1. The Need for a Course on
International Development
in Community Colleges
AFACCT - 22nd Annual Conference
January 6, 2012
Presenter: S. Sengamalay, MPA (Harvard), CPA.
Adjunct Prof. of Accounting
Montgomery College, Rockville
Session 6.8 (11:40 a.m. to 12:50 p.m.)
e-mail: sengaksg02@yahoo.com
Senga 1
2. Topics for Presentation
Why Teach International Development in
Community Colleges?
What is International Development?
Origins of International Development as a
“Body of Ideas”
Key Players in the International
Development Arena
Millennium Development Goals
Steps needed for inclusion in curriculum
Q&A
Senga 2
3. Why Teach International
Development in Community
Colleges? – Background
Theme of this year’s AFACCT Conference
states, “Engaging the New Community
College Student Demographic” is our
challenge
Senga 3
4. Why Teach International Development in
Community Colleges? – Background (Contd.)
"In times of change, it is the learners who
will inherit the earth, while the learned will
find themselves beautifully equipped for a
world that no longer exists"
(Source: AACC Mission Statement includes this quotation
from Eric Hoffer, famous American social writer)
Senga 4
5. Why Teach International
Development in Community
Colleges? – Background (Contd.)
“The flexibility of community colleges will be
tested in the future as never before. Time will tell
whether the pressures upon community colleges
transform them in fundamental ways or elicit
minor adjustments. Community colleges' history of
ingenuity and resiliency makes them strong
contenders for the 21st century.”
(Source: National Profile of Community Colleges;
Trends and Statistics, Phillippe & Patton, 2000)
Senga 5
6. Why Teach International
Development in Community
Colleges? – Background (Contd.)
“Community colleges have made a significant
contribution to expanding educational
opportunities. Attendance at one of these
institutions is associated with higher wages, even
if a degree is not completed. Evidence suggests
that each year of credit at a community college is
worth almost as much in terms of increased
earnings potential, as a year at a four-year
college.”
(Mr. Ben Bernanke, Chairman of the Federal
Reserve quoted in AACC website)
Senga 6
7. Findings of an AACU Survey of
Employers in January 2010
Over 65% of the employers said that two and four
year colleges should place more emphasis on:
(i) Understanding global context of situations,
(ii) Global issues’ implications for future,
(iii) Understanding the role of U.S. in the world, and
(iv) Knowledge of cultural diversity in the U.S./world
Senga 7
8. Rationale for Teaching
International Development
1. Gap in Existing Courses
Existing Courses:
Economics
Accounting
Business Finance
International Business
International Studies
International Relations
Introduction to Political Science, and
Politics of the 3rd World
Gap - If at all, these courses barely scratch the
surface on International Development
Senga 8
9. Rationale for Teaching
International Development
2. Complement Current Program
MC 2011-12 Faculty Handbook:
“The International Education Program has been developed to
bring greater awareness of the world cultures to the College
and wider communities, and to encourage a global
perspective through the internationalization of the College
curriculum.”
Course will:
Enhance cultural awareness of our students and the wider
community, and
Bring about a greater appreciation for the inter-dependent
global environment in which we live and work and the crucial
connectivity in the global economy
Senga 9
10. Rationale for Teaching
International Development
3. Diversity of Student Population
MC 2011-12 Faculty Handbook:
“the largest credit-enrollment of any community college
in Maryland and the second largest undergraduate
enrollment among all colleges and universities in
Maryland.”
“the College also has great international appeal as
approximately 175 countries are represented in its
extremely diverse student body.”
Study in international development, with the wealth of
knowledge in the field of global development
assistance, would further enrich the student knowledge
and skill set. Senga 10
11. Rationale for Teaching
International Development
4. Pioneering Initiative in Community Colleges
MC 2011–12 Faculty Handbook:
“Montgomery College is one of the oldest in
Maryland and one of the largest and most diverse
in the nation. In 2007, it earned national acclaim
when the New York Times named the institution
one of the top 11 community colleges in the
country”
An introductory course in international
development would be a pioneering endeavor and
a huge plus in preparing our students to enter 4
year colleges
Senga 11
12. Rationale for Teaching International
Development
5. Engaging the New Student Demographic
Maryland has one of the most diverse native and
immigrant populations, partly due to its proximity
to Washington D.C., the nation’s capital.
As the theme of this Conference reveals, it is a
major challenge to engage constructively such a
student population and community.
A course in international development would be a
key element in facing this challenge successfully by
the Faculty and enhancing the competitiveness of
our work force.
Senga 12
13. Rationale for Teaching International
Development
6. Agility/Relevance in Facing Dynamic World
Vision Statement – Montgomery College:
“With a sense of urgency for the future, Montgomery
College will be a national model of educational
excellence, opportunity, and student success. Our
organization will be characterized by agility and relevance
as it meets the dynamic challenges facing our students and
community.”
Hard to identify a course more relevant than international
development for inclusion in the curriculum of a leading
institution of higher learning.
Senga 13
14. Rationale for Teaching
International Development
7. Developing Country Students’ Contribution
Students from developing countries are generally
expected to have been exposed to at least some of the
development projects in their home countries funded
by global donor agencies.
Sharing of experiences from such projects by these
students with their other developing and developed
country counterparts in the class room would enrich
the learning process enormously.
Senga 14
15. Rationale for Teaching
International Development
8. Collaboration and Increased Career Opportunities
in Global Institutions for our Students
The presence of several global development
institutions, such as the IMF, World
Bank, USAID, IADB, Millennium Challenge
Corporation (MCC) and others in Washington, D.C.
New career opportunities, such as internship will
open up for our students who possess international
development as an additional knowledge base and
skill set.
Senga 15
16. What is International
Development ?
Provision of Development Assistance from rich
developed countries to less developed ones based
on the belief of inter-dependency among nations
and that such assistance would be beneficial to
people in all countries.
It primarily involves grassroots development in
key sectors in the economy - agriculture, rural and
urban
development, education, population, health, nutriti
on and poverty alleviation, infrastructure, energy
and environment , etc. Senga 16
17. What constitutes Development
Assistance ?
Assistance in the Form of:
Financial Transfers
Economic
Technical
Humanitarian
Other Mutually agreed help of any type
between countries and donor organizations
Senga 17
18. Appeals for Development Assistance
“Development assistance isn’t just good
for people in poor countries; it’s good for
all of us” (Bill Gates from an Op-Ed piece in the
Washington Post on 11/2/11)
“If the Korean miracle could be replicated
(i.e. transformation of a country from aid-
dependent to aid donor), in a generation, we
can end global aid” (Tony Blair in an op-ed piece
in Washington Post on 11/27/11)
Senga 18
19. International Development as a
Separate Body of Ideas
Humanitarian, Emergency and Military
assistance among nations have been there
for hundreds of years
Theory and practice of International
Development formally began to take shape
during and soon after WW II
Now it is a multi-Billion Dollar endeavor
encompassing the entire globe and affecting
millions of people
Senga 19
20. Atlantic Charter
of August 9-12, 1941
“Statement of War and Peace” signed secretly
on board a ship in the North Atlantic between
President Roosevelt and Prime Minister
Churchill included following two principles:
Freedom from want and fear, and
Improved economic and social conditions for all
The Charter became the Precursor to the Bretton
Woods Agreement of July 1944 and Guiding Manifesto
of the United Nations in 1945
Senga 20
21. “Bretton Woods Conference” of
July 1944
United Nations Monetary and Financial
Conference
44 Allied Nations gathered in Mount
Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods Village,
New Hampshire and signed agreement
System of monetary management and
established the rules for commercial and
financial relations among countries
Senga 21
22. Bretton Woods Conference (Contd.)
Mount Washington Hotel,
New Hampshire
John Maynard Keynes
(right) represented the
U.K. and Harry Dexter
White the U.S.
Senga 22
23. Main Movers – U.S. and U.K
Victors in WW II (in July 1944) presided over
the Bretton Woods Conference
Shaped the rules and regulations governing
monetary and economic polices of countries
US delegation over-ruled many of the
proposals from the UK
UK and others finally agreed on a mutually
beneficial system
Senga 23
24. The Bretton Woods Institutions
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development (IBRD) – commonly
called The World Bank Group
Both became operational in 1945
Senga 24
25. Keynes on the Success of the Bretton
Woods Conference
“If the institutions stayed true to their
founding principles, the brotherhood of
man will have become more than a
phrase.”
(John Maynard Keynes who led the UK
delegation)
Senga 25
26. IMF and World Bank
International Monetary The World Bank Group
Fund (IMF)
Senga 26
27. The Marshall Plan
(The European Recovery Program)
“It is logical that the United States should
do whatever it is able to do to assist in
the return of normal economic health to
the world, without which there can be no
political stability and no assured peace.”
(George Marshall, then U.S. Secretary of State, in a
major speech to the graduating class of Harvard
University on June 5, 1947)
Senga 27
28. What did the Marshall Plan do?
“Beginning in 1948, the Marshall Plan
provided Europe with about $850 billion to
recover from WW II. The Marshall Plan built
confidence.”
(Robert Samuelson in an OP-Ed piece in the
Washington Post on 11/04/11)
Senga 28
29. Final Impetus for
International Development
“We must embark on a bold new program for
making the benefits of our scientific advances and
industrial progress available for the improvement
and growth of under-developed areas. The old
imperialism - exploitation for foreign profit - has
no place in our plans. What we envisage is a
program of development based on the concept of
democratic fair dealing.”
(President Harry Truman reaffirmed his country’s commitment
to International Development in his inaugural address on
January 20, 1949)
Senga 29
30. Key Players in International
Development (IMF)
IMF - an inter-governmental organization that:
oversees global financial system, and
guides macro-economic policies of its members, in
particular those with an impact on exchange rate and
the balance of payments
IMF’s objectives are:
stabilize international exchange rates and
facilitate development through neo-liberal
economic policies.
(Source: Bob Davis,2010-05-03 -WSJ.com)
Senga 30
31. Key Players in
International Development (Contd.)
The World Bank Group (Objective - reducing poverty and
facilitating economic growth in developing countries.
The International Development Association (IDA)
The International Finance Corporation (IFC)
The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) and
The International Centre for the Settlement of Investment
Disputes (ICSID)
Senga 31
32. The International Development
Association (IDA)
IDA is the “concessional arm” of the World Bank that helps
the world’s poorest countries.
Established in 1960, IDA aims to reduce poverty by
providing interest-free credits and grants for programs that
boost economic growth, reduce inequalities and improve
people’s living conditions.
IDA complements IBRD, World Bank’s other lending arm
which serves middle-income countries.
IBRD and IDA share the same staff and headquarters and
evaluate projects with the same rigorous standards.
Senga 32
33. The International Finance Corporation
(IFC)
IFC promotes sustainable private sector
investment in developing countries.
IFC is a member of the World Bank Group and
is headquartered in Washington, DC.
Established in 1956, IFC is the largest
multilateral source of loan and equity
financing for private sector projects in the
developing world.
Senga 33
35. IFC and USAID
International Finance Harry S. Truman Building
HQ - U.S. State Department
Corporation (IFC)
35
Senga
36. Leading
Regional Development Banks
African Development Bank (AfDB) - Tunis
Asian Development Bank (ADB), Manila
European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (EBRD) - London
Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
– Washington, DC
Senga 36
37. Other Major Actors in
Global Development Assistance
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
Other UN Specialized Agencies (e.g.
FAO, WHO, IFAD, UNESCO)
Other Multi-Lateral Financial Institutions (e.g.
EIB, IFAD, IDB)
Bi-Lateral Aid Agencies (e.g. USAID, GTZ, CIDA)
Private Charitable Foundations (e.g. Gates, Ford)
Senga 37
38. Comparison of Official Development
Assistance by G -7 Countries
Country 2008 2009 2010 2010 ( %) % of GNI
2010
USA 26,437 28,831 30,154 34% 0.20%
United Kingdom 11,500 11,283 13,763 16% 0.57%
France 10,908 12,600 12,916 14% 0.50%
Germany 13,981 12,079 12,723 14% 0.38%
Japan 9,601 9,457 11,045 12% 0.20%
Canada 4,795 4,000 5,132 6% 0.36%
Italy 4,861 3,297 3,111 4% 0.17%
Target
G-7 Total 82,081 81,548 88,844 100% 0.7%
Norway 4,006 4,086 4,582 1.10%
38
39. Top Five
Private Charitable Foundations
Rank Organization Country Headquarters Endowment
Bill & Melinda Gates Seattle,
1 United States $36.7 billion
Foundation Washington
Stichting INGKA Leiden,
2 Netherlands $36 billion
Foundation Netherlands
3 Wellcome Trust United Kingdom London $22.90 billion
Howard Hughes Medical Chevy Chase,
4 United States $14.8 billion
Institute Maryland
5 Ford Foundation United States New York City $13.8 billion
Senga 39
40. Some Sad Global Matters of Fact
(2010)
1.2 billion go hungry – 7 out of 10 of them are
women and girls.
Millions of children start school but drop out
without even basic literacy
536,000 women and girls die each year during
pregnancy, childbirth or six weeks following
delivery – 99% of them occur in developing
countries
Senga 40
41. Sad Global Matters of Fact (Contd.)
2/3rd of those with HIV are in sub-Saharan
Africa - Most of them are women
1.2 billion people lack access to basic
sanitation - Vast majority of them live in
rural areas
Aid to the poorest countries falls far short of
the 2010 target
Women hold 18 per cent of seats in
parliament
Senga 41
42. Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) – Set by UN in 2000
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education
Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability
Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development
Senga 42
43. What Development Assistance
is all about
Ultimately, Development Assistance is all about putting a smile on a poor and needy child’s face
43
Senga
44. Steps Needed for Inclusion in
Curriculum
1. Prepare paper on International Development
and Rationale for teaching it (x)
2. Distribute among Faculty and Administrators
and obtain feedback (x)
3. Present Proposal at the AFACCT Conference
and solicit/obtain support (x)
4. Home for the Course ?
(Business, Economics, History, International
Studies, Political Science)
Senga 44
45. Steps in the Process (Contd.)
5. Explore potential for collaboration with
International Institutions
6. Explore possible acceptance by four-year
colleges
7. Submit formally to College Curriculum
Committee for review and approval
8. Submit to College Higher Management for
approval
9. Formalize introduction of course in Montgomery
College
Senga 45