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AECT Electricity 101 - Fall 2011 Update
1. Electricity 101:
Operations and Recent Statistics
Fall 2011!
Legislative advertising paid for by: John W. Fainter, Jr. • President and CEO Association of Electric Companies of Texas, Inc.
1005 Congress, Suite 600 • Austin, TX 78701 • phone 512-474-6725 • fax 512-474-9670 • www.aect.net
2. AECT Principles!
• AECT is an advocacy group composed of member companies committed to:
- Ensuring a modern, reliable infrastructure for the supply & delivery of
electricity.
- Supporting efficient competitive markets that are fair to customers and
market participants.
- Supporting consistent and predictable oversight and regulation that will
promote investment and ensure the stability of Texas’ electric industry.
- Promoting an economically strong and environmentally healthy future for
Texas, including conservation and efficient use of available resources.
• AECT member companies remain dedicated to providing Texas customers with
reliable service and are committed to the highest standards of integrity.
The Association of Electric Companies of Texas, Inc. (AECT) is a trade organization of investor-
owned electric companies in Texas. Organized in 1978, AECT provides a forum for member
company representatives to exchange information about public policy, and to communicate with
government officials and the public. For more information, visit www.aect.net.
2
3. U.S. Divided into Eight!
Reliability Regions!
• The eight reliability regions in the FERC
continental U.S. are subject to the
oversight and enforcement authority of NERC
the North American Electric Reliability
Corporation (NERC), which is subject to
the Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission’s (FERC) oversight. NERC
is responsible for developing standards
to ensure and improve reliability for
delivery of electricity on the bulk power
system.
• Electric systems in Texas are located
within four separate reliability regions:
- Texas Regional Entity (TRE),
which oversees participants in the
Electric Reliability Council of
Texas (ERCOT) (green shading);
- SERC Reliability Corporation;
- Southwest Power Pool (SPP); and
- Western Electricity Coordinating
Council (WECC).
(ERCOT)
3
4. AECT Member Companies!
Within ERCOT!
Retail Electric Providers
Transmission and Distribution Utilities
Generation Companies
4
5. AECT Companies!
Outside of ERCOT!
SERC Reliability Corporation
Southwest Power Pool (SPP)
Western Electricity Coordinating
Council (WECC)
5
6. Contents!
Slide 7: AECT Member Companies
Slide 23: Electric Market Structures in Texas
Slide 36: Texas’ Wholesale Electric Market
Slide 46: ERCOT Generation Mix
Slide 51: Types of Generation: Benefits and
Challenges
Slide 61: Emissions and the Environment
Slide 74: Transmission and Distribution Utilities
Slide 84: Energy Efficiency
Slide 92: Competitive Retail Electric Market in
ERCOT
6!
8. AEP SWEPCO!
Vertically Integrated Utility!
Southwestern Electric Power Company,
headquartered in Shreveport, LA,
serves 460,000 customers in East
Texas and the Texas Panhandle,
Northwest Louisiana, and the western
edge of Arkansas. SWEPCO has been
providing low-cost, reliable electricity to
customers since 1912. SWEPCO is a
vertically integrated company operating
as a member of the Southwest Power
Pool.
8!
9. AEP Texas!
Transmission & Distribution Utility!
AEP Texas is connected to and serves
more than 900,000 electric consumers
in the deregulated Texas marketplace.
As an energy delivery company, AEP
Texas delivers electricity safely and
reliably to homes, businesses and
industry across its nearly 100,000
square mile service territory in south
and west Texas.
9!
10. CenterPoint Energy!
Transmission & Distribution Utility!
CenterPoint Energy maintains the wires,
poles and electric infrastructure
delivering service to more than 2 million
consumers in its 5,000-square-mile
electric service territory in the Houston
metropolitan area. While CenterPoint
Energy employees ensure the reliable
delivery of electricity from power plants
to homes and businesses, the company
neither generates power nor sells it to
retail customers.
10!
11. El Paso Electric Company!
Vertically Integrated Utility!
El Paso Electric is a vertically integrated
utility serving approximately 357,000
customers in the Rio Grande Valley in
west Texas and southern New Mexico.
El Paso Electric is an operating member
of the Western Electricity Coordinating
Council.
11!
12. Entergy Texas!
Vertically Integrated Utility!
The Entergy Texas service area starts
at the southeast Texas/Louisiana border
and stretches up into the piney woods
of east Texas, down to the Gulf of
Mexico and across to the lake country
north of Houston. Entergy Texas serves
approximately 385,000 customers in 26
counties.
12!
13. Exelon Generation!
Electric Generation Company!
Exelon Generation owns and controls about
31,000 megawatts of electricity generation
capacity from a diverse portfolio that includes
the nation’s largest fleet of nuclear power
plants. The company maintains strong
positions in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic
regions. In Texas, it owns and controls about
3,132 MW of natural gas-fired and wind
generation, with plants in the DFW region,
LaPorte and the Texas Panhandle.
13!
14. First Choice Power!
Retail Electric Provider!
First Choice Power began serving
customers as a retail electric provider
across Texas on Jan. 1, 2002, when
deregulation of the electric industry was
introduced in Texas. First Choice Power
is one of the largest retail electric
providers in the state. It is led by a
management team with experience in
the deregulated markets in Texas and
throughout the nation.
Competitive Areas of Texas
14!
15. Luminant!
Electric Generation Company!
Luminant is a competitive power
generation business, including mining,
wholesale marketing and trading,
construction and development. It has
over 18,300 MW of generation in Texas,
including 2,300 MW of nuclear and
5,800 MW of coal-fueled generation
capacity, and is the largest purchaser of
wind-generated electricity in Texas and
fifth largest in the U.S.
15!
16. NRG Energy!
Electric Generation Company!
NRG Texas is the second largest
electrical generator in Texas with more
than 1,100 professional employees
operating a diverse generation portfolio
of almost 11,000 megawatts of power.
NRG Texas also has an extensive
repowering program including a new
combined cycle gas plant at the Cedar
Bayou plant east of Houston, a coal unit
at Limestone; two wind projects in West
Texas and the first new nuclear units
proposed for the United States in more
than 29 years.
16!
17. Oncor!
Transmission & Distribution Utility!
Oncor is a regulated electric distribution
and transmission business that delivers
reliable electricity to consumers. Oncor
operates the largest distribution and
transmission system in Texas, providing
power to more than 3 million electric
delivery points over more than 115,000
miles of transmission and distribution
lines.
17!
18. Optim Energy!
Electric Generation Company!
Optim Energy is a joint venture of PNM
Resources and Cascade Investment,
L.L.C. It provides wholesale generation
and marketing and trading services in
the ERCOT region. The company owns
two generation assets, both in Texas,
representing 920 megawatts. In
addition, the company and NRG are
jointly developing a 550-megwatt
combined cycle natural gas unit near
Houston.
18!
19. Reliant Energy!
Retail Electric Provider!
Reliant Energy, Inc., based in Houston,
Texas, provides electricity and energy-
related products to more than 1.8 million
retail and wholesale customers in Texas
and in the Mid-Atlantic Region. As one
of the largest electricity providers in
Texas, Reliant works hard to provide its
customers with competitive electric
prices, innovative products and
unmatched customer service for their
homes and businesses.
Competitive Areas of Texas
19!
20. Texas-New Mexico Power Co.!
Transmission & Distribution Utility!
Currently, TNMP provides electric
service to 76 cities and more than
226,000 customers throughout Texas.
TNMP is owned by PNM Resources, an
energy holding company based in
Albuquerque, New Mexico.
20!
21. TXU Energy!
Retail Electric Provider!
TXU Energy is a market-leading
competitive retailer that provides
electricity and related services to more
than 2 million electricity customers in
Texas. TXU Energy offers a variety of
innovative products and solutions,
including 24/7 customer service,
competitively priced service plans,
energy efficiency options and renewable
energy programs.
Competitive Areas of Texas
21!
22. Xcel Energy!
Vertically Integrated Utility!
Xcel Energy owns Southwestern Public
Service Company, a regional electric
utility that provides service to about
400,000 persons in a 45,000 square-
mile area comprised of the South Plains
and Panhandle of Texas, and eastern
New Mexico.
22!
24. History of Electric Utility
Regulation in Texas!
Pre-1975
• Cities regulated electric utility service and rates.
• Generally, a declining cost industry – rate applications most often filed to decrease rates.
1975
• Inflation, construction costs and fuel costs drive electricity rates up.
• 64th Texas Legislature enacts Public Utility Regulatory Act (PURA) to implement state regulation of
electric utility service and rates (Cities permitted to retain original jurisdiction).
– Service area, transmission line and generating plant certification.
– Rate regulation (based on cost of service plus reasonable return on investment).
– Rates based on historical test year costs and original costs of infrastructure, less depreciation.
– Service quality regulation.
– Customer protection.
24!
25. History of Electric Utility
Regulation in Texas!
1976-1995
• 1978 U.S. Fuel Use Act required utilities to discontinue use of natural gas and encouraged the use of
coal and nuclear for fuel.
• Inflation, volatile fuel costs and the need to add new generating capacity continue to increase
electricity rates.
• Rate proceedings at PUC become increasingly adversarial.
– Consumer groups concerned about frequency and amount of rate increases.
– Utilities concerned about increasingly large PUC cost disallowances that are at odds with the
regulatory compact and erode rates of return.
• Large customers tire of subsidizing other ratepayers seek opportunities to by-pass regulated rates and
obtain choice of suppliers.
– Cogeneration/self-generation.
– Advocate wholesale competition and transmission open access.
– Advocate “retail wheeling”.
• Natural gas was favored again when the 1978 U.S. Fuel Use Act was repealed in the 1990s.
25!
26. Steps to Electric Competition!
In Texas!
Jan.
2007
Jan.
End of
2005
price-to-
Jan. Affiliate
beat
2002 REPs
July Retail
allowed to
2001
choice
offer non-
price-to-
Sept. Texas
begins in
beat prices
1999
Choice
ERCOT
June ERCOT pilot
Electric program
1999 begins
rates
May frozen
Retail
1995 competition
Wholesale legislation
competition
legislation
Passed (SB 7)
passed (SB 373) 26!
27. Wholesale and Retail Electric
Competition Were Passed !
With Broad, Bipartisan Support!
• Senate Bill 373, which opened the wholesale electricity market in Texas,
passed in 1995 when the Democrats were the majority party in the
House and Senate.
– The Speaker of the House and the Lieutenant Governor were both
Democrats, and the bill sponsors and authors were both Democrats.
• Senate Bill 7, which opened the competitive market, passed in 1999.
– The Senate and the Lieutenant Governor were Republican, but the House
was still majority Democrat. The House sponsor and author of the bill and the
House Speaker in 1999 were both Democrats.
– Senate Bill 7 passed the House with a vote of 144 Ayes and 4 Nays.
• It was a bipartisan measure: 74 of the Aye votes were from Democrats,
while 68 were from Republicans.
– The bill passed the Senate with a vote of 28 Ayes and 3 nays.
27
28. Steps to Competition:!
Wholesale Competition!
• Senate Bill No. 373 enacted in May 1995
– Required utilities to provide non-discriminatory open access transmission
to support wholesale competition in ERCOT.
– Recognized new, unregulated participants in ERCOT wholesale market.
Exempt wholesale generators
Power marketers
– Allowed non-utility wholesale market participants to offer market-based
prices in ERCOT.
– Deregulated electric cooperative distribution rates.
Note: Non-ERCOT areas are subject to FERC jurisdiction for wholesale
services, including transmission services.
28!
29. Steps to Competition:!
Retail Competition!
• ERCOT market restructuring legislation, Senate Bill 7, passed in
1999
– Initiated competition in ERCOT retail markets beginning January 2002.
– Municipally-owned utilities and electric cooperatives allowed to “opt-in”.
– Included environmental and energy efficiency provisions.
• Required reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from older power plants by
50%, and sulfur dioxide emission from coal-fired facilities by 25%.
• Utilities required to fund energy efficiency programs equal to at least 10% of each
year’s annual growth in demand.
– 1999 - 2001 – Preparation for retail competition.
• Electricity rates frozen.
• ERCOT develops systems required to support competition.
• PUC promulgates competition rules.
• PUC determines rate unbundling cases.
– July 2001 – Retail competition pilot project begins.
29!
30. Steps to Competition:!
Transition Period!
• January 2002-2006 Transition Period
– “Affiliated” generators
• Required to make 15% of their power available to non-affiliated retail providers
• During first two years, limited to guaranteed market price for power as projected by
PUC
• Given incentives to install environmental clean-up equipment
– Transmission and Distribution Utilities
• Initial rates set using estimated/generic costs
• Recovery of stranded and other transition costs authorized but delayed until 2004
True-up proceeding
– Securitization bonds lower cost to customers
– “Affiliated” retail electric providers
• Required to lower base rates by six percent (Price to Beat)
– Adjustable only for increases in natural gas prices
– Price to Beat remains in place until 12-31-06
• No price competition allowed in former service area until 2005
30!
31. Structural Unbundling!
• Incumbents required to separate business activities into the following
units.
– Power generation company.
– Retail electric provider.
– Transmission and distribution utility.
• Generation and retail businesses are not regulated utilities.
– Power Generation Companies must be registered with PUC.
– Retail Electric Providers must be certified by PUC.
• Transmission and distribution businesses remain regulated utilities.
• Methods for separation of business activities.
– Creation of separate non-affiliated companies.
– Creation of separate affiliated companies owned by a common holding
company.
– Sale of assets to a third party.
• Each ERCOT utility chose different models.
• Code of conduct rules enforce separation requirements. 31!
32. ERCOT: Separate companies provide
retail, transmission & distribution and
generation services!
Power Flow
Financial Flow
Regulated
• In competitive markets, consumers have multiple retail electric providers
(REPs) and service plans to choose from.
• Wholesale and retail prices are set by competitive market forces, while the
PUC sets transmission and distribution rates. 32
33. ERCOT: Separate companies provide
retail, transmission & distribution and
generation services!
Power Flow
Financial Flow
Regulated
• Because wholesale electric prices are set by the competitive market, the
risks associated with the cost of construction, operations and maintenance
of a generation plant are borne entirely by the generator and its investors,
not by end-use customers.
33
34. Outside ERCOT: A single company
provides retail, transmission & distribution
and generation services in each area!
Power Flow
Financial Flow
Regulated
• In fully regulated markets, the PUC sets retail rates charged to end-use
customers.
• Each of these service areas is part of multi-state electric grids, with
differing regulations. In many cases, vertically integrated utilities purchase
wholesale power from certain unregulated entities. 34
35. Outside ERCOT: A single company
provides retail, transmission & distribution
and generation services in each area!
Power Flow
Financial Flow
Regulated
• New power plants in these regions can be built by both regulated entities
and certain unregulated entities or qualifying facilities.
• Regulated utility power plants, however, must be approved by the PUC
after a rigorous review of need and siting.
35
37. The Competitive Wholesale Market: A
Success Story !
Competition has brought greater efficiency
to the wholesale market
– Generators shoulder the risk of building new power plants, bringing efficient,
cost-effective generation to consumers.
– New power plants produce more electricity per unit of fuel.
– New power plants include modern environmental emissions controls.
The competitive market is in the public interest
– Operational efficiency of a competitive market helps push wholesale prices
downward.
– No market structure is more effective at ensuring efficient operations than a
competitive one.
Policy decisions should be focused on
maintaining vibrant competition
– Texas leaders should support policies that maintain the competitive market.
– The competitive market will bring forward the right mix of technology and fuel
type based on environmental choices by policymakers.
37!
39. ERCOT Wholesale
Market Management!
• System Reliability
– ERCOT oversees system reliability.
– ERCOT is part of national reliability council.
– ERCOT protocols, approved by PUC, mandate system reliability standards that all
market participants must follow.
• Statute and Rules Address “Market Power” and Generation Merger Issues
– Independent Market Monitor oversees wholesale market operations.
– Generating capacity owned and controlled by a Power Generation Company limited to
20% of installed generating capacity capable of delivering power to a power region.
– Administrative penalties for market power abuse were reviewed and updated during the
79th Regular Session.
– Mergers of Power Generation Companies subject to PUC review.
• Market Design
– ERCOT will transition to a Nodal Market in 2009 as a result of PUC rulemaking.
– The change is expected to bring cost-savings and additional efficiency to the market by
enhancing market transparency and allocating costs more accurately to market
participants.
39!
40. Wholesale Market !
Management Outside ERCOT!
• System Reliability
– Larger, multi-state Councils (SERC, SPP, WECC) oversee system reliability.
– Each is part of national reliability council.
– Protocols, approved by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), mandate
system reliability standards that all market participants must follow.
• Wholesale market operations overseen by FERC
40!
41. Increased Population Drives
Future Electric Consumption!
Texas’ Projected Population Growth
Assuming Net Migration Equal to 2000-2004
(median scenario)
50
• To meet increases in electric 45 43.6 million
load created by Texas’ rapid 40
population and economic 36.3 million
35
growth, Texas will require 30.3 million
additional power, transmission 30
and distribution, customer 25
25.1 million
demand response and energy
efficiency. 20
15
10
5
0
2010 2020 2030 2040
Source: Texas State Data Center
41!
42. Electric Consumption Continues to
Grow in ERCOT!
Note: The peak in electric consumption in 2000 was Source: ERCOT, “Report on Existing and Potential
due to an exceptionally hot summer. Electric System Constraints and Needs,” December
42!
2010
43. Peak Demand Also Growing, Requiring
Additional Investment Long-Term!
Source: ERCOT, “Report on Existing and Potential
Electric System Constraints and Needs,” December
43!
2010
44. ERCOT Restructuring Spurred !
Massive Generation Investment!
• The competitive
market has steadily
added new
generation and
greater efficiency
to the wholesale
market.
• Generators in the
competitive market
shoulder the risk of
building new power
plants, bringing
efficient, cost-
effective
generation to
consumers.
Sources: Energy Velocity, NERC, PUC 44!
45. Update on ERCOT Reserve Margins
Source: ERCOT, “Report on Existing • ERCOT recently raised its target reserve margin to 13.75% of
and Potential Electric System
Constraints and Needs,” December generation available above peak summer demand. To meet this
2010 goal, ERCOT will need additional generation in upcoming years 45!
47. ERCOT Generation Mix!
• The generation technology mix is an outcome of a robust competitive wholesale
market and environmental policy decisions.
• In addition to the price of fuels and the cost of technology, environmental and siting
issues impact choices made by generation developers.
• Coal, including lignite, is an important fuel in the ERCOT electric generation mix.
– Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the United States, with an estimated
200 year supply remaining (per the Energy Information Administration (EIA)).
– Electricity produced from Texas lignite exceeds the entire generation of 28
states individually.
• Texas lignite accounts for about 45% of the coal used in the state for electricity.
• Texas’ lignite mining industry is a key part of the state economy, providing over
33,000 permanent jobs and contributing about $10.5 billion in annual Total
Expenditures.
• The existing framework of Texas’ competitive wholesale electric market has helped
lead generators to invest in and announce plans for over 23,000 MW of new
generation, including natural gas, coal, nuclear and renewable power.
Sources: EIA, National Mining Association, The Perryman Group, PUC 47!
48. Gas on the Margin in ERCOT
Year-Round
Demand Curve - Winter Scenario Demand Curve - Summer Scenario
60000 60000
50000 50000
40000 40000
MW Load
MW Load
30000 30000
20000 20000
10000 10000
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Hour Hour
Nuclear Coal Wind Natural Gas Nuclear Coal Wind Natural Gas
Examples are purely illustrative
• There are multiple types of power plants with different operations in ERCOT that are operated
on different schedules.
– Because of their lower marginal costs, nuclear and coal-fired power plants in ERCOT operate
approximately 90 percent of the time.
– In contrast, natural gas-fired power plants are ramped on and off, depending upon demand.
– Wind-generated electricity is only intermittently available, depending on wind conditions.
• Some natural gas-fired generation is required to operate at all times in the ERCOT region to
meet demand.
– Natural gas-fired generation sets the market price of wholesale electricity in ERCOT.
– Natural gas-fired units that are used to meet peak demand tend to be older units that cost more to 48!
operate.
49. Business Climate for Generators
in ERCOT
• In ERCOT, generation companies assume all of the financial risk included in a new generation
projects.
• The decision to build new generation thus depends upon whether the generator believes the
electricity can be sold at a price to recoup construction costs, cover operations and
maintenance costs and achieve a profit.
• Market forces have been effective in bringing new generation to the state, with 50,689 MW of
generation constructed since the advent of wholesale competition in 1995.
• While not all is expected to the built, the PUC reports substantial new generation has been
announced, including:
– 7,841 MW of new coal-fired generation
– 5,900 MW of new nuclear generation
– 9,830 MW of new wind-powered generation
– 9,318 MW of new natural gas-fired generation
• Though such news is positive, market forces and legislative and regulatory certainty will
ultimately dictate how much of the announced new generation is actually built.
Data source: PUC, “New Electric Generating Plants in Texas,” updated December 31, 2010 49!
50. Texas Has the Most Installed !
Wind Energy Capacity
24% of the nation’s installed wind generation capacity
is located in Texas.
Source: American Wind Energy Association, Through Q1 2011 50!
52. Three Key Factors Affecting Choices
for New Generation
Wholesale
Market
Cost of Construction and Fuels
52!
53. Coal-Fired Generation
Type of Generation
+ Coal-fired plants provide baseload generation, by running
approximately 90 percent of the time.
Environmental Issues
- Greater air emissions than natural gas-fired plants, including
rate of about twice the CO2 per kWh generated.
- Risk of higher costs due to future carbon-capture
requirements.
Cost of Construction and Fuels
+ Currently, pulverized coal generation is economical to build based on current
natural gas prices.
+ Long-term domestic supply of coal, including lignite.
+ Fuel cost is relatively low
- High initial capital costs relative to natural gas-fired plants.
53!
54. Natural Gas-Fired Generation
Type of Generation
- Natural gas plants, such as combined-cycle plants, can
provide baseload generation, but demand conditions in
ERCOT result in a lower capacity factor than for coal-fired
or nuclear-powered generation.
+ Other simple-cycle natural gas plants have quick start-up
and shut-down times to allow them to meet peak demand.
Environmental Issues
+ Lowest air emissions among fossil fuels.
+ Newest power plants operate more efficiently, burning less
fuel per MWh of generation.
Cost of Construction and Fuels
+ Low initial capital costs.
- When natural gas prices are high, gas-fired power plants are expensive to operate.
54!
55. Nuclear-Powered Generation
Type of Generation
+ Nuclear-powered plants provide baseload generation by
running approximately 90 percent of the time.
Environmental Issues
+ No air emissions.
- Long-term storage of waste needs to be implemented.
- Historic concerns regarding public perception of safety of
nuclear power.
Cost of Construction and Fuels
+ Lowest fuel cost of all large-scale generation.
- High capital costs.
- Longest permitting and construction times among generation types.
55!
56. Wind-Powered Generation
Type of Generation
+ Wind is plentiful in certain parts of Texas.
- Wind blows intermittently, making it a less reliable power
source.
Environmental Issues
+ No air emissions.
- Can affect migratory birds.
- Concerns about aesthetic impact.
Cost of Construction and Fuels
+ No fuel cost.
- Limited ability to replace other generation to satisfy reserve margins.
- Imposes other costs on the system, such as increased ancillary service
requirements, backup capacity and the need for transmission lines to reach rural
wind farms.
56!
57. Solar Generation
Type of Generation
+ Solar power is generally reliable, but intermittent, as it
depends on certain levels of sunlight.
- Plants are generally small in scale.
Environmental Issues
+ No air emissions.
- Large areas of land needed for effective solar arrays.
Cost of Construction and Fuels
- Can have 15 to 20 times the capacity cost of natural gas-fired generation
+ No fuel cost.
- Cannot be used to replace other generation to satisfy reserve margins.
- Imposes other costs on the system, such as the need for transmission lines, since
large-scale solar power plants would be located in areas far from population
centers.
57!
58. Biomass and Landfill Gas
Generation
Type of Generation
+ Biomass and landfill gas generation generally operates
reliably.
- Plants are generally small in scale.
Environmental Issues
- Plants burning biomass can have high CO2 emissions.
+ Landfill gas facilities reduce methane greenhouse gas
emissions.
- Generation is difficult to permit and site.
Cost of Construction and Fuels
- Requires high capital and operating costs when compared with fossil fuel-fired
generation
- Often located far from population centers, requiring high transmission costs
58!
59. Hydroelectric Generation
Type of Generation
+ Hydroelectric power is reliable to operate, except during
drought.
- Texas has very little potential for new hydroelectric power
generation.
Environmental Issues
+ No air emissions.
- Can kill fish.
Cost of Construction and Fuels
+ Once built, hydroelectric power is among the least expensive forms of power, as it
has no fuel costs.
- High capital costs
59!
60. Energy Efficiency and
Demand-Side Management
Type of Technology
+ Several cost effective solutions available.
- Success requires broad implementation.
Environmental Issues
+ Reduces emissions that would otherwise accompany fossil
fuel usage.
Cost of Construction and Fuels
+ Can improve cost levels for residents and customers.
+ Reduces need for building new power supply.
60!
62. Texas is Already Leading the
Way in Clean Power Plants
Texas has the largest emissions of any state since
it produces 80% more power than the next ranked state.
0.237
0.347 OK 0.194
NM AR
0.137
0.095 LA
TX
2010 NOx Emission
Rate Averages (lbs/
Area mmBtu)
National 0.156
Texas 0.095 62!
EPA Clean Air Markets Division – 2010 Acid Rain Program Data
63. Electric Generator-
NOx Reductions Achieved Under
TCEQ 1-hr Ozone SIP Rules!
– HGA SIP- 86% overall reduction from 1997
– DFW SIP- 88% overall reduction from 1997
– Beaumont SIP- 45% reduction from 1997
– East Texas SIP- 51% reduction from 1997
Between 2000 and 2005, electric generating
companies in Texas spent over $1 billion on NOx
emission reductions alone.
63!
64. Texasʼ Electric Generating Plants Among
Cleanest NOx Emitters in the Nation!
0.800
0.700
0.600
Texas has the 12th
cleanest average
NOx emissions rate.
NOx (lb/MMBtu)
0.500
0.400
0.300
0.200
U.S.
Average-0.156 lb/
0.100 mmBtu
0.000
IL
AL
FL
WV
NV
UT
VT
SD
ND
NE
DC
KS
OK
CO
MI
IN
MN
DE
OH
MS
MO
MD
TN
WI
NC
NH
SC
RI
ID
NJ
MT
ME
CT
WY
IA
KY
GA
NY
NM
MA
AR
OR
CA
PA
WA
AZ
LA
TX
VA
64!
EPA Acid Rain Database, 2010
65. Average Emission Rates of Nitrogen Oxides
from Existing Texas and U.S. Power Plants
0.6
0.5
0.4
NOx (lb/MMBtu)
0.3 Nation
Texas
0.2
0.1
0
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Source: EPA Acid Rain Database, 2010 65!
66. Texasʼ Electric Generating Plants Among
Cleanest SO2 Emitters in the Nation!
1.000
0.900
0.800
Texas has the 27th
0.700 cleanest average
SO2 emissions rate.
SO2 (lb/MMBtu)
0.600
0.500
U.S. Average-
0.387 lb/mmBtu
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
AL
IL
FL
MT
UT
CT
VT
WV
NV
OH
NH
ND
SD
IN
DC
DE
MO
TN
NE
WI
SC
NC
OK
MS
KS
MD
CO
ME
ID
MI
MN
NM
RI
AR
OR
WA
TX
LA
AZ
VA
NJ
WY
IA
KY
GA
NY
MA
CA
PA
66!
EPA Acid Rain Database, 2010
67. CO2 Emissions in
Context of Texasʼ Economy!
A common refrain is that CO2 emissions generated in Texas are higher than in
other states. However, it is critical to view that in the context of other truths:
− Texas generates more electricity than any other state; in fact, Texas produces almost
80% more electricity than the next most generating state.1
− Much of the CO2 emitted in Texas results from the generation of “products” that are
very significant to our state and nation. For example, Texas produces about:
− 60% of petrochemicals produced in the U.S.
− 30% of gasoline and diesel refined in the U.S.
− 10% of electricity generated in the U.S.
− The dollars of gross product produced in Texas per ton of CO2 emitted is high, and it
increased by more than 1000% between 1963 and 2001.2
− The amount of CO2 emitted per MWh of electricity generated in Texas is lower than
that of half of the states that have more than a nominal amount of coal-fired or oil-
fired electricity generation.3
1Source: EIA, 2008 State Electricity Profiles
2Source: “Global Warming: What Should Texas Do?” Texas Public Policy Foundation, April 2007
3Source: EPA Acid Rain Database, 2009 67!
68. Texasʼ Electric Generating Plants Among
Cleanest CO2 Emitters in the Nation!
250
Texas has the 18th
cleanest average
CO2 emissions rate.
200
U.S. Average-
CO2 (lb/MMBtu)
183.68 lb/mmBtu
150
100
50
0
IL
AL
FL
MT
VT
UT
CT
WV
NV
ND
NE
MO
SD
TN
OH
KS
IN
WI
MD
NC
CO
SC
DE
OK
DC
NH
MS
ME
ID
MI
MN
NM
RI
AR
OR
WA
AZ
TX
LA
VA
NJ
WY
IA
KY
GA
NY
MA
CA
PA
68!
EPA Acid Rain Database, 2010
70. Technical Feasibility of
CO2 Reductions!
Technology EIA 2008 Reference Target
Efficiency Load Growth ~ +1.05%/yr Load Growth ~ +0.75%/yr
Renewables 55 GWe by 2030 100 GWe by 2030
Nuclear
15 GWe by 2030 64 GWe by 2030
Generation
No Heat Rate Improvement 1-3% Heat Rate Improvement
Advanced Coal for Existing Plants for 130 GWe Existing Plants
Generation 40% New Plant Efficiency 46% New Plant Efficiency
by 2020–2030 by 2020; 49% in 2030
CCS None Widely Deployed After 2020
10% of New Light-Duty Vehicle
PHEV None
Sales by 2017; 33% by 2030
DER < 0.1% of Base Load in 2030 5% of Base Load in 2030
Chart Source: EEI and EIA
70!
71. Additional
Emission Reductions
Federal Clean Air Interstate Rules (CAIR)
− Requires additional NOx and SO2 emissions reductions from power plants in
2009, 2010, and again in 2015, with a cap and trade program.
− The NOx and SO2 emissions from all new units must “fit” under the 2009, 2010,
and 2015 caps; such emissions are not in addition to those caps.
− TCEQ has recently revised its rules to implement CAIR.
Regional Haze
− Requires reductions in NOx, SO2, and Particulate Matter (PM) emissions based on
best available retrofit technology (BART) for different types of facilities, including
electric generating units, industrial boilers, and refineries.
− EPA has decided that NOx and SO2 emissions reductions made for CAIR will
suffice for the NOx and SO2 emissions reduction requirements under Regional
Haze.
− The TCEQ is developing rules to implement BART.
71!
72. Giving Back to the
Environment
• AECT member companies help to improve our environment through stewardship,
support for new technologies and partnership with other agencies.
Environmental Stewardship! Environmental Partnerships
- Reducing releases of chlorofluorocarbons from - Climate Challenge Program
electrical equipment - Energy Star
- Recycling coal combustion products - Energy Smart Schools
- Educating schools and communities about - Environment Research Program
renewable energy
- Designating land and reservoirs for public - EPA SF6 Partnership program
recreational use - Mickey Leland Internship Program
- Preserving and restoring forests by planting - TCEQ Teaching Environmental Science
millions of trees - Green Lights
- Helping other industries adopt pollution- - Habitat Protection
prevention plans - Learning From Light!
- Launching education campaigns to help - Millennium Council
communities save energy - Million Solar Roofs
- Creating wetlands and wildlife habitats on - National Energy Education Development
company properties (NEED) Project
- Natural Gas Star
- Reclaimed water utilization
- Offering renewable energy products to retail
customers
72!
73. Selected Environmental
Programs and Fees
• The electric industry is among the most heavily regulated in the nation, complying
with hundreds of regulations and paying millions of dollars in fees annually.
Selected Current Selected Current
Environmental Programs
Environmental Fees
- Compliance with National Ambient Air Quality - Title V federal operating permit fees
Standards
- Air inspection fees
- State Implementation Plan
- Air quality permit fees
- NOx reductions for electric generating units
- Air quality permit renewal fees
- Clean Air Interstate/Clean Air Mercury Rules
- Wastewater inspection fees
- New Source Review (NSR) - Wastewater permit application fees
Prevention of Significant Deterioration
- Water quality fees
- Non-attainment NSR, including offset
- Potable water fees
- State Minor NSR
- Water use permit application fees
- Title V and Acid rain permits
- Hazardous waste generation fees
- Compliance Assurance Monitoring
- Non-hazardous waste fees
- Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems
- Low level radioactive waste fee
- Toxic Release Inventory
- Injection well fee
- Monitoring cooling water
- Mass Emission Cap and Trade Program
73!
75. TDUsʼ Role in the Competitive ERCOT
Market!
• Transmission and Distribution Utilities:
– Provide reliable delivery of electricity on a 24-7 basis.
– Invest in and build infrastructure (e.g., transmission lines, Smart Grid) to support
the needs of Texas’ growing economy.
– Manage their transmission networks under the direction of ERCOT; coordinating
with ERCOT on transmission planning activities.
– Respond to outages (e.g., storms, natural disasters) that affect the grid and restore
service as quickly as safely possible.
– Provide key market information, such as premise information and metering
services to facilitate successful operation of the ERCOT deregulated market.
– Provide regulated transmission and distribution services to facilitate operations of
wholesale and retail business entities.
– Charge regulated delivery rates to REPs
Rates based on a historical cost of service including a PUC-established return on capital
investment
Allocation of ERCOT-wide transmission costs
Non-bypassable charges include the cost to deliver electricity, System Benefit Fund,
recovery of true-up costs and nuclear decommissioning expenses for existing nuclear
facilities
75!
76. TD Market Design:!
ERCOT!
• ERCOT Transmission
– 1995 amendments to the Public Utilities Regulatory Act (PURA) required PUC to
ensure open access to transmission grid, allowing new independent generators to
utilize transmission network.
– TX76RSB 7 adopted “postage stamp” transmission pricing structure and eliminated
impact of location on transmission rates.
– Transmission Cost of Service (TCOS) ratemaking structure implemented and billed
to distribution service providers (DSP).
– DSPs recover TCOS through the TDSP delivery rate and transmission cost recovery factor
(TCRF), approved by PUC.
– New transmission investment is coordinated through the ERCOT regional
transmission planning process and requires PUC facility certification.
76!
77. Transmission Investment in Texas
• Since 2009, TDUs have
invested over $2.0 billion in
the ERCOT transmission
grid.
• ERCOT estimates that the
electric grid will require
adding or improving 5,993
circuit miles of transmission
lines at a cost of over $9.0
billion from 2011 through
2016 and beyond.
• This investment includes
the cost of integrating
Competitive Renewable
Energy Zones (CREZs) into
the competitive ERCOT
Source: ERCOT, “Report on Existing and Potential Electrical System market.
Constraints and Needs,” December 2010 77!
78. Continued Transmission and Distribution
Investment Needed Throughout Texas
• According to the Texas State Data
Center, 5 million new residents are
expected in Texas by 2020.
• New generation must be delivered
effectively and efficiently to
population centers of the state.
• Texas must provide regulatory
certainty and fair rates of return to
ensure appropriate capital
investment.
• Though not shown here, areas of
Texas located outside the ERCOT
grid are also growing, both in terms
of population and economic
development.
Source: ERCOT, “Report on Existing and Potential Electric
System Constraints and Needs,” December 2010
78!
79. Challenges of Transmission
Line Construction
Example of Transmission Construction Process in ERCOT
• While certain types of generation can be constructed quickly -- often as short as 12-18
months -- transmission lines typically take between three and five years. Generation can be
brought into the market more rapidly if the siting takes advantage of the existing transmission
infrastructure.
• Building long transmission lines can affect many landowners, often requiring a lengthy and
extensive easement acquisition effort.
• The transmission line siting process must take into account the impact of those lines on
environmentally sensitive and historically significant lands.
• Utility is not typically allowed to begin recovering costs until year 5 or 6. 79!
80. Distribution Investment
Also Needed
• The need to replace an aging distribution
infrastructure to meet population and demand
growth will require continued investment.
• It is becoming more evident that rising construction
material costs are an increasingly important driver
contributing to the higher actual and planned utility
industry infrastructure investments.
• Nationwide, distribution investment is expected to be almost triple the size of
projected transmission spending, according to the Edison Electric Institute.
Distribution investment is likely to exceed generation and environmental capital
spending, as well.
80!
81. TD Market Design:!
Non-ERCOT!
• Non-ERCOT Transmission
– Wholesale open access transmission rights subject to Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC) jurisdiction.
– FERC transmission pricing reflects location of generation.
– FERC requires generators to bear higher cost relative to the ERCOT
system of connecting with the transmission grid.
– Certification in Texas is with the PUC.
– Recently adopted PUC rules allows most non-ERCOT utilities to recover
transmission investments between rate cases through a transmission cost
recovery factor (TCRF).
81!
82. Competitive Renewable Energy Zones:!
Legislative and Regulatory Steps
• The Texas Legislature mandated steady increases in renewable power in
TX76RSB 7 (1999) and TX791RSB 20 (2005).
– Starting Line: 880 MW in 1999
– Old Goal 1: 2,880 MW by 2009 (Achieved by 2007)
– New Goal 1: 5,880 MW by 2015
– New Target 1: 10,000 MW by 2025
– New Target 2: 500 MW non-wind renewable generation
• TX791SB 20 (2005) also required PUC to:
– designate Competitive Renewable Energy Zones (CREZs) in areas in which renewable
energy resources and suitable land areas are sufficient to develop generating capacity
from renewable technologies;
– develop a plan to construct necessary transmission capacity in a manner that is most
beneficial and cost effective to customers; and
– take into account transmission constraints, the need for generation and the level of
financial commitment by generators when defining CREZs.
• PUC adopted Substantive Rule 25.174 in December 2006, which creates
framework for determining CREZs.
• Texas currently has 9,727 MW of installed renewable generation capacity
(September 2010). 82!
85. Energy Efficiency in Texas:!
Overview
• Texas continues to be an energy leader through policies designed to improve the stateʼs
energy efficiency programs and bring improved technologies to the electric market.!
– Utility-run programs have reduced customer consumption, thereby reducing the need for the
construction of new generation.!
– Advanced metering provides information and opportunities that enable customers to take better
control of their energy consumption and bills.!
– Houston and Dallas-Fort Worth ranked 1 and 2 nationally in number of homes that qualified for EPAʼs
“Energy Star” designation.!
• The Texas Electric Choice Act requires electric utilities to provide energy efficiency
programs and incentives, including efficiency programs for low-income customers.!
– TX80RHB 3693 raised the energy efficiency goal for electric utilities from 10% of annual demand
growth to 15% in 2008 and 20% in 2009.!
– The recent PUC recently passed a rule requiring utilities to offset 30 percent of their projected growth
in demand by 2013.!
• ERCOT competitive retailers are developing innovative plans and products that will help
customers use less energy (e.g., customer education programs, energy audits, Internet-
controllable thermostats, etc.)!
85!
86. Energy Efficiency Programs
Have Exceeded Goals
Total Energy Savings by Investor-Owned Utilities
2003 - 2009!
• In 2009, utilities in Texas exceeded their statewide legislative energy efficiency goals for the seventh
straight year. Utilities achieved 240 MW of peak demand reduction in 2009, which was 82% above the132
MW goal.
• Energy savings from standard offer programs and market transformation programs resulted in an
equivalent reduction of 827,409 pounds of nitrogen oxide emissions per year.
• Since the start of the state’s energy efficiency program in 1999, utilities have achieved 1,365 MW of peak
demand reduction and 3,574 GWh of electricity savings.
Source: Frontier Associates LLC, “Energy Efficiency Accomplishments of Texas Investor Owned Utilities, Calendar Year 2009” 86!
87. TX80RHB 3693:
Enhancing Energy Efficiency
TX80RHB 3693 included a host of programs designed!
to help reduce electricity usage in Texas.
!
• Raises energy efficiency goal for electric utilities from 10% of annual demand growth to 15%
in 2008 and 20% in 2009.!
• PUC will study energy efficiency programs by January 15, 2009, and submit a report to the
legislature. !
– The study shall address whether utility energy efficiency programs should continue and whether
energy efficiency programs are best provided by the competitive market.!
– The findings of the study will determine whether a goal increase to 30 percent is achievable by 2010
and 50 percent by 2015.!
• PUC will work with ERCOT to develop a method to account for projected energy efficiency
impacts in ERCOTʼs forecasts of future capacity, demand, and reserves. !
87!
88. TX80RHB 3693:
Enhancing Energy Efficiency!
• The bill also includes:!
– an energy efficiency cost recovery factor;!
– a utility financial incentive for exceeding goals; and!
– the ability for utilities under a rate freeze to defer recognition of these costs.!
– Provisions aimed at reducing energy consumption by schools and government
buildings.!
– Stronger, more energy-efficient building standards for low-income housing.!
– Creates an annual sales tax holiday during Memorial Day weekend for energy efficient
products that bear the designation of the nationwide “Energy Star” program.
88!
89. Benefits of Advanced Metering
• Advanced meters and other new technologies
and associated infrastructure will provide information
and opportunities that will enable customers to better
understand the impact of controlling their energy
consumption.
• By controlling their energy consumption, customers
can better manage their bills and lessen their
environmental impact.
• Advanced meters will allow for more automation of utility functions such
as meter reading and connections/disconnections, which help to reduce
costs.
89!
90. The Smart Grid Transforms the Way
We Buy, Deliver and Use Electricity
Key Stakeholder Benefits
• Automated meter reading
Electric • Improved system reliability and greater ease/timeliness of power restoration
• Improved line fault detection and diagnostics
Utility • Real time grid feedback allows for more effective loading of utility assets
• Enables increased monitoring and diagnostics to enhance the life of utility assets
• Electric reliability improvements
• Friendly access to detailed consumption information to make informed choices
Consumers and enable faster transactions
• Enables and promotes energy conservation
• Efficient switching and connections/disconnections
• Expands retailer’s ability to offer new products
• Establishes platform to offer future home appliance monitoring and control
Retailers • Allows retailers to offer pre-payment programs
• Efficient switching and connections/disconnections
• Enables demand-side management
• Facilitates integration of solar and wind generation into grid
Environment • Promotes energy efficiency through immediate energy consumption awareness
• Facilitates reduced electric consumption which leads to reduced power plant
emissions
90
91. Advanced Metering Activities
in Texas
• The approved deployment plan for CenterPoint Energy calls for
installation of advanced meters over five years beginning in March
2009. In 2009, CenterPoint Energy received a Federal Smart Grid
Investment Grant that enables the deployment to be completed by late
2012. Through October 2010, CenterPoint Energy has installed
789,857 advanced meters.
• Oncor’s approved deployment plan initiated in late 2008 will have
installation of advanced meters completed by the end of 2012. To date,
Oncor has installed over 1.4 million meters.
• The AEP Texas deployment plan was approved in December 2009 and
installation of advanced meters will be completed by the end of 2013.
To date, nearly 5,000 meters have been installed in Portland, Texas, in
order to conduct a system acceptance test.
91!
93. The ERCOT Competitive Retail Electric
Market is Providing Strong Customer
Benefits!
Key Takeaways
– Price offers are lower than they were one year ago, and, when adjusted for
inflation, substantially lower than prices available just before competition
began.
– Retail electric price offers have improved, despite the increased price of
energy commodities, such as gasoline, crude oil, natural gas and coal.
– Among states, like Texas, that depend heavily on natural gas for power
generation, Texas prices compare favorably, with even lower prices available
to those in the competitive market.
– Since January 2007, the average fixed offer price in the competitive market
has fallen by 39 percent, while the average U.S. electric price outside Texas
has risen by 22 percent.
– The System Benefit Fund (SBF) provided benefits for low-income Texans
during the summer. Several retailers, including AECT member companies,
also offer additional low-income customer assistance programs, so customers
should also contact their REP to learn more about the options that might be
available to them.
93
94. Competitive Market Bringing
Sustained Lower Prices
Prices in the
competitive
market have
remain low
over the
past year
Source: www.powertochoose.org; prices are a simple average among service territories. 94
95. Lower prices available today than before
competition began
Sources: PUC Historical Data, Bureau of Labor and Statistics, www.powertochoose.org offers as of August 31, 2011 95
96. Competitive Residential Electric Price Offers !
Have Fallen Since Just Before Full
Competition Began in January 2007!
Texas-New Mexico Power Co.
AEP Texas North
Service Territory
Service Territory
Change in Average
Change in Average
1yr Fixed-Price Offer: 1yr Fixed-Price Offer:
34% decrease 29% decrease
Oncor
Service Territory
Change in Average
1yr Fixed-Price Offer:
33% decrease
CenterPoint Energy
Service Territory
AEP Texas Central Change in Average
Service Territory 1yr Fixed-Price Offer:
34% decrease
Change in Average
1yr Fixed-Price Offer:
37% decrease
Since December 2006, competitive price offers for
residential customers have fallen in every service area.
Source: http://www.powertochoose.org (12/31/06 8/31/11) 96
97. Texasʼ National Price Ranking Has Improved
With Competition Despite Input Fuel Cost
Increases AND Customers Can Choose
Plans To Meet Their Needs
18
2001 State Ranking (Pre-Competition)
16
¢/kWh
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
KY
WA
WV
WY
MT
MO
OK
MS
GA
VA
WI
MI
AZ
IA
TX
PA
AK
MA
VT
ME
ID
OR
TN
NE
UT
IN
AL
SD
CO
MN
KS
MD
SC
AR
LA
OH
FL
DE
IL
NM
NV
NJ
CT
CA
RI
NY
HI
ND
DC
NC
NH
May 2011 State Ranking (Latest Available)
Average lowest
available offer in
competitive
market in
May 2011:
6.1/kWh
¢/kWh
Source: EIA average annual residential rates for 2001 and May 2011 monthly data (latest available information). Average lowest available price from
powertochoose.org Web site as of 5/17/11 for a residential customer using an average of 1,000 kWh per month.
97
98. Every Competitive Area in ERCOT Has
Variable and 1-Year Lock Offers Available
that are Lower than the National Average Price
Sources: PowerToChoose.org offers as of May 17, 2011,
U.S. Energy Information Administration, latest available data
98
99. Offers in Competitive Areas Compare Well
With Prices in Other Areas of the State With
Other Market Structures
¢/kWh
Sources: Phone surveys conducted September 17, 2010; Power to Choose
99
Web site, September 20, 2010; AECT member company data
100. Retail Electric Prices Have Grown
Far Less Than Other Energy
Commodities
Percentage Change in
Commodities
December 2001 – May 2011
Sources: Public Utility Commission of Texas, U.S. Energy Information Association, NYMEX Commodity Exchange, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Notes: Commodity prices latest available as of August 31, 2011.
Inflation covers period from 2001 to 2011 100
101. ERCOT Generation Mix Compared to
U.S. Average!
ERCOT U.S. Average
Other Petroleum
Energy (MWh)
Wind Renewable
8% 1% (Mostly Hydro) 1%
Natural Gas
Nuclear 9% 21%
Nuclear
13%
38% 20%
40%
Natural Gas
48%
Coal
Coal
Other
Wind Oil
2%
Renewable
11% (Mostly Hydro) 6%
Capacity (MW)
Nuclear Natural Gas
6% 14%
39%
22% Nuclear 10%
Coal
59%
31%
Natural Gas
Coal
Note: Oil-fired generation is negligible in ERCOT, accounting for less than 0.1% of ERCOT capacity and load; numbers may not add
up to 100% due to rounding.
Sources: ERCOT (2010 data) 101
102. ERCOT far More Dependent !
On Gas Than Neighboring Power!
Regions!
% MWh from Natural Gas
% MWh from Coal
% MWh from Nuclear
% MWh from Hydro
% MWh from Other
102
103. Texas Market Compares Favorably to Other
States Utilizing Natural Gas as the Primary
Generation Source!
Average Lowest Available
Price in ERCOT Competitive
Market In May 2011:
6.1¢/kWh
Sources: Energy Information Administration (data as of May 2011); EIA natural gas-intensive states;
powertochoose.org as of 5/17/11.
Note: Texas statewide average price includes prices from both competitive and regulated areas of the state.
103
104. Competitive electricity prices still track
natural gas, but enable customer choice
and lower prices
NYMEX Average 12-Month Strip
Natural Gas vs. Texas Residential Retail
Electricity Prices In Areas Now Open to Average Lowest Offer
Competition Before Electric With Electric
Average Competitive Offer
1992 – 2011 YTD; $/MMBtu and ¢/kWh Competition Competition
NYMEX Natural Gas, 12-month Strip Residential Electricity Price
Annual Average ($/MMBtu) Annual Average (¢/kWh)1
‘02-11 Natural Gas Avg:
$6.64/MMBtu (+215%)
‘92-99 Natural Gas Avg:
$2.11/MMBtu
1Average annual residential electric prices at 1000 kWh/month in the 5 TDU areas opened to competition in 2002; pre-competition prices based on
filed tariffs; post-competition prices based on Power to Choose offerings and PUC data 104
104
Sources: NYMEX, PUC, Power to Choose website (latest data as of 6/6/11)
