An introduction of mobile communication technology.

2. Wireless Communication is a medium to
transfer information to different locations
separated by distances or conditions which
do not allow wired communication to be
applicable.

3. Wireless Communication is a medium to
transfer information to different locations
separated by distances or conditions which
do not allow wired communication to be
applicable.

4. The world's first, wireless telephone conversation occurred in 1880, when
Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented and
patented the photophone, a telephone that conducted audio
conversations wirelessly over modulated light beams

7. The amount of spectrum allocated to these
different uses differs by country and
frequency band. For example, in the U.K.
88MHz to 3GHz
TV Broadcasting
17%
Other
15%
Aeronautical
radar
Defence
23%
24%
GSM
17%
GSM
0.5% 4%

8. Operational amplifiers
Encoders
Decoders
Input and display to
interact with the device
Basic mobile phone
services to allow users to
make calls and send text
messages.

9. A good way to
understand the
sophistication of a cell
phone is to compare it to
a CB radio or a walkie-
talkie.

10. In a cellular radio system, a land area to be
supplied with radio service is divided into
regular shaped cells
Each of these cells is assigned multiple
frequencies which have
corresponding radio base stations.

11. The group of frequencies can be reused inIn the practice of cell planning, cells are not
other cells, provided that the same frequencies as in the theoretical studies.
hexagonal
are not reused in adjacent neighboring cells as methods are being used for optimised
Computer
that would cause co-channel interference.planning of base station location and cell
frequencies.
Source: Siemens TORNADO D Cellular Planning Tool

12. In a cellular system, as the distributed mobile
transceivers move from cell to cell during an
ongoing continuous communication, switching from
one cell frequency to a different cell frequency is
done electronically without interruption and without
a base station operator or manual switching.

14. The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
The Base Station Controller (BSC)
The Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit
(TRAU)

15. The Base Station Controller is
the BSS’s centre of intelligence.
It consists of:
A switching array which
connects several BTSs to the
MSC
A data bank in which the
quality and availability of the
radio resources are store and
the status of the BSS-Hardware
is dynamically watched
A central processing unit
(CPU) which makes the
handover decisions.

16. Mobile Services Switching Centre MSC
Gateway Mobile Services Switching Centre
GMSC
Home Location Register HLR
Visitor Location Register VLR
Equipment Identity Register EIR

17. Mobile Services Switching Centre MSC
It takes over the exchange of channels and controls handover between
several MSC areas. The MSC also adapts protocols between Call
Control.
Gateway Mobile Services Switching Centre GMSC
Only the GMSC is able to create a connection from a PLMN to
another network. The GMSC initiates a search for the called
subscriber using his Home Location Register.
Home Location Register HLR
The first two digits of the mobile directory are the number of the HLR
where the mobile subscriber is stored.

18. Visitor Location Register VLR
A VLR stores subscription data for those subscribers currently
situated in the service area of the corresponding MSC. A VLR function is
integrated with every MSC.
The following information is stored in the VLR
International Mobile Subscriber Identity IMSI
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity TMSI
Equipment Identity Register EIR
Every MS possesses an International Mobile Equipment Identity IMEI.
*#06#

19. World's most popular standard for telephony
systems.
Cell sizes in a GSM network—
macro, micro, pico, femto and umbrella cells.
The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian
minimum-shift keying (GMSK)
Most 2G GSM networks operating in the
900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands

20. Frequencies are divided into timeslots for individual
phones to use. Eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech
channels per radio frequency.
The channel data rate for all 8 channels is
270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615ms.
2 watts in GSM850/900.
1 watt in GSM1800/1900.

21. Half Rate (6.5 kbit/s)
Full Rate (13 kbit/s).
These used a system based upon linear predictive coding (LPC).
EFR was refactored into a variable-rate
codec called AMR-Narrowband,
Commonly known as a SIM card.
The SIM is a detachable smart
card containing the user's
subscription information

22. Multiple CDMA handsets share a specific
radio channel. The signals are separated
by using a pseudo noise code
CDMA is a spread spectrum multiple
access technique.

23. Higher capacity
Improves voice quality
Soft-handoffs „
Less power consumption (6-7 mW)
Drawbacks of CDMA Cellular
Self-jamming
Near-far problem
Soft handoff more complex than hard
handoff used in FDMA
and TDMA schemes