security
Support for Distributed Algorithms
Simple Measurement Hardware

10. Literature ReviewLiterature Review
Localization systems for wireless sensor networks
[3]
Paper provides basic introduction of Localization system,
generic problem statement of a localization system and
components of a localization system.
Problem Statement :- Given a multihop network G = (V,
E), and a set of beacon nodes B and their positions (xb, yb),
we want to find the position (xu, yu) of as many unknown
nodes as possible, transforming these unknown nodes into
settled nodes, S.

11. Contd…
Components Of Localization System
Distance/Angle Estimation
Time of Arrival and Time Difference of Arrival
RSSI
Angle of Arrival
Position Computation
Trilateration and Multilateration
Triangulation
Bounding Box
Localization Algorithm
Ad-Hoc Positioning System
Recursive Positioning Estimation
Localization with a Mobile Beacon

12. SerLoc : Robust Localization for Wireless Sensor
Networks [4]
Computed location in four steps
Step 1: Listen to Beacon nodes.
Step 2: Calculate the search area.

13. Step 3: Overlapping region majority vote using
Grid Score
Step 4: Position estimation as centroid of
overlapping region

14. DV-Loc: A Scalable Localization Protocol Using
Voronoi Diagrams For Wireless Sensor Networks
[5]
Computed location in different phases
Phase 1: 4 Beacon nodes of Level 1 floods the
network with packets containing its location,
number of hops and other details. Intermediate
nodes saves its location and number of hops to
each beacon and forwards the packet.

15. Contd…
Phase 2: Based on the data, Voronoi cells are
created and nodes fix their voronoi cells. Each
node computes a new Voronoi diagram inside its
Voronoi cell.

16. Contd…
Phase 3: Second level nodes computes
average hop distance.
Phase 4: When no new Beacon message is
received for a long time, it converts hops into
distances and computes its location using
multilateration.

17. Conclusion and Future WorkConclusion and Future Work
Different localization algorithms focus on different issues
of localization such as errors, number of beacons, number
of settled nodes, GPS usage or energy consumption.
In Ad-Hoc Positioning system, lesser number of Beacon
nodes are required but the method of distance calculation
i.e. DV-Hop and DV-Distance introduces some errors.
SerLoc uses locators equipped with a set of higher-power
sectored antennas in place of anchor nodes. Fails in
situations of jamming of the wireless medium.

18. The future work will be centralized towards the task of
proposing an effective localization strategy keeping issues
related to localization in mind and will try to resolve one
or more issues.

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[1] Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli and Taieb Znati, "Wireless Sensor Networks-
Technology, Protocols, and Applications", John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication, 2007.
[2] Holger Karl, Andreas Willig, "Protocols and Architectures for Wireless Sensor
Networks", John Wiley & Sons Ltd Publication, 2005.
[3] Azzedine Boukerche, Horacio A. B. F. Oliveira, Eduardo F. Nakamura and Antonio A.
F. Loureiro, "Localization systems for wireless sensor networks", IEEE Wireless
Communications, Volume 14, Issue 6, December 2007, Pages 6-12.
[4] Loukas Lazos and Radha Poovendran, “SeRLoc: Robust Localization for Wireless
Sensor Networks”, ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN), Volume 1 ,Issue 1,
August 2005, Pages 73-100.
[5] Azzedine Boukerche, Horacio A. B. F. Oliveira, Eduardo F. Nakamura and Antonio A.
F. Loureiro, “DV-Loc: A Scalable Localization Protocol Using Voronoi Diagrams For
Wireless Sensor Networks”, IEEE Wireless Communications, Volume 16, Issue 2, April
2009, Pages 50-55.
[6] Baisakh, Nileshkumar Patel, Energy Saving and Survival Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-
hoc Networks in Internation Journal of Computer Applications, Volume 48, Issue 2, pp 13-
17, June 2012.
ReferencesReferences

20. [7] Mohammed Ziaur Rahman and Lindsay Kleeman, “Paired Measurement
Localization: A Robust Approach for Wireless Localization”, IEEE Transactions
on Mobile Computing, Volume 8, Issue 8, August 2009, Pages 1087-1102.

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Thank You…