1. University of Banja Luka
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
26th - 28th May 2011
DEMI 2011
10th Anniversary International Conference
on Accomplishments in
Electrical and Mechanical Engineering and
Information Technology
PROCEEDINGS
ZBORNIK RADOVA
BANJA LUKA, May 2011.

3. PROCEEDINGS
ZBORNIK RADOVA
University of Banja Luka
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
BANJA LUKA, May 2011.

4. ii

5. PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10th ANNIVERSARY INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
ACCOMPLISMENTS IN ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
Under patronage of:
Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of Srpska,
Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining of the Republic of Srpska
and
City of Banjaluka
Publisher:
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banja Luka
For publisher:
PhD. Miroslav Rogi , Full Professor
Editor in Chief:
PhD. Gordana Globo ki-Laki , Associate Professor
Organizational board:
Gordana Globo ki-Laki , PhD. Associate Professor, Chairman
Miroslav Rogi , PhD. Professor
Snežana Petkovi , PhD. Associate Professor
Zdravko Milovanovi , PhD. Associate Professor
Petar Gvero, PhD. Associate Professor
Strain Posavljak, PhD. Assistant Professor
Darko Kneževi , PhD. Assistant Professor
Tihomir Latinovi , PhD. Assistant Professor
Valentina Golubovi -Bugarski, PhD. Assistant Professor
Milan Tica, MSc. Mechanical Engineering
Stevo Borojevi , MSc. Mechanical Engineering
Bojan Kneževi , MSc. Electrical Engineering
Branislav Sredanovi , BSc. Mechanical Engineering
Branislav Jovkovi , BSc. Mechanical Engineering
Milivoj Stipanovi
and
Ljubo Glamo i , PhD. Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining of the Republic of
Srpska
Technical processing:
Milivoj Stipanovi
Circulation:
190
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6. iv

7. SCIENTIFIC BOARD
Blagojevi Aleksa, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Blagojevi Drago, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Bobrek Miroslav, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Bojani Pavao, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Beograd, Serbia
Bulatovi Miodrag, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Podgorica, Montenegro
osi Ilija, FTN Novi Sad, Serbia
Daki Pantelija, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Dolo ek Vlatko, University of Sarajevo, B&H
uri kovi Veljko, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Filipovi Ivan, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Sarajevo, B&H
Gerasim uk G. Vasilj, “KPI”, Ukrainia
Gruden Dušan, TU Wien, Austria
Ivkovi Branko, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kragujevac, Serbia
Jokanovi Simo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Joviševi Vid, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Koji Miloš, Harvard University, USA
Kostolansky Eduard, University of Cyril and Metodius Trnava, Slovakia
Kozi or e, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Beograd, Serbia
Luka Duško, University of Applied Science, Germany
Maksimovi Stevan, Aeronautical Institute, Serbia
Mileti Ostoja, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Mili i Dragomir, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Milutinovi Dragan, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Beograd, Serbia
Nedi Bogdan, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kragujevac, Serbia
Ninkovi Dobrivoje, ABB Turbo-Systems AG, Switzerland
Ognjanovi Milosav, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Beograd, Serbia
Peši Radivoje, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kragujevac, Serbia
Plan ak Miroslav, FTN Novi Sad, Serbia
Pop Nicolae, North University of Baia Mare, Romania
Radovanovi Milan, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Beograd, Serbia
Ravano Giambattista, University SUPSI, Switzerland
Savi Vladimir, FTN Novi Sad, Serbia
Schmied Joachim, Delta JS, Switzerland
Seok Park Hong, University of Ulsan, Korea
Šljivi Milan, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Sokovi Mirko, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Ljubljana, Slovenia
Stefanovi Milentije, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kragujevac, Serbia
Stegi Milenko, FSB Zagreb, Croatia
Thomeensen Trygve, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Todi Velimir, FTN Novi Sad, Serbia
Tufek i emo, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Tuzla, B&H
Veinovi Stevan, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Kragujevac, Serbia
Vereš Miroslav, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bratislava, Slovakia
Zeljkovi Milan, FTN Novi Sad, Serbia
Zrili Ranko, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Banjaluka, B&H
Zrni Nenad, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Beograd, Serbia
v

8. vi

9. CONTENT
KEYNOTE LECTURES ................................................................................................... 1
1. Claudio R. Boër
SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION AND INNOVATION FOR SUSTAINABILITY:
THE EVOLUTION AND INVOLUTION OF PRODUCTION PARADIGMS ........... 3
2. Giambattista Ravano
COOPERATION MODELS BETWEEN UNIVERSITIES AND INDUSTRY IN
APPLIED RESEARCH, SWITZERLAND CASE STUDY AND SOME
PRACTICAL EXAMPLES ...................................................................................... 5
3. Radivoje Peši , Stevan Veinovi
TRANSPORT ECOLOGY AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE ............................ 7
4. Milosav Ognjanovi
DESIGN CONSTRAINTS AND ROBUST DESIGN AS THE MODERN
APPROACH TO MECHANICAL STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT DESIGN
CONSTRAINTS AND ROBUST DESIGN AS THE MODERN APPROACH
TO MECHANICAL STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT ........................................... 21
5. Neven Dui
RENEWABLE ENERGY AS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ................. 35
6. Stojan Petrovi , Božidar Nikoli , Emil Hnatko, Jovo Mr a, Stevan Veinovi
MALICIOUS ECOLOGY ON VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC EXAMPLE ................. 55
A. MECHANICS AND DESIGN ................................................................................... 57
7. Michail Leparov, Georgi Dinev, Marieta Jancheva
ABOUT RECEIPTE OF VARIANTS OF TECHNICAL OBJECTS ....................... 59
8. Leparov M., Yancheva M.
ABOUT THE INTEGRATION OF ASSEMBLY UNITS ........................................ 65
9. Darko Kneževi , Aleksandar Milašinovi , Zdravko Milovanovi
ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE OF LENGTH OF DEVELOPMENT OF
BOUNDARY LAYER ON FLOW RATE THROUGH RADIAL CLEARANCE
WITHIN HYDRAULIC CONTROL COMPONENTS ........................................... 71
10. Nebojša Radi , Goran Sekuli , Dejan Jeremi
ANALYTICAL-NUMERICAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF SPUR GEARS WITH
STRAIGHT TEETH ............................................................................................. 77
11. Georgy Dinev, Marieta Yancheva
CAD DESIGN OF FLEXIBLE FRICTION COUPLING ....................................... 83
12. Dragan Lišanin, Marinko Petrovi , Nenad Grujovi , Jelena Borota
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FORMATION OF SMALL GRAIN
GUIDANCE ......................................................................................................... 87
13. Pavle Stepani , Željko urovi , Aleksa Krošnjar, Aleksandra Pavasovi
COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTION OF FAILURE
ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS ....................................................................... 93
14. Strain Posavljak, Miodrag Jankovic, Katarina Maksimovic
CRACK INITIATION LIFE OF NOTCHED METALLIC PARTS EXPOSED TO
LOW CYCLE FATIGUE ....................................................................................... 99
vii

10. 15 Sr an Bošnjak, Zoran Petkovi , Miloš or evi , Nebojša Gnjatovi ,
Nenad Zrni
DESIGN IMPROVEMENTS OF THE BUCKET WHEEL WITH DRIVE ............111
16. Aleksandar Marinkovi , Aleksandar o i , Bratislav Stojiljkovi ,
Milan Vuli evi
DESIGN OF TESLA-TIFFANY CASCADE FOUNTAIN AS A SAMPLE OF
TESLA`S RESEARCH CREATIVITY IN FIELD OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING .................................................................................................117
17. Svetislav Lj. Markovi
DESIGN SEALS FOR REAL CONNECTIONS .................................................123
18. Valentina Golubovi -Bugarski, Drago Blagojevi , or e i a, Branislav
Sredanovi
DETECTION OF STRUCTURAL DAMAGE LOCATION USING
FREQUENCY RESPONSE FUNCTION DATA .................................................129
19. Dragi Stamenkovi , Mato Peri
DETERMINATION OF RESIDUAL STRESSES IN TUBULAR WELDED
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS ........................................................................135
20. Živko Pejašinovi , Zorana Tanasi , Goran Janji
EFFECT OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF MEASURING FORCE
TRANSDUCER ELASTIC ELEMENTS TO METROLOGIY
CHARACTERISTICS .........................................................................................145
21. Siniša Kuzmanovi , Milan Rackov
EVALUATION OF CONCEPTUAL SOLUTIONS OF UNIVERSAL HELICAL
TWO STAGE GEAR UNITS ..............................................................................151
22. Ivica amagi , Nemanja Vasi , Zijah Burzi
FATIGUE ANALYSIS FROM FRACTURE MECHANICS ANGLE ....................159
23. Slobodanka Boljanovi , Stevan Maksimovi , Strain Posavljak
FATIGUE LIFE ESTIMATION OF CRACKED STRUCTURAL
COMPONENTS .................................................................................................165
24. Ibrahim Badžak, Remzo Dedic, Mersida Manjgo
HYDRAULIC INSTALLATION OF EKO CONTAINER ......................................173
25. Vesna Rankovi , Nenad Grujovi , Goran Milovanovi , Dejan Divac, Nikola
Milivojevi
PREDICTION OF DAM BEHAVIOUR USING MULTIPLE LINEAR
REGRESSION AND RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION NEURAL NETWORK .........179
26. Nenad Zrni , Sr an Bošnjak, Vlada Gaši , Miodrag Arsi
SOME ASPECTS IN FAILURE ANALYSIS OF CRANES ................................185
27. Stevan Maksimovi , Ivana Vasovi , Mirko Maksimovi
SOME ASPECTS TO DESIGN OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES WITH
RESPECTS TO FATIGUE AND FRACTURE MECHANICS ............................191
28. Andrija Vuji i , Nenad Zrni
STATE-OF-THE-ART IN LIFE CYCLE ASSESSEMENT AS A CORE OF
LIFE CYCLE DESIGN .......................................................................................203
29. Mersida Manjgo, Ljubica Milovi , Zijah Burzi
STRESS INTENSITY FACTOR AND ITS EFFECT OF STRUCTURAL
INTEGRITY ........................................................................................................209
30. Vukojevi Nedeljko, Hadžikaduni Fuad, Pavi Mate
VIBRATORY STRESS RELIEVING OF TANK FLANGS ..................................215
viii

11. 31. Ranko Antunovic
VIBRODIAGNOSTICS OF ROTATION MACHINES ........................................ 221
B. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES AND ENGINEERING ...................................... 229
32. Kramar D., Sokovi M., Kopa J.
ADVANCED CUTTING TECHNOLOGY – HIGH-PRESSURE JET ASSISTED
MACHINING ....................................................................................................... 231
33. Milan Milovanovi , Milentije Stefanovi
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF APPLYING NEW MATERIALS .................. 241
34. Tomasz Kudasik, Tadeusz Markowski, Olimpia Markowska,
S awomir Miechowicz
APPLICATION OF RAPID PROTOTYPING RESINS FOR PHOTOELASTIC
TESTING ............................................................................................................ 247
35. Slavica Cvetkovi
AUDITING PROCESS DESIGN COMPANY LOGISTICS SYSTEM ................. 253
36. Andonovic Vladan, Vrtanoski Gligorce
CAD/CAM TECHNOLOGY IN DENTAL MEDICINE .......................................... 259
37. Zoran Janjuš, Aleksandar Petrovi , Aleksandar Jovovi ,
Radica Proki -Cvetkovi , Predrag Ili
CHANGES VOLTAGE COMPACTION POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH
GLASS POWDER .............................................................................................. 265
38. Miletic Ostoja, Todic Mladen
CHANGING THE WALL THICKNESS PROFILE IN THE PROCESS OF
PROFILING ........................................................................................................ 271
39. Plavka Skakun, Miroslav Plan ak, Dragiša Viloti , Mladomir Milutinovi , Dejan
Movrin, Ognjan Lužanin
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENT LUBRICANTS FOR BULK
METAL FORMING OPERATIONS ..................................................................... 275
40. Borislav Kovljeni
COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS OF CAD/CAM SYSTEMS INTEGRATION IN ERP
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................. 281
41. S. Aleksandrovi , T. Vujinovi , M. Stefanovi , V. Lazi , D. Adamovi
COMPUTER CONTROLLED EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE FOR
INVESTIGATIONS OF TRIBOLOGICAL INFLUENCES IN SHEET METAL
FORMING .......................................................................................................... 285
42. Radu Alexandru Ro u, Viorel Aurel erban, Mihaela Popescu, U u Drago
Cosmin Locovei
DEPOSITION OF TITANIUM NITRIDE LAYERS BY REACTIVE PLASMA
SPRAYING ......................................................................................................... 291
43. S awomir Miechowicz, Tadeusz Markowski, Tomasz Kudasik, Olimpia Markowska
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF MEDICAL MODELS WITH RAPID
PROTOTYPING TECHNIQUES AND VACUUM CASTING .............................. 297
44. Djordje Vukelic, Branko Tadic, Janko Hodolic, Igor Budak, Milovan Lazarevic
DEVELOPMENT AN EXPERT SYSTEM FOR MACHINING FIXTURE
DESIGN .............................................................................................................. 303
45. Bogdan Nedi , Gordana Globo ki-Laki
DEVELOPMENT MODEL FOR CONTROL METAL CUTTING PROCESS .......... 309
ix

12. 46. Aurel Prsti , Zagorka Acimovi -Pavlovi , Zvonko Gulišija, Mirjana Stojanovi
DEVELOPMENT OF EPC PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING PARTS IN
AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ................................................................................315
47. Obu ina Mur o, Škalji Nedim, Smaji Selver
EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON WOOD ADHESION ......................321
48. M. Stefanovi , D. Viloti , M. Plan ak, S. Aleksandrovi , Z.Gulisija, D. Adamovi
FORMING LIMIT INDICATORS IN METAL FORMING .....................................327
49. Run ev Dobre, Gligor e Vrtanoski, Ljup o Trpkovski
HEATED TOOL BUTT WELDING OF POLYETHYLEN PIPES .........................337
50. Marija Mihailovi , Aleksandra Patari , Zvonko Gulišija, Miroslav Soki
INCREASING PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY THROUGH CASTING QUALITY
IMPROVING BY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD APPLYING ..............................343
51. Zorana Tanasi , Goran Janji , Bobrek Miroslav, Živko Pejašinovi
INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON BUSINESS
PERFORMANCE ................................................................................................349
52. Robert Molnar, Drago Soldat
INNOVATION-THE KEY FACTOR IN ENTREPRENEURIAL CYCLES ............355
53. Vid Joviševi , Stevo Borojevi , Gordana Globo ki-Laki , Branislav Sredanovi
LABORATORIES UNDER REQUIREMENTS OF DIRECTIVES AND
STANDARDS OF EUROPEAN UNION .............................................................361
54. Sanja Petronic, Andjelka Milosavljevic, Biljana Grujic, Radovan Radovanovic
Radmila Pljakic
LASER SHOCK PEENING OF N-155 SUPERALLOY EXPOSED TO
AGGRESSIVE MEDIUM ....................................................................................367
55. Bogdan Mari , Ranko Boži kovi
LEAN CONCEPT TOOLS IN PROCESS OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
OVERHAUL ........................................................................................................373
56. Ranko Radonji , Milan Šljivi , Živko Babi , Milentije Stefanovi
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HOLE FLANGING OF CIRCULAR SHEETS ..379
57. Dejan Luki , Velimir Todi , Mijodrag Miloševi , Goran Jovi i
ONE APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF
FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS ........................................................385
58. Milentije Stefanovi , Srbislav Aleksandrovi , Dragan Adamovi
PAPER ABOUT PAPERS IN THE AREA OF METAL FORMING
PRESENTED AT DEMI CONFERENCES HELD SO FAR ................................391
59. Todic Mladen, Miletic Ostoja
POSITION OF THE NEUTRAL SURFACE DEFORMATION AT BENDING
TWO LAYER COMPOSITES .............................................................................399
60. Milena Cosi , Zagorka Acimovi -Pavlovi , Zvonko Gulišija, Mirjana Stojanovi ,
Zoran Janjuševi
POSSIBILITY TO USE RHEOCASTING PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING
PARTS IN AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY ...............................................................405
61. Zvonko Gulišija, Marija Mihailovi , Aleksandra Patari , Zoran Janjuševi
PROPERTIES OF THE WROUGHT Al ALLOY 7075 OBTAINED BY
ELECTROMAGNETIC CASTING PROCESS ....................................................409
62. Vrtanoski Gligorce, Andonovic Vladan
RAPID TECHNOLOGY IN DENTAL BIOMECHANICS ......................................413
x

13. 63. Stevo Borojevi , Vid Joviševi , Gordana Globo ki-Laki , or e i a,
Branislav Sredanovi , Marko Radisavljevi
SELECTION OF VARIANT FOR MATERIAL FLOW TYPE IN CONDITIONS
OF GROUP APPROACH USING THE SOFTWARE SYSTEM TECNOMATIX
PLANT SIMULATION ......................................................................................... 419
64. Velimir Todi , Dejan Luki , Mijodrag Miloševi , Jovan Vukman
TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND
IMPLEMENTATION OF FLEXIBLE MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS ................ 427
65. Goran Janji , Predrag Nagraisalovi , Zorana Tanasi , Miroslav Bobrek, Živko
Pejašinovi
THE PROCESS OF MEASURING EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS
AUTOMATIZATION ............................................................................................ 433
66. S. Mazzola, P. Pedrazzoli, G. Dal Maso, C. R. Boër
VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT PLATFORM FOR INDUSTRIAL OPERATION
AND MAINTENANCE ......................................................................................... 441
C. THERMOTECHNIQUE AND ENERGETICS ......................................................... 447
67. Nataša Soldat, Mirjana Radiši
BASIC ASPECTS OF DEFINING MECHANICAL-TECHNOLOGICAL
SOLUTIONS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM LIQUID MANURE 449
68. Crnojevi C., Le i M.
DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE DROP TWO-PHASE FLOW OIL AND
GAS FOR ISOTHERMAL FLOW IN HORIZONTAL PIPELINE ......................... 453
69. Igor Andreevski, Gligor Kanev e, Ljubica Kanev e, Aleksandar Markoski,
Sevde Stavreva
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF REGULATORY DISPERSION
MODEL FOR AIR POLLUTION ASSESSMENT ................................................ 459
70. Gordana Tica, Veljko uri kovi , Petar Gvero
DIMENSIONING OBJECT'S COOLING SYSTEM FOR PREDETERMINED
KNOWN RELIABILITY ....................................................................................... 465
71. Mi a Vuki , Velimir Stefanovi , Predrag Živkovi , Mirko Dobrnjac
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THERMAL AND FLOW
PROCESSES IN SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EHCHANGERS ........................... 475
72. Popov G., Klimentov Kl., Kostov B.
INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN REGULATING THE
FLOW RATE OF PUMP SYSTEMS ................................................................... 481
73. or e S. antrak, Slavica S. Risti , Novica Z. Jankovi
LDA, CLASSICAL PROBES AND FLOW VISUALIZATION IN EXPERIMENTAL
INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT SWIRL FLOW ........................................... 489
74. Popov G., Klimentov Kl., Kostov B.
METHODS TO ESTIMATE THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN REGULATING
THE FLOW RATE OF PUMP SYSTEMS .......................................................... 495
75. Majid Soleimaninia
NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT IN
NATURAL CONVECTION AND FORCE CONVECTION IN A FLUID
SATURATED VARIABLE POROSITY MEDIUM ............................................ 501
xi

14. 76. Milica Grahovac
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION DEFINITION FOR PRIMARY HVAC SYSTEM
TOTAL COSTS MINIMIZATION .........................................................................515
77. Diana Alina Bistrian, Manuela P noiu, Tihomir Latinovi , Marcel Topor
PARALLEL SOLUTIONS TO ACCELERATE MATHEMATICAL
ALGORITHMS IN HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY PROBLEMS ........................523
78. Sevde Stavreva, Marko Serafimov, Igor Andreevski
REDUCING CONCUMPTION OF ENERGY OF DATA CENTERS ...................533
79. N. Mani , V. Jovanovi , D. Stojiljkovi
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PELLET STOVE
ACCORDING TO EN 14875 ...............................................................................539
80. Mirjana Radiši , Nataša Soldat
SOME EXPERIENCES IN THE PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM LIQUID
MANURE ............................................................................................................549
81. Aleksandar Stjepanovi , Sla ana Stjepanovi , Ferid Softi , Zlatko Bundalo
TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS OF PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE .........555
82. Predrag Živkovi , Gradimir Ili , Mirko Dobrnjac, Mladen Tomi ,
Žana Stevanovi ,
WIND POTENTIALS ASSESMENT IN COMPLEX TERRAIN ...........................561
83. Ljubo Glamo i
WIND POWER RESOURCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA ......................567
84. Milovan Kotur, Gostimir Radi
COVENANT OF MAYORS FORESEEN ACTIVITIES AT DISTRICT
HEATING COMPANY – TOPLANA A.D. BANJA LUKA ....................................575
85. Milovan Kotur, Branko Usorac, Petar Gvero, Gordana Tica
PARTIAL REPLACING HEAVY FUEL OIL WITH BIOMASS IN THE
DISTRICT HEATING COMPANY IN GRADIŠKA ..............................................581
86. Milovan Kotur, Zoran Kneževi , Petar Gvero, Gordana Tica
BIOMASS PROJECT IN DISTRICT HEATING COMPANY (DHC) IN
PRIJEDOR, BIH ..................................................................................................587
D. TRAFFIC MEANS ..................................................................................................593
87. Stojan Petrovi , Božidar Nikoli , Emil Hnatko, Jovo Mr a, Stevan Veinovi
MALICIOUS ECOLOGY ON VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC EXAMPLE ................595
88. Zlatomir Živanovi , Zoran Jovanovi , Željko Šakota
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CNG AND HYBRID BUSES VS DIESEL
BUSES ...............................................................................................................607
89. Milan Milovanovi , Dragoljub Radonji , Saša Jovanovi
ADJUSTMENTS OF VEHICLES WITH GAS DRIVE ........................................613
90. Dalibor Jajcevic, Raimund Almbauer
APPLICATION OF A CYCLIC BOUNDARY CONDITION FOR CFD
SIMULATIONS OF A 2-CYLINDER IC-ENGINE ...............................................619
91. Melisa Velic, Semir Mulalic, Adnan Pecar
CALCULATING THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES BY CREATING AND
USING MODEL OF A DIESEL ENGINE WITH SIX CYLINDERS ....................627
xii

15. 92. Mile Rai evi , Miroslav Demi , Nebojša Rako, Predrag Milenkovi
DETERMINING THE DURATION OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS OF
HUMAN BODY IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS BY SUBJECTIVE
METHODS ........................................................................................................ 633
93. Miroljub Tomi , Stojan Petrovi , Slobodan Popovi , Nenad Milji
DUAL PORT INDUCTION SYSTEM FOR DMB 1.4 MPI ENGINE ................... 651
94. Blaževi A., Bibi Dž., Filipovi I.
FUNCTION AND ADOPTION OF IC ENGINES DUAL MASS FLYWHEEL ..... 661
95. Jelena Eric Obucina, Jovanka Lukic
HYDRAULIC PUMP IN THE OF VEHICLE STEERING SYSTEM ................... 667
96. Aleksandar Davini , Radivoje Peši , Dragan Taranovi , Miroslav Ravli
IGNITION SYSTEM OF MULTIPROCESSING OTTO/DIESEL ENGINE ......... 673
97. Filipovi I., Milašinovi A., Blaževi A., Pecar A.
IMPACT OF THE SPECIFIC ABSORBERS ON THE DYNAMIC LOAD OF
THE IC ENGINE’S CRANKSHAFT ................................................................... 681
98. Jasna Glišovi , Jovanka Luki , Danijela Miloradovi
IMPROVEMENTS OF GROUND VEHICLES FUEL ECONOMY USING
REGENERATIVE BRAKING ............................................................................. 687
99. Predrag Živkovi , Mladen Tomi , Gradimir Ili , Mirko Dobrnjac,
Vladimir Lazovi ,
INFLUENCE OF TRAFFIC ON AIR QUALITY IN NIŠ ...................................... 693
100. Boran Pikula, Ivan Filipovi , Mirsad Trobradovi
INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMICS CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID
VEHICLES ......................................................................................................... 699
101. Vladan Ivanovic, Decan Ivanovic, Vladimir Pajkovic
LANDFILL GAS AS A FUEL FOR A VEHICLE FLEET FOR THE CITY
LANDFILL .......................................................................................................... 705
102. Jovanka Luki , Radivoje Peši , Dragan Taranovi
NVH INVESTIGATION OF POWER STEERING SYSTEM HYDRAULIC
PUMP ................................................................................................................ 711
103. Vojislav B. Krsti , Božidar V. Krsti , Vuki N. Lazi
POSIBILITY OF DETERMINATION THE ROUTES FOR TRANSPORTATION
OF HAZARDOUS GOODS ON THE BASIS OF THE RISK LEVEL ................. 717
104. Božidar V. Krsti , Vojislav B. Krsti , Ivan B. Krsti
POSSIBILITIES DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMAL STRATEGY FOR
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE OF THE CARDAN SHIFT VEHICLE USING
POLYCRITERION OPTIMIZATION .................................................................. 723
105. Pikula Boran, Filipovic Ivan, Kepnik Goran
RESEARCH OF THE EXTERNAL AERODYNAMICS OF THE VEHICLE
MODEL .............................................................................................................. 731
106. Vladimir R. Pajkovi
ROAD TRAFFIC SAFETY PERFORMANCE IN MONTENEGRO .................... 739
107. Dobrivoje Ninkovic
SURVEY OF METHODS FOR CALCULATING THE WAVE ACTION IN THE
MANIFOLDS OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES .................................. 745
108. Dragan Taranovic, Radivoje Pesic, Jovanka Lukic, Aleksandar Davinic
TEST BENCH FOR NON-STANDARD MEASUREMENT CHARACTERISTICS
OF RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR ........................................................... 759
xiii

16. 109. Branislav Aleksandrovi , Rajko Radonji , Marko apan, Aleksandra Jankovi
THE RESEARCH OF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN MOTORCYCLE
OSCILLATORY PROCESSES DURING THE NONSTEADY MODES OF
MOTION ............................................................................................................765
110. Izudin Deli , Izet Ali
TRENDS IN DEVELOPMENT OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER OF
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (ICE) .....................................................771
111. Pantelija Daki , Sreten Peri
MONITORING OIL FOR LUBRICATION OF TRIBOMECHANICAL ENGINE
ASSEMBLIES ....................................................................................................777
E. MECHATRONICS ..................................................................................................793
112. Milan Paripovi
ANALYSES THE DAMAGE CAUSED BY ATMOSPERIC DISCHARGE AND
OVERVOLTAGE PROTECTION ........................................................................795
113. Slaviša Todorovi , Miroslav Rogi
AUTOMATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PROJECT OPERATIONS IN THE
BRIDGE CRANE DESIGN PROCESS ...............................................................801
114. Corina Daniela Cun an, Ioan Baciu, Loredana Ghiorghioni
DC STABILIZER WITH DIGITAL CONTROL .....................................................807
115. Marija Mili evi , Vladimir Kaplarevic, Zoran Dimi , Vojkan Cvijanovi , Mirko
Bu an
DEVELOPMENT OF DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEM FOR ROBOTS
CONTROL BASED ON REAL-TIME LINUX PLATFORM ..................................813
116. Miroslav Rogi , Bojan Kneževi , Branislav Risti
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONCEPT OF INTERACTIVE EDUCATION IN
MECHATRONICS ..............................................................................................819
117. Ivan B. Krsti , Božidar V. Krsti , Dragan I. Milosavljevi
EFFECTIVENESS DETERMINATION OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE ..........................................................................825
118. Mihailo P. Lazarevi , Vasilije Vasi , Aleš Hace, Karel Jezernik
FURTHER RESULTS ON MODELING, INTEGRATED DESIGN AND
SIMULATION OF A MECHATRONIC SYSTEM WITH FPGA ...........................831
119. Miroslav Grubiši , Snježana Rezi
IMPACT OF SENSOR FAILURE ON WORK OF ELECTRONICALLY
CONTROLLED DIESEL ENGINES ....................................................................837
120. Miroslav Kostadinovi , Zlatko Bundalo, Dušanka Bundalo
IMPLEMENTATION OF PLANTWEB ALERTS IN A DELTAV SYSTEM ...........843
121. Vahid Bagher Poor, Majid Hashemipour
IMPLEMENTATION OF RFID TECHNOLOGY AND SMART PARTS IN
WIRELESS MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS ......................................................849
122. Tihomir Latinovic, Sorin I Deaconu, Remiquez Labudski, Marcel Topor
INTELLIGENT APPROACH FOR MOBILE ROBOT SIMULATOR WITH
ROBOSIM SOFTWARE .....................................................................................857
xiv

17. 123. Milutinovic D., Glavonjic M., Slavkovic N., Kokotovic B., Milutinovic M.,
Zivanovic S., Dimic Z.
MACHINING ROBOT CONTROLED AND PROGRAMMED AS A MACHINE
TOOL .................................................................................................................. 863
124. Vladimir Kaplarevi , Marija Mili evi , Jelena Vidakovi , Vladimir Kvrgi
NEW APPROACH FOR DESSIGNING ROBOT PROGRAMING SYSTEM
BASED ON L-IRL PROGRAMING LANGUAGE ................................................ 873
125. Kostic Aleksandra, Velic Melisa, Bektesevic Jasmin
PRACTICAL STRATEGIES FOR STABILISATION OF ALGORITHMS
BASED ON SECULAR EQUATIONS OF RSPDTM .......................................... 877
126. Platon Sovilj, Nenad abrilo, Vladimir Vuji i , Ivan Župunski
REMOTE MEASUREMENTS BY ZIGBIT WIRELESS MODULE ...................... 885
127. K. Abhary, D. Djukic, H-Y. Hsu, Z. Kovacic, D. Mulcahy, S. Spuzic, F. Uzunovic
SOME ASPECTS OF KNOWLEDGE ENGINEERING ...................................... 893
128. Nenad Miloradovi , Rodoljub Vujanac, Blaža Stojanovi
STACKING AISLE WIDTH FOR FORKLIFT TRUCKS IN PALLETIZED
STORAGE AND HANDLING SYSTEMS ........................................................... 899
129. Mihajlo J. Stoj i , Bojan Kneževi
THE CONTROLLER DESIGN FOR TRACKING TRAJECTORY WITH
CONTROLLED JERK ......................................................................................... 905
130. Deaconu, S. I., Opri a N, Popa, G. N., Latinovic T.
ULTRASONIC WELDING SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE WIRINGS
INDUSTRY ......................................................................................................... 911
131. Dražen Pašali , Zlatko Bundalo, Dušanka Bundalo, Miroslav Kostadinovi
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS IN HOME AUTOMATION ......................... 917
132. Mihailo Lazarevi , Petar Mandi , Vasilije Vasi
SOME APPLICATIONS OF NEUROARM INTERACTIVE ROBOT AND
WEBOTS ROBOT SIMULATION TOOL ............................................................ 923
F. MAINTENANCE OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS ....................................................... 929
133. Rusmir Bajri , Enver Omazi , Fehmo Mrkaljevi
AVAILABILITY ANALYSIS OF IRREDUNDANT TECHNICAL SYSTEMS ........ 931
134. Aleksandar Živkovi , Milan Zeljkovi , Milorad Rodi , Milivoje Mijuškovi
COMPUTER AND EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE HUB UNIT
LIFE .................................................................................................................... 937
135. Danijela Nikolic, Vanja Sustersic, Jasmina Skerlic
DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS IN LARGE
SETTLEMENTS ................................................................................................. 943
136. Ivan B. Krsti , Dragan I. Milosavljevi , Božidar V. Krsti
DETERMINATION THE PERIODICITY OF MANAGING OF PREVENTIVE
MAINTENANCE OF TECHNICAL SYSTEMS ................................................... 949
137. Mihaela Popescu, Radu Alexandru Ro u, Carmen Opri , Ibolyka Bran
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION FOR WELDING AND ALLIED TECHNIQUES . 955
138. Milomir upovi , Desimir Jovanovi , Bogdan Nedi
FTA AND FMEA IN PREDICTING INCIDENTAL CONDITIONS IN CABLE
CARS AND SKI LIFTS ....................................................................................... 961
xv

18. 139. Milorad Panteli , Sr an Bošnjak
MAINTENANCE AND LIFECYCLE OF THE EXCAVATION UNITS ..................967
140. Dusan Jovanic, Drago Soldat
MODELING MAINTENANCE ACTIVITIES ON A WELDED CONSTRUCTION
USING IDEF0 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................973
141. Jasmina Skerlic, Vanja Sustersic, Danijela Nikolic
NATURAL SYSTEMS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT IN SMALL
SETTLEMENTS ................................................................................................. 979
142. Miodrag Milutinovi , Vladimir Popovi
PROCEDURES FOR RISK BASED MANAGEMENT AND MAINTENANCE
RIMAP PRINCIPLE ............................................................................................985
143. Dragoslav Dobraš, Sead Avdi
PURPOSE AND METHOD EDUCATION OF INTERNATIONAL
RECOGNIZED PERSONNEL FOR WELDING ..................................................997
144. Aleksandar Majstorovi
SAFETY PARTS OF BODY TO RESPIRATION WITH BREATHING
APPARATUS IN DANGEROUS ZONE ............................................................1003
145. Stojan Simi
STATUS OF MAINTENANCE SERVICE IN COMPANIES IN REGION IN
TIMES OF RECESSION ..................................................................................1009
146. Remigiusz LABUDZKI
IDENTIFY CHARACTERISTICS OF OBJECTS IN MACHINE VISION ............1015
xvi

19. PREFACE
This year, the 10th Anniversary International Conference on Accomplishments in
Electrical, Mechanical Engineering and Information Technology DEMI is going to be
held. The number of countries taking part in DEMI is increasing so this year scientists
and researchers from 17 countries are going to take part. This modest jubilee, but with
a considerable number of participants, points to the fact that that DEMI Conference is
becoming an internationally recognized conference with respectable participants from
technologically developed countries.
The first DEMI Conference was held in 1998 and was organized by the Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering in Banja Luka having aimed to draw together university and
institute scientists and professionals as well as experts from a very weakened, post-
war economy. Such mission and role of the DEMI Conference has remained one of its
priorities to this day. From 1998-2003, the DEMI Conference was being held every
year, and after that time, it started to be held every two years. The DEMI became a
traditional conference and it took over a significant but demanding role of gathering
researchers and scientists as well as economy experts with the aim to foster faster
implementation of contemporary research and new technologies in production
processes in order to ensure better competitiveness of our industry. Definitely, this task
has not been an easy one to achieve.
th
This 10 anniversary DEMI Conference has seen a significant progress. For the first
time, the official language of the Conference is English. The number of papers to be
presented at the Conference is 145 from 17 countries (former Yugoslav countries,
Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey,
Australia, New Zealand). The previous DEMI 2009 Conference brought together
researchers and scientists from 11 countries which indicates a greater interest in this
conference. The Conference activities will be realized in six sections which encompass
the following thematic fields: Production Technologies and Engineering, Mechanics
and Design, Traffic Means, Thermotechnique and Energetics, Maintenance of
Technical Systems and Mechatronics. Key note lectures will be delivered by scientists
from universities from Switzerland, Norway, Serbia and Croatia who are involved in
researches of the highest scientific level in the fields of: mechatronics, energetics,
modern approaches to machine structure and product design, the ecology of
transportation and global warming, paradigms of contemporary production and a
company’s adjustment to the current market requirements, etc.
Therefore, we hope that the papers to be presented will contribute in considering and
reflection on the present situation of research in mechanical and electrical engineering
as well as information and communications technologies in the regional conditions,
enable comparison with developed European countries and offer new models for faster
implementation of contemporary research as to encourage production in the country.
As it is the most important scientific and professional conference in the fields of
mechanical engineering, information and communications technologies in our country,
this is expected from the DEMI Conference with good reason.
xvii

20. On behalf of the Organizational Committee of the DEMI 2011Conference, I would like
to thank all authors, members of the review team as well as institutions, companies
and individuals who contributed to the realization of the Conference program.
The International Conference on Accomplishments in Electrical and Mechanical
Engineering and Information Technology DEMI 2011 will be held at the Faculty of
Mechanical Engineering, University of Banja Luka. We are looking forward to
welcoming you as our dear guests. Welcome to the 10th anniversary DEMI 2011
Conference.
Banja Luka, 12 May 2011 President of the Organizational Committee
of the 10th International DEMI 2011 Conference
Gordana Globo ki-Laki , PhD. Associate Professor
xviii

21. KEYNOTE LECTURES

23. SUSTAINABLE INNOVATION AND INNOVATION FOR
SUSTAINABILITY:
THE EVOLUTION AND INVOLUTION OF PRODUCTION PARADIGMS
Claudio R. Boër1
Summary: The consumer market is continuosly evolving requiring new products with
more functions, better design, more personalized, and lately, more sustainable. The
evolution of products has been followed closely by the evolution of the means to
manufacturing them, to assemble them and to delivering them to the market. Studying
the evolution of production, it is possible to see that different paradigms have appeared
from pre-industrialization, to industrialization, to mass production and then mass
customization. Innovation has always been the driver of the evolution of products and
related process and the present keynote will present an overview of the past evolution
and the future trends. In particular it will be shown how important is that innovation is
sustainable in time for a company to be successfull and how innovation is a key for the
future sustainable production paradigm.
Key words: Production paradigm, sustainble production, mass customization,
innovation.
1
Prof. Dr. Ing.Claudio R. Boër, Director ICIMSI-SUPSI, Manno-Lugano, Switzerland
3

25. COOPERATION MODELS BETWEEN UNIVERSITIES AND
INDUSTRY IN APPLIED RESEARCH, SWITZERLAND CASE STUDY
AND SOME PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
Giambattista Ravano1
Summary: Switzerland has a very well established economic environment of small
and medium size industries (SMI). Thanks to a positive financial situation and a long-
term policy of development an interesting system of cooperation between Universities
(particularly Universities of Applied Sciences) and SMI could be established.
Some key successful factors are described:
Direct financing of industrial projects with proved business plan
Participation of main key player in strategic decision (industrial organizations,
research partners, Federal and Cantonal government)
Balanced mix of cooperation and concurrence between research partners.
Thanks to this approach a positive trend to innovation could be reached.
Three examples of applied research projects in the fields of “materials for precision
mechanics, traffic systems, biotech precision systems” which turned into innovation
and new business are presented.
1
Prof. Giambattista Ravano, Director Department of Innovative Technology, University of Applied Sciences
and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), CH -- 6928 Manno
5

27. TRANSPORT ECOLOGY AND GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
Radivoje Peši 1, Stevan Veinovi 2
Summary: Heavy critics claim that a group of Western scientists has put together the
prepositions for Kyoto protocol. The Kyoto protocol limits the production of the
following six components with anthropogenic activities: carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, per fluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride and hydro fluorocarbons. The
most dangerous role is assigned to carbon dioxide, so, on that basis, the elimination of
carbon dioxide production is proclaimed as ecological success. The escalation is
continued in such a pace, that clean technologies (?), clean fuels (?) and clean
vehicles (?) and similar are defined. The controversy over global warming gets even
more complicated when you include politics, economics, greed, and the self interests
of the various governments, NGOs and companies. Astronomer Milutin Milankovic
studied changes in the orbital eccentricity, obliquity, and precession of Earth's
movements. Such changes in movement and orientation change the amount and
location of solar radiation reaching the Earth. He hypothesized that when some parts of
the cyclic variations are combined and occur at the same time, they are responsible for
major changes to the earth's climate (even ice ages). The next stage of power train
and fuel strategy involves using new high economy combustion engines that can be
run with partially renewable fuels and used worldwide. Researchers are hard at work
exploring new fuels, engines and vehicle technologies- but there are not clean cars,
clean energy or full renewable fuels. Contrary to popular belief electric vehicles don’t
hold all the emission answers, until the electric power comes from coal-fired power
stations or part renewable sources (hydro, wind and sun).
Key words: global warming, IC engine, renewable fuels, transport ecology
1. INTRODUCTION
Rational and controlled vehicle use in transport and traffic is an obligation for
the future. Any activation of energy bears a burden to the environment in full amount. A
warm-up lifts light gases like oxygen and nitrogen, while steam and carbon-dioxide
choke the environment. Such are the signs of nature: there are no pure energy forms,
no clean fuels, and no clean engine, neither clean vehicle. Actual reserves and natural
1
PhD Radivoje Peši , professor, Kragujevac, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Kragujevac, Serbia, E-
mail: pesicr@kg.ac.rs
2
PhD Stevan Veinovi , retired professor, Kragujevac, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering in Kragujevac,
Serbia, E-mail: vpst@kg.ac.rs
7

28. Peši R., Veinovi S.
gifts – coal, petroleum and gas – should be used less as power sources and more as
raw materials. The greatest contribution to ecological prolongation of life on our planet
is given by rational, economical technologies and products that carefully engage the
gifts of nature.
Political leaders gathered in Kyoto, Japan, in December 1997 to consider a
world treaty restricting anthropogenic production of greenhouse gases, chiefly carbon
dioxide (CO2). They feared that CO2 would result in anthropogenic - caused global
warming – hypothetical severe increases in Earth’s temperatures, with disastrous
environmental consequences. During the past 10 years, many political efforts have
been made to force worldwide agreement to the Kyoto treaty [1].
There is no convincing scientific evidence that anthropogenic release of carbon
dioxide, methane, or other greenhouse gasses is causing or will, in the foreseeable
future, cause catastrophic heating of the Earth's atmosphere and disruption of the
Earth's climate. Moreover, there is substantial scientific evidence that increases in
atmospheric carbon dioxide produce many beneficial effects upon the natural plant and
animal environments of the Earth. Oregon Petition, from the Oregon Institute of
Science and Medicine, signed by over 17,000 international scientists including more
than 2000 of the world's leading climatologists, meteorologists and planetary/
atmospheric scientists [2].
Carbon Dioxide currently at 370 ppm, for it to be dangerous it would have to be
at 15,000 ppm. This could not be reached even if every fossil fuel was burned.
Thousands and thousands of studies show that higher levels of CO2 are good for
plants. Many scientists believe plants still are not getting enough CO2. Tomato farmers
using exhaust from electricity to grow their tomatoes. Vegetation looses less water
under higher CO2 levels, meaning vegetation in drought prone areas will live longer
and produce more. Rice (the most eaten food in the world) was shown to increase
mass and use less water with higher CO2 levels. Meaning the most important food in
the world highly benefits from CO2 increase.
Fig. 1 Global temperatures
8

29. Ecology of transport and global change earth’s climate
The eruption of volcano Tambora in Indonesia in 1815 caused the Year without
summer because of global cooling. Due to the destruction of crops, disease,
contamination of water, etc., tens of thousands more died in the next few following
years. In 1991 Volcano Pinatubo (Philippines) caused the entire earth to cool by 0.5 °F
for over one year, fig. 1.
The misjudgment of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) are not overlooked. The 50,000-
member American Physical Society criticized the CO2 hypothesis as well as many
German scientists, physicists and meteorologists. Even former herald of climate
disasters are now well established that the climate is strongly influenced by nature (sun
+ ocean current) than the CO2 in the atmosphere. But it is also annoying: For about ten
years, directed the global temperature is not more to the global warming prophets, it
has ceased to rise, although more and more diligently CO2 leaves the smokestacks
and exhaust pipes of the people.
Figure 2 shows the petition of 18,000 American geologists against climate
policy USA Government.
Fig. 2 Climate disaster: Cause is the sun!
Fig. 3 Annual mean surface 3 December 1973 9 April 2001
temperatures in the contiguous The slope decreasing The slope increasing
United States between 1880 and Intermediate Trends
2006. The slope of the least-squares Fig. 4 Is it Global Cooling or Global
trend line for this 127-year re cord is Warming?
0.5ºC per century [1].
9

30. Peši R., Veinovi S.
Surface temperatures in the United States during the past century reflect this
natural warming trend and its correlation with solar activity, as shown in fig. 3.
Compiled U.S. surface temperatures have increased about 0.5°C per century, which is
consistent with other historical values of 0.4 to 0.5°C per century during the recovery
from the Little Ice Age.
This temperature change is slight as compared with other natural variations.
Three intermediate trends are evident, including the decreasing trend used to justify
fears of global cooling in the 1970s. Between 1900 and 2000, on absolute scales of
solar irradiance and degrees Kelvin, solar activity and temperature increased fig. 4.
Secular Variations of the Planetary Orbits, (French: Variations Séculaires des Orbites
Planétaires, abbreviated as VSOP) allows prediction of past and future orbital parameters
with great accuracy.
is obliquity (axial tilt). e is eccentricity. is longitude of perihelion.
e·sin( ) is the precession index, which together with obliquity, controls the seasonal cycle of
insolation. is the calculated daily-averaged insolation at the top of the atmosphere, on
the day of the summer solstice at 65 N latitude.
Benthic forams and Vostok ice core show two distinct proxies for past global sea level and
temperature, from ocean sediment and Antarctic ice respectively. Vertical gray line is current
conditions, at 2 kilo years A.D.
Fig. 5 Past and future Milankovic cycles [3,4]
10

31. Ecology of transport and global change earth’s climate
The Serbian scientist Milutin Milankovic is best known for developing one of the
most significant theories relating Earth motions and long-term climate change.
Milankovic dedicated his career to developing a mathematical theory of climate based
on the seasonal and latitudinal variations of solar radiation received by the Earth. Now
known as the Milankovic Theory, it states that as the Earth travels through space
around the sun, cyclical variations in three elements of Earth-sun geometry combine to
produce variations in the amount of solar energy that reaches Earth:
1. Variations in the Earth's orbital eccentricity (e) – the shape of the orbit around
the sun.
2. Changes in obliquity ( ) – changes in the angle that Earth's axis makes with
the plane of Earth's orbit.
3. Precession – the change in the direction of the Earth's axis of rotation, i.e., the
axis of rotation behaves like the spin axis of a top that is winding down; hence
it traces a circle on the celestial sphere over a period of time.
Together, the periods of these orbital motions have become known as
Milankovic cycles, fig. 5.
Changes in orbital eccentricity affect the Earth-sun distance. Currently, a
difference of only 3 percent (5 million kilometers) exists between closest approach
(perihelion), which occurs on or about January 3, and furthest departure (aphelion),
which occurs on or about July 4. This difference in distance amounts to about a 6
percent increase in incoming solar radiation (insolation) from July to January. The
shape of the Earth’s orbit changes from being elliptical (high eccentricity) to being
nearly circular (low eccentricity) in a cycle that takes between 90,000 and 100,000
years. When the orbit is highly elliptical, the amount of insolation received at perihelion
would be on the order of 20 to 30 percent greater than at aphelion, resulting in a
substantially different climate from what we experience today.
As the axial tilt (obliquity) increases, the seasonal contrast increases so that
winters are colder and summers are warmer in both hemispheres. Today, the Earth's
axis is tilted 23.5 degrees from the plane of its orbit around the sun. But this tilt
changes. During a cycle that averages about 40,000 years, the tilt of the axis varies
between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees. Because this tilt changes, the seasons as we know
them can become exaggerated. More tilt means more severe seasons–warmer
summers and colder winters; less tilt means less severe seasons–cooler summers and
milder winters. It's the cool summers that are thought to allow snow and ice to last from
year-to-year in high latitudes, eventually building up into massive ice sheets. There are
positive feedbacks in the climate system as well, because an Earth covered with more
snow reflects more of the sun's energy into space, causing additional cooling.
Changes in axial precession alter the dates of perihelion and aphelion, and
therefore increase the seasonal contrast in one hemisphere and decrease the
seasonal contrast in the other hemisphere.
Using these three orbital variations, Milankovic was able to formulate a
comprehensive mathematical model that calculated latitudinal differences in insolation
and the corresponding surface temperature for 600,000 years prior to the year 1800.
He then attempted to correlate these changes with the growth and retreat of the Ice
Ages. To do this, Milankovic assumed that radiation changes in some latitudes and
seasons are more important to ice sheet growth and decay than those in others. Then,
at the suggestion of German Climatologist Vladimir Koppen, he chose summer
insolation at 65 degrees North as the most important latitude and season to model,
11

32. Peši R., Veinovi S.
reasoning that great ice sheets grew near this latitude and that cooler summers might
reduce summer snowmelt, leading to a positive annual snow budget and ice sheet
growth [3,4].
But, for about 50 years, Milankovic's theory was largely ignored. Then, in 1976,
a study published in the journal Science examined deep-sea sediment cores and found
that Milankovic's theory did in fact correspond to periods of climate change (Hays et al.
1976 [5]). Specifically, the authors were able to extract the record of temperature
change going back 450,000 years and found that major variations in climate were
closely associated with changes in the geometry (eccentricity, obliquity, and
precession) of Earth's orbit. Indeed, ice ages had occurred when the Earth was going
through different stages of orbital variation.
Since this study, the National Research Council of the U.S. National Academy
of Sciences has embraced the Milankovic Cycle model. ...orbital variations remain the
most thoroughly examined mechanism of climatic change on time scales of tens of
thousands of years and are by far the clearest case of a direct effect of changing
insolation on the lower atmosphere of Earth (National Research Council, 1982 [6]).
2. RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable Energy – Energy derived from sources that are not depleted when
used, therefore their use causes little environmental impact. Examples are wind power,
hydroelectric energy and solar energy.
There are some definitions of Renewable energy resource:
Renewable energy resource is: an energy resource that is replaced rapidly by
natural processes. Some examples of renewable energy resources are sunlight,
hydropower (water falling through a dam), and wood; When you use some sunlight to
warm your back, more is made almost immediately available; Water above the dam is
continually replaced by rainfall. If you chop down a tree and burn its wood in your
campfire, it takes awhile for the forest to grow enough to replace that wood, but it will
happen within your lifetime [7]; and
Any energy resource that is naturally regenerated over a short time scale and
derived directly from the sun (such as thermal, photochemical, and photoelectric),
indirectly from the sun (such as wind, hydropower, and photosynthetic energy stored in
biomass), or from other natural movements and mechanisms of the environment (such
as geothermal and tidal energy); Renewable energy does not include energy resources
derived from fossil fuels, waste products from fossil sources, or waste products from
inorganic sources [8].
To our knowledge, there is no legal definition as to what renewable means -
and the meanings proffered vary quite a bit. Technically, all sources of power are
renewable, just at different rates - so the primary difference between a renewable and
non-renewable is the rate of replenishment. That, in itself, should be a flag that this
(in science terms) is a rather arbitrary and subjective definition. Who is to say what
replenishment rate is good or bad, and on what basis?
Let we consider this definition: Renewable is an energy resource that is
replaced rapidly by natural processes… Non-renewable is any resource that is not
replaced in a reasonable amount of time (our lifetime, our children’s lifetime …) and is
thus considered ‘used up’ and not available to us again. Such words as rapidly and
12

33. Ecology of transport and global change earth’s climate
reasonable are subjective, relative terms - not scientific. Another pivotal aspect ignored
in these definitions is the fact that although a source (e.g., wind) may be quickly
replenishable, it uses up other resources (e.g., land) that are non-replenishable. We
will run out of suitable land for wind power sooner than we will run out of fossil fuels.
Shouldn’t the entire package be assessed as a whole?
Considering the variability, inadequacy, and political nature of its current
iteration, there is some merit to just exterminate renewable from our vocabulary. But
nature abhors a vacuum, so for sound bite reasons, if we refuse to use renewable,
then we would be well-advised to come up with a good replacement. Then, our choices
are to redefine renewable so that it makes more scientific sense, or to come up with a
substitute [8]. They shared their conundrum with a group of energy experts.
Interestingly, they were unanimous in their consensus that there was no hope of
salvaging renewable. One environmentalist said: “Several years ago, I came to the
conclusion that the word renewable, applied as a source of energy, was a pejorative -
and I treat it as such today (much as I do terms like windmills and windfarms). These
are all words bowdlerized of any positive meaning, designed by the craven to casually
separate people from the contents of their wallets. And so, in my public comments, I
always connect renewables with fraud. Rather than refine the definition, I move that we
ridicule the very concept. Instead I recommend promoting the principle of our making
decisions based on energy density, or something in that vein.”
The other scientist said: When questioned on renewable, it is relatively simple
to explain the First Law of Thermodynamics concerning conservation. Energy cannot
be new, thus cannot be renewed. All we are doing is transforming one manifestation of
energy into another - and we should be doing it in a clean, non-polluting, preferably
non-carbon-based manner. This avoids (most times) the controversial subject of
potential, unquantified global warming versus thermal equilibrium - which is too long
and too complex for most listeners. The authors suggest that we should normally use
the phrases clean energy, and clean sources, because they are more accurate than
renewable [9].
3. PROS AND CONS OF BIOFULES
The production of biofuels for transport faces several challenges.
3.1 Energy balance
There is controversy over the energy balance of biofuels production. The
energy balance is the amount of energy needed over the life-cycle to produce biofuels
(input) versus the amount of energy produced (output). According to studies by
Pimentel and Patzek, it takes more energy to make ethanol than is contained in the
ethanol itself. Other studies (e.g. by the US Department of Agriculture) indicate that the
energy balance is positive. The balance also varies largely according to the crops used
and the transformation process.
3.2 Climate change reduction potential
In principle, biofuels are "carbon neutral": when they are used, no more carbon
dioxide is released than has been absorbed during the growth of the plants used to
13

34. Peši R., Veinovi S.
make these biofuels. Therefore replacing fossil fuels with biofuels for transport could
help in the fight against climate change, fig. 6.
Fig. 6 Biofuels are carbon neutral
But other studies, including a May 2007 report [10] by the United Nations
Energy division, contest this conclusion, saying that the use of biofuels could actually
increase greenhouse gas emissions as land would be converted from forests, wetland
and reserves for conservation to grow more corn or soya beans. The report notes that
with respect to reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, biofuels would be more
appropriately used for combined heat and power production rather than for transport.
3.3 Land Use
Using agricultural land to grow bio-energy crops would compete with the use of
land for food and animal feed production, driving up the prices of commodities like
cereals. According to the European Environment Agency (EEA), reaching the
initial 5.75% target of the biofuels directive would already require biofuel crops to
take over between 4% and 13% of the total agriculture area of the EU-25.
Nevertheless a July 2007 study by the Commission's DG Agriculture foresees
that reaching the new 10% target for biofuels in transport by 2020 would not overly
stretch the (EU's) land availability, requiring a relatively modest 15% of arable land,
which it claims could be largely covered by set aside land, currently reserved under the
Common Agricultural Policy in order to limit excessive production by farmers [11].
European NGOs say palm oil producers in Indonesia and Malaysia are damaging the
environment by planting crops in natural forests and in the middle of protected animal
habitats, and accuse the industry of illegally logging rainforests and violating the rights
of local communities.
14

35. Ecology of transport and global change earth’s climate
3.4 Environment and sustainability
Energy crops generally require more fertilizers and pesticides to grow. They
also require more water, draining the earth’s already scarce resources. What’s more,
biodiversity loss - especially in developing countries seeking to enter this growing
market - is an important risk as forests and grasslands are cleared to plant the vast
quantities of crops needed to make a significant dent in the use of oil in transport.
Calls for binding sustainability criteria to be introduced in laws promoting
increased biofuel use therefore emerged from all sides. In its proposed Renewables
Directive of 23 January 2008 [12], the Commission proposed to introduce certain
standards, including an obligation for biofuels counting towards the 10% target to
deliver life-cycle CO2 savings of at least 35% compared to fossil fuels and a ban on
biofuels planted in protected areas, forests, wetlands and highly biodiverse
grasslands.
But Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) insisted on tougher
conditions. In September 2008 [13], the Industry and Energy Committee backed a
report demanding that biofuels offer at least 45% carbon emission savings compared
to fossil fuels – a figure that would rise to 60% in 2015. They also insisted that
additional social and environmental criteria be included to protect natural resources
from both direct and indirect land use changes and to guarantee respect for human
rights and adequate working conditions in biofuel plants, especially in developing
nations.
In an attempt to reach a compromise between the 27 member states on the
issue, a special ad-hoc working group was set up at the end of February 2008, with the
aim of drafting "core criteria" for biofuels (EurActiv 01/04/08). After months of in-
fighting, EU ambassadors appeared to have reached a consensus in September.
The EU's Renewables Directive, adopted on 26 March 2009, initially requires a
35% CO2 saving, which will then be scaled up to "at least 50% in 2017 and 60% in new
installations thereafter. It stipulates that biofuels and bioliquids taken into account in
the 10% target must not be produced from raw materials from land with "high
biodiversity value", land that has a high carbon stock, or peat lands.
The final life-cycle CO2 reduction requirement will be crucial for the biofuel
industry. Indeed, typically, biodiesel made from European-grown rapeseed results in a
greenhouse gas saving of 44% while the typical figure for ethanol made from EU sugar
beet is 48% [13].
When using fossil fuels we can assume that on the part of the land, that is
planed to grow crops for biofuel, we could plant trees. In this case the trees will be able
to absorb a larger amount of CO2 than the crops for biofuels for the equal amount
energy in the fuels. Thus, the statement that biofuels have a lower CO2 emission than
fossil fuels is questionable.
3.5 Biofuel costs
Biofuels are more expensive than traditional fossil fuels. Therefore tax
exemptions are needed to make them competitive. The second generation biofuels
promise to be cheaper but are still under development. In some countries like Brazil,
biofuels can be produced at cheaper prices.
15

36. Peši R., Veinovi S.
4. TRANSPORT ECOLOGY
The term transport ecology or ecology in transport implies a complex balancing
of the impact of every anthropogenic activity on the environment according to the laws
of nature! Unilaterally reduction emissions only one component can not to declare as
environmentally, especially when it leads to even greater negative consequences on
the other side.
An initial environmental requirement is ordered refineries to reduce the amount
of lead and sulphur in gasoline. Products of combustion of such fuels have much more
toxic components, heavy metals and Particulate Matter (PM).
Table 1 presents the international drive cancerous categories of fuel, lubricants
and bitumen.
Table 1 Carcinogenic category (IRAC- International Research Agency for Cancer)
Degree of
Group Fuel and lubricants
Carcinogenic
Benzene,
1 Proven
lubricants, bitumen
2A Probable Gasoline
2B Possible Diesel, heating oil
3 Not classified MTBE, alcohols
All of our refineries used metal additives in the engine fuel in order to increase
of the octane number, fig. 7! There is insisting on the separation of gasoline at the
leaded and lead-free gasoline in our regulations! Someone has forgotten to bring in
the legislation for the prohibition of all metallic additives?! (So says the international
standards and recommendations!). Metal additives, from motor fuels, are leading to
pollution: engines, catalysts, the people, all living creatures, all plants, the land, water,
and air!
Fig. 7 World companies offer other metal additives
The worst feature of particle emissions (largely as a result of metals in fuels
and additives) is to stimulate cancerous diseases.
What is the specific of PM emissions from conventional (and perhaps modern)
Diesel engines? The conventional diesel engines emit large amounts of particles
during starting, cold engine operation at full load and when the post-injection is occur.
16

37. Ecology of transport and global change earth’s climate
Particles from diesel engines are dangerous because they behave like hovering
objects with large surfaces. Nevertheless they belong the group of hygroscopically
substances that are beautiful and easy can to penetrate to all parts of the lungs
because they are less (PM2) from human bronchioles (PM5 = 0.006 mm).
Sources of PM emissions in road transport are listed in Table 2.
Table 2 Sources of PM emissions in road transport
Sources of PM PM10, mg/km
Commercial vehicles with diesel engine 380 - 1 000
Passenger cars without catalyst 3 - 900
Truck tires 400 – 3 000
Road surface 375 - 11 700
It is absurd to make partial and unrealistic regulations on toxic, PM and CO2
emission quantities, without thorough environmental assessment of the automobile and
oil industries, transport and traffic in general. Fig. 8 shows a simultaneous decrease in
emission of toxic components with advanced catalytic technologies.
Also visible is the increase in the amount of carbon dioxide or in other words,
the fuel consumption. In passenger cars the new ecological regulations result in
increased fuel consumption by about 10% and in the trucks up to 15%. Just such a
conclusion confirmed by fig. 9.
Fig. 8 Unrealized European Forecasts Fig. 9 Regulations on reducing toxic
by 2012 (According to the “auto-oil" emissions is regularly followed by the
program) increase in fuel consumption
Just what to expect from modern models of passenger cars with air power
performance over 200 HP and an electronic limited speed (usually 250 kilometres per
hour)? They are regularly equipped with multi-degree mechanical (six to eight degrees)
or automatic transmission, a lot of (useful and useless) electronics and electronic
stability control for wanton entry into curve on the road?
Statistical processing of roll-over vehicle after the collision shows that the SUV
- Sport utility vehicle (because of the high centre of gravity) and speed of vehicles
prone to roll-over and at such time the typical security measures are insufficient.
Braking power must be nearly ten times the engine power. Therefore the wheels is
17

38. Peši R., Veinovi S.
scratching and scraping the surface of road plucking the pieces of asphalt and rubber.
The largest emissions of PM is from wearing asphalt road surface, tires and all
frictional surface such as brakes and clutches, fig. 10a.
Fig. 10a The high-speed, acceleration and Fig. 10b EU directives: the road surface -
braking tires fall apart asphalt - contain carcinogenic components
Launched particle were dispersing in the surrounding air which breathes all
living organisms later, and all particles contain carcinogenic ingredients, fig. 10b.
1- fuel pump, 2- pressure sensor, 3- a tube for fuel under pressure, 4- pressure regulator,
5- injectors, 6- gasoline tank, 7- LPG tank, 8- ECU for mixing and selecting of fuels
Fig. 11 New motor technology enables the use of a combination of fuel as a
substitute for additives
The large tankers are already used the crude oil which they are transporting as
fuel for their engines. All army in the world in the project tasks prescribe multi-fuel
power for combat vehicles. Aviation fuel is not shared according to value of octane
and/or cetane but they shared according to caloric value of fuel which determines the
18

39. Ecology of transport and global change earth’s climate
action radius (Range!). Strategic Development Goals reveal that the future for road
transport -and not only for him- in vehicles which use ecological fuel. The current oil
refinery with its irrational consumption of the oil and the high pollution will accelerate
the disappearance of fossil energy reserves [14,15].
Figure 11 shows a demonstration of modern engine technologies. Liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) has over 100 octane value and therefore LPG has a role of
additives. An analogue picture we can apply to a combination of diesel fuel and
biodiesel (biodiesel have a Cetane number of 60 to 80) and again the biodiesel have
the role of additives to improve inflammability of diesel fuel.
5. CONCLUSION
A review of the research literature concerning the environmental consequences
of increased levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide leads to the conclusion that
increases during the 20th and early 21st centuries have produced no deleterious effects
upon Earth’s weather and climate. Increased carbon dioxide has, however, markedly
increased plant growth. Predictions of harmful climatic effects due to future increases
in hydrocarbon use and minor green house gases like CO2 do not conform to current
experimental knowledge.
Human use of coal, oil, and natural gas has not harmfully warmed the Earth,
and the extrapolation of current trends shows that it will not do so in the foreseeable
future. The CO2 produced does, however, accelerate the growth rates of plants and
also permits plants to grow in drier regions. Animal life, which depends upon plants,
also flourishes, and the diversity of plant and animal life is increased.
Human activities are producing part of the rise in CO2 in the atmosphere.
Mankind is moving the carbon in coal, oil, and natural gas from be low ground to the
atmosphere, where it is available for conversion into living things. We are living in an
increasingly lush environment of plants and animals as a result of this CO2 increase.
Our children will therefore enjoy an Earth with far more plant and animal life than that
with which we now are blessed.
Such are the signs of nature: there are no pure energy form, no clean fuel, no
clean engine, and neither clean vehicle. Actual reserves and natural gifts – coal,
petroleum and gas – should be used less as power sources and more as raw
materials. The greatest contribution to ecological prolongation of life on our planet is
given by rational, economical technologies and products that carefully engage the gifts
of nature.
The term transport ecology or ecology in transport implies a complex balancing
of the impact of every anthropogenic activity on the environment according to the laws
of nature! Unilaterally reduction emissions only one component can not to declare as
environmentally, especially when it leads to even greater negative consequences on
the other side.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The paper is the result of the research within the project TR 35041 financed by
the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia.
19

40. Peši R., Veinovi S.
LITERATURE
[1] Robinson A., et al., (2007.) Environmental Effects of Increased Atmospheric
Carbon Dioxide, Journal of American Physicians and Surgeons, vol.12, no. 3
pp.79-90.
[2] Petition project, - http://www.oism.org/pproject/ , accessed on 2011-04-07
[3] Milutin Milankovitch - http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Milankovitch/,
accessed on 2011-04-07.
[4] Spasova D. et al, (2007). Milutin Milankovitch a traveler through distant worlds
and times. Ministry of Environmental Protection of Republic Serbia, Belgrade.
[5] Hays, J.D.; Imbrie, J.; Shackleton, N.J. (1976). "Variations in the Earth's Orbit:
Pacemaker of the Ice Ages". Science 194 (4270): 1121–1132.
[6] National Research Council, (1982.) Solar Variability, Weather, and Climate,
Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1982, p. 7.
[7] Definition: Renewable Energy Resource - http://www.cpast.org/Articles/
fetch.adp?topicnum=11, accessed on 2011-04-07
[8] TREIA's definition of renewable energy has been adopted by the Texas
legislature- http://www.treia.org/mc/page.do?sitePageId=49495, accessed on
2011-04-07.
[9] "Renewable" Energy: In Search of Definition - http://masterresource.org/?p=1643,
accessed on 2010-09-107.
[10] Sustainable bioenergy: a framework for decision makers - http://esa.un.org/un-
energy/pdf/susdev. Biofuels.FAO.pdf, accessed on 2010-09-107.
[11] Biofuels: Impact on agriculture 'modest' says Commission -
http://www.euractiv.com/en/climate-environment/biofuels-impact-agriculture-
modest-commission/article-165913, accessed on 2010-12-07.
[12] COM(2008) 19, Directive of the European parliament and of the council on the
promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources, Brussels, 23.1.2008,
COM(2008) 19 final
[13] Biofuel-makers denounce target downgrade - http://www.euractiv.com/en/
transport/biofuel-makers-denounce-target-downgrade/article-175298, accessed
on 2010-12-07.
[14] Peši R., Davini A., Veinovi S., (2005.) One engine for all fuels – one fuel for all
engines, Proceedings ISBN 86-80941-30-1 – Paper EAEC05YU-EN01, 10th
EAEC European Automotive Congress, Belgrade 2005, pp. 1-10.
[15] Peši R., Davini A., Veinovi S., (2008.) New engine method for biodiesel cetane
number testing, Thermal Science, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 125-138.
20

41. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS AND ROBUST DESIGN AS THE MODERN
APPROACH TO MECHANICAL STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT
1
Milosav Ognjanovi
Summary: Actual approaches in technical systems design understand horizontal
integration of various scientific and technological knowledge and various market and
user needs in harmony with human environment. Robust design provides high level of
design results in the first attempt and design structures insensitive of service conditions
variation. Axiomatic method in connection with robust design gives possibility for
design parameters definition using various design constraints. The article has intention
to present and analysed relations between these methods and approaches. The case
study of power transmission (PT) components is carried out in order to present
efficiency of the new approaches in design parameters selection and calculation.
Reliability, vibrations and noise as design constraints in the stage of the Embodiment
design of PT components make conditions for axiomatic method application and
robustness provision. Reliability as the design constraint is defined and modelled in a
specific way suitable for this purpose and application. Also, the model of gear
vibrations and gear units noise generation is presented in a new way suitable for
applying as the design constraint. Those design constraints provide design parameters
definition in an efficient way, with high-level service quality indicators. The presented
models are based on a great volume of experimental data about service conditions
probability, gear and bearing failure probability, gear units vibration and modal
behaviour etc. Theoretical knowledge and models are insufficient yet to provide the
necessary data. The article contains presentation of testing methods and data
processing oriented to provide data necessary for the application in the suggested
approach.
1. INTRODUCTION
Tendency to achieve better design performance imposes necessity for a
Holistic approach that also considers integration in product development. Recent
research on integrated design includes system integration, requirements integration,
knowledge integration, and method and process integration [1]. System integration has
a motivation to support the concept of “whole system” design, as opposed to its
separate components design. Requirements integration considers „vertical“ and
1
Prof. dr Milosav Ognjanovi , University of Belgrade, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Kraljice Marije 16,
11120 Belgrade, Serbia, mognjanovic@mas.bg.ac.rs
21

42. M. Ognjanovi
„horizontal“ integration. Vertical integration considers development of product
requirements through different design stages similar to simultaneous (concurrent)
engineering principle. Actual trend of integration is horizontal one which considers
different areas of product development because products are becoming more multi-
disciplinary and their boundaries are expanding especially in the sense of the
numerous new requirements. In Fig.1 some of the possible fields of product
development are presented in the form of horizontal integration. Except from
robustness, the product needs to satisfy aesthetic, ergonomic, eco and other
requirements. Holistic approach can provide effective results. Also, separate design of
multidisciplinary products is not acceptable, and therefore mechanical and electronic
design has to be integrated. Biomimetric design [2] has an important role in searching
for new principles and solutions in the area of biological systems, in order to apply in
technical systems, but integrated in a holistic design.
Software
design
Robust Biomimetric
design design
Mechanical Electronic
Horizontal
design design
integration
of product
development
Aesthetic and design Ergonomic
design design
Eco -
design
Fig. 1 Horizontal integration of product development and design areas
2. ROBUST DESIGN OF PT COMPONENTS
Robust design means the technical products insensitive to variation of
operating conditions and also products which are successfully designed in the first
attempt. Power transmission components operate in extremely random conditions.
Operating regimes (loads, speeds, etc), production conditions and failure processes
are random. It is known that random processes are possible to identify, present and
analyze only using the experimental approach supported by statistical indicators.
22

43. Design constraints and robust design as the modern appr. to mech. structures development
Power transmission operating regime for a certain machine system (vehicle, dredge,
etc.) is possible to identify by systematic measurement in service conditions. Possibility
of power transmission components (gears, bearings, sealing sets, etc.) failure can be
identified by failure probability which needs extensive laboratory tests of the listed
components. The relation between service regime and failure probability leads to
component reliability. Using these elementary reliabilities as design limitations
(constraints) for design parameters definition, the robustness of power transmission
unit is fulfilled. Similar situation occurs with the vibration and noise of power
transmission components. The level and frequency structure of vibration and noise
produced by these components can be used as design constraints for design
parameters definition and harmonization of their interaction. The relations between
operating conditions and component parameters and dynamic responses have to be
harmonized using experimental approach.
Fig. 2 Power Transmission Systems Design – PTSD model
For the purpose of power transmission system design the specific procedure is
established and presented in Fig. 2 in the form of the design model. The PTSD (Power
Transmission Systems Design) model consists of four modules which respect general
design procedure of technical systems and specific needs for the design of PT
systems. The first is Solution Module which is oriented to the creation of conceptual
solutions for certain service conditions. Power transmission systems in conceptual
sense are a variation structure i.e. conceptual solutions are the result of various
combinations of gear pairs, shafts, bearings etc. In interactive communication the
module offers all possible combinations and stores in the Conceptual Base. The next
LAHP-module has the task to adapt limitations and constraints to every conceptual
23

44. M. Ognjanovi
solution and to every design component. Limitation Analytic Hierarchy Processing –
LAHP module divides the conceptual design in sub-conceptions or function carriers,
and for that structure the processing limitations and constraints in hierarchy order.
General transmission ratio of the system is decomposed to the level of every
transmission stage. General value of the system reliability (chosen in advance) is
hierarchically decomposed to the level of possible failure. The LAHP-module is the key
part of that approach which supports reverse calculation in order to fulfilled one of the
features of design robustness i.e. to design the system with a chosen general level of
reliability. The next is Design Parameters Definition – DPD module based on the
calculation of design parameters, especially dimensions, using axiomatic approach. By
observing the axiomatic rules and by inclusion of design constrains this module fulfils
the features of robustness. The last module is Priority Module whose task is to check
which design solution satisfies service limitations, such as volume, weight, efficiency,
cost etc. in a better way. The calculation of priority indicators is interactive and gives
possibility for additional corrections and adoptions.
The main feature of design robustness contains DPD module based on
axiomatic rules. These are the two axioms, the axiom of independency and the axiom
of information minimum. In Fig.3 the principle of DPD module based on axiomatic rules
is presented. Functional Requirements FR of every design component are defined by
service conditions, where the system operates. This FR is necessary to transform into
Design Parameters – DP of design component. Transformation matrix [A] established
-1
by Suh [3] for the relation in Fig.3 is inverse matrix [A] . Numeric values of matrix
members define the relations in design component, which are constrained by
numerous limitations, such as safety or reliability, stiffness, standards, rules, etc.
These limitations and constraints are the result of service conditions, which is deducted
by LAHP module to the level of design component. For the purpose to present this
relation more clearly, the following example is processed.
Fig. 3 Relations in DPD module
In Fig. 4 the example is presented. The assembly of the gear, shaft and
bearing is defined by a great collection of design parameters, especially dimensions.
The calculation of dimensions is reduced to the three dimensions, gear diameter d,
gear width b and shaft diameter dsh. In this way, the axiom of information minimum is
24

45. Design constraints and robust design as the modern appr. to mech. structures development
fulfilled. Other dimensions are in relation with those calculated. Matrix [G] (Fig.4) is the
shape vector which defines transformation of parameters in the all shape dimensions.
This is the shape parameterization where varying of the shape parameters varies the
complete shape and dimensions. In Fig.4 are presented the two shapes of the same
assembly obtained in this way. Similar approach is incorporated in CAD tools for the
shape modelling.
Fig. 4 Example of DP minimization and variation
The structure of the matrix [A] according to Suh can be uncoupled, coupled and
decoupled. The ideal situation is with uncoupled matrix where one DP is responsible
for one FR. Real situation is more complex. In order to obtain the decoupled matrix of
-1
transformation, the matrix [A] is presented in the form of matrix [C] in the following
form.
d c11 0 0 0 T1 3
d sh 0 c22 0 0 ….(1)
T
C 0 0 c33 0 T
SE 0 0 0 c44 1
The axiom of independency is conditionally fulfilled. The members of matrix [C]
and design parameters d, dsh, carrying capacity of the bearings C and seal type
indicator SE have to be calculated successively. The member c11 is in relation with
elementary reliability R1 against wear failure of gear pair, c11 f R1 . After the
calculation of gear diameter d, it is possible to calculate the shaft diameter because the
shaft loads depend of the gear diameter, i.e. c22 f d , R2 , and also of the shaft
reliability R2. The next step is calculation of bearing carrying capacity using matrix
member c33 which is in relation with the both diameters d and dsh, the total number of
25

46. M. Ognjanovi
bearing revolutions along the service life n and of bearing reliability R3, i.e.
c33 f d , d sh , n , R3 . At the end, the matrix member c44 is in relation to the shaft
diameter dsh, to the total number of the shaft revolutions n and to seal reliability R4, i.e.
c44 f d sh , n , R4 . The main feature of robustness is covered by reliability. The
values of calculated parameters have to be insensitive to service conditions varying.
For example, gear diameter calculation is in the form of
T 13 ……. (2)
d k11 3 2
c11 Hdes Tmax
Hdes
Design available gear teeth flank stress Hdes is in direct relation to reliability
against teeth flank failure R1. Unreliability Fp=1-R1 is the complex function of service
conditions probability p and of failure probability PF under these service conditions, i.e.
Fp=p PF. If in the service life the gear pair is exposed to the flank stress H1 with n 1
cycles and to stress H2 with n 2 cycles and to H3 with n 3 cycles (Fig. 5), gear wear
unreliability can be calculated as
3 ni Hi
i
Fp pi PFi pi
n PFi 1 e i
i 1 ; ; ………….. (3)
Teeth wear (failure) probability PFi is presented by Weibull’s functions, where
the parameters of those functions i and i are defined for every Hi and n i (see Fig.5).
For this purpose, it is necessary to have the area of failure probability for a certain gear
pair, which can be obtained by extensive gear wear testing. If calculated unreliability is
close to unreliability which is defined as design constraint, the maximal stress can be
chosen as design available stress, i.e. Hdes= H1. If it is not, it is necessary to change
the relations in Fig. 5 and to repeat the calculation. However, that definition of Hdes
includes in this way all randomness and variations of service conditions, the calculated
design parameters are insensitive to service conditions varying [4].
Fig. 5 Relation between service stress varying and gear wear probability
26

47. Design constraints and robust design as the modern appr. to mech. structures development
3. RELIABILITY AS DESIGN CONSTRAINT
The presented approach in the design of power transmission components
towards the new approaches as axiomatic and robust design can be successful with a
great volume of experimental data only. The new methods can succeed in the design
process [5] but remain to be carried out towards experimental data. However, the data
have to be oriented and adapted to be suitable for application in a new way. Reliability
is the term with a very wide area of applications. For the purpose of applying the new
methods and approaches, the reliability is defined in a specific way (equ.3). The main
features of reliability as design constraint are the following. Firstly, elementary reliability
is connected to possible failure, not to the component of the system. In one possible
failure a few components can participate or one component can be exposed to more
than one failure. Secondly, this elementary reliability is composed of cause
probabilities which produce failure in order to avoid possible failures by design
activities (Design Parameters Definition). In this regard, the elementary reliability is
complex probability composed of operating stress probability and failure probability
under that operating stress. Both of these probabilities are the result of extensive
experimental research. For the purpose of power transmission components design, the
experiments and the data processing contains a few sub-fields: failure probability
testing of power transmission components; then measurement and statistical analysis
of service loads and load (stress) spectrum creation which can represent the whole
service life of every component; reliability testing of gear transmission units or the
entire power transmission system.
PF(N)
log HN
PF=0.9
PF=0.1
PF( H
a) b) logN
Fig. 6 Gear failure probability testing: a) back-to-back testing rig,
b) the range of gear failure probability distribution
Testing of failure probability of gear transmission components is an extremely
extensive process of laboratory testing. It is necessary to make numerous tests and
then apply statistical data processing in order to obtain the range of failure probability
distribution. In Figure 6a back-to-back testing rig for gear wear testing is presented. In
order to obtain the field of wear probability distribution (Fig.6b), it is necessary to test
the three sets of gear pairs and define the three Weibull’s distribution functions. Using
these functions and logarithmic scale, the range of failure probability distribution is
defined. This range is an important source of failure probability data for every stress
level or for every stress cycles number (see Fig.5).
27