Byer talk fnl afosr oct 26 2011

Byer
Lasers and Nonlinear Optics
Group

AFOSR 60th Anniversary
26 October 2011
Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA

Byer
Fifty Years Lasers and Nonlinear Optics
Group

Robert L. Byer
Applied Physics
Stanford University
rlbyer@stanford.edu

Abstract

A look back at the early days of the laser and nonlinear optics will be contrasted
to the recent breakthroughs in solid state lasers and the applications.

AFOSR sponsored research in lasers has led often to un-anticipated applications
that have important consequences to the future of the Air Force.

Air Force Office of Scientific Research
950 North Glebe Rd #210
26 October 2011


Lightwaves Byer
Group

Introduction Lasers: Making Lightwaves

Scientific Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves

Future Directions Surfing Lightwaves

Charlie is still contributing to Science at
The University of California at Berkeley
He celebrates his 95th birthday this year. Francis and Charlie 2010

Byer
Group


Byer
Peter Franken – Frequency Doubling of the Ruby Laser 1961
Group


Early advances in Lasers and Nonlinear Optics Byer
Group
Concept of Optical Maser Schawlow & Townes 1958

Ruby Laser Ted Maiman 1960

Nobel Prize awarded in 1964 Townes, Prokhorov and Basov

Hg+ Ion Laser Earl Bell 1965
Argon Ion Laser Bill Bridges

Tunable cw parametric Laser Harris 1968

Diode bar 1Watt Laser Scifres 1978
Diode Pumped Nd:YAG (NPRO) Byer & Kane 1984

2009 a special year
105kW cw Nd:YAG Slab Laser NGST January
4 MJ IR, 2MJ UV NIF Laser LLNL March
1mJ 10Hz 1A Coh X-ray Laser SLAC April
2010 LaserFest
2011 50 years of Nonlinear Optics

Byer
The Ruby Laser
Group

Retinal Attachment

“If I had set out to
invent a method of re-
attaching the retina, I
would not have invented
the laser”

Laser Eraser

“The “Laser Eraser”
may not find any
near term
application, but it is
interesting.”

Art Schawlow with Mickey Mouse Balloon and Ruby Laser
The first Ruby laser was demonstrated in May 1960 by Ted Maiman
Hughes Research Labs in Los Angeles


Professor Elsa Garmire Byer
and husband Bob Russell at Laserfest 2010 Group

Student of Charlie Townes – first nonlinear optics experiments-1963
Inventor: Laser removal of graffiti- 1996
Garmire, Russell and Liu “Automated Apparatus for Removal of Laser Graffiti”


Byer
Arrived in Berkeley Autumn 1960
Group
I met with young Assistant Professor Sumner P. Davis and asked if I could work
in his laboratory. His reply: “Go read this book and when you understand
everything in it, come back and see me.”

I returned six months later. Sumner P. Davis

I was asked to take some chalk and derive
the grating equation and dispersion relations.

I worked with Sumner through my senior year.

Upon graduation, Sumner suggested that I visit a small company in Mnt. View..

Byer
Spectra Physics 1964 – 1st successful commercial laser company
Group

I arrived at a small start-up company
in Mountain View, CA for an interview.

I waited in the lobby but no one came
to say hello. After what seemed like
a half an hour I walked into the back
where there was loud cheering and
celebration.

Earl Bell had just operated the first
Ion laser that generated orange light.

I took the job at Spectra Physics
and worked with Earl Bell,
Arnold Bloom, Herb Dwight for
one year, then….
Earl Bell 1965 Mercury Ion Laser
“If a laser can operate at 5% efficiency, it can do real work.” Earl Bell 1965

Byer
Introduction to Nonlinear Optics - Stanford 1964
Group

Tony Siegman held brown bag lunches
to discuss research topics of interest such
as Second Harmonic Generation

A Helium Neon laser visible
across „Silicon Valley‟ from
the Lick Observatory on
John Bjorkholm and Tony Siegman Mount Hamilton


Byer
Professor Anthony E. Siegman
Group


Accepted at Stanford! Byer
Assigned to work with Professor S. E. Harris Group

Learn about Nonlinear Optics
read Bloembergen
Boyd and Ashkin
Calculate OPO threshold

Locate suitable nonlinear crystals
LiNbO3 1cm3 from Bell Labs
ADP, KDP and others

Build Argon Ion Laser for pump
Stephen E. Harris (Spectra Physics helped)
~1963 RF induction coupled ion laser
Stanford University


Now at Stanford! Byer
working with Professor S. E. Harris Group

Learn about Nonlinear Optics
read Bloembergen
Boyd and Ashkin
Calculated threshold

Locate suitable nonlinear crystal
LiNbO3 1cm3 from Bell Labs
Oops!

Stephen E. Harris Dropped the LiNbO3 Crystal.
~1963
Stanford University Now what?

The path to physics is neither paved nor well marked…
Lev Kulevski – visitor from Moscow 1978


Decade of 70s – 80s: develop new nonlinear materials and test in Byer
OPOs and Harmonic Conversion devices Group
Quasi Phasematching
LiNbO3 and variations single crystal fiber -
congruent periodic poled
MgO doped Waver scale fabrication

LiTaO3
BaNaNbO15
SBN

Bob Feigelson

Infrared Nonlinear Materials
CdSe IR OPO Marty Fejer
CdGeAs2 chalcopyrite IR xtal
AgGaS2
AgGaSe2 IR Mixer Xtal
Visible and UV crystals
LiO3 LiNbO3 boule
KDP, ADP and isomorphs
BBO
LBO

Byer
Optical Parametric Oscillators
Group

Stanford research 1965 – 1969 - The Harris Lab
Larry Osterink and the FM argon ion laser
Ken Oshman – OPO pumped by yellow Ion Laser

Bob Byer and Jim Young
Sync pumped LiNbO3 OPO
Materials development (Bob Feigelson)
*Parametric Fluorescence
*CW OPO pumped by Argon Ion Laser

Richard Wallace – studied the AO Q-switched
Nd:YAG Laser

OPO technology transferred to Chromatix - 1970

Stephen E. Harris – Stanford University
Path forward: study Parametric Fluorescence,
improve crystals, then attempt cw OPO in LiNbO3.


Byer
Kodachrome images of Parametric Fluorescence in LiNbO3
Group

Measured nonlinear coefficient

Derived parametric gain

Measured tuning curve

Confirmed quality of the
LiNbO3 crystals
grown at Stanford (Feigelson)

Observed Quantum Noise by eye!


Visible Tunable Parametric Oscillator in LiNbO3 Byer
( 17mm crystal, 150 C, DRO pumped at 514.5nm) Group

“I see red!” Ben Yoshizumi May 11, 1968

Argon Ion
Laser pump LiNbO3 crystal
in the oven

Red tunable
OPO cavity Output ~1mW

Threshold 430mW. Available power at 514.5nm 470mW


Byer
Chromatix Nd:YAG Laser and Tunable OPO product ~1970
Group

Richard Wallace with Q-switched Doubled YAG pumped LiNbO3 OPO
Chromatix Nd:YAG Laser First tunable laser product

Byer
Spectra Physics – the world‟s first commercial laser company
Group

Spectra Physics – 1962
Herb Dwight Jr. CEO
Bob Remple, Ken Ruddick
Earl Bell, Arnold Bloom
(Bob Byer 13th employee)

Coherent – 1966
Chromatix – 1969 Jim Hobart CEO
Bob Remple CEO Gene Watson
Steve Harris
Dick Wallace
Newport
Milton Chang CEO
Molectron
Bruce McCall CEO
Quanta Ray – 1974
Gary Klaumnitzer
Gene Watson & Earl Bell
Bob Mortensen CEO
(Bob Byer)


Lightwaves Byer
Group





Byer
Motivation: Scientific Applications of Lasers
Group

“Don‟t undertake a project unless it is manifestly
important and nearly impossible.” Edwin Land - 1982

Scientific Applications of Lasers
Atmospheric Remote Sensing
Quanta Ray Laser 1J Unstable resonator
1.4 to 4.3 micron Tunable LiNbO3 OPO
Global Wind Sensing
Diode pumped Nd:YAG
Frequency stable local oscillator - NPRO

Search for Gravitational Waves
10 W Nd:YAG slab MOPA LIGO
200W fiber laser MOPA Adv LIGO
1W Iodine Stabilized Nd:YAG LISA

Laser Accelerators and Coherent X-rays
TeV energy scale particle physics
Coherent X-rays for attosecond science


Byer
Monitoring Air Pollution
Group

Helge Kildal and R. L. Byer
“Comparison of Laser Methods for
The Remote Detection of Atmospheric
Pollutants”
Proc. IEEE 59,1644 1971 (invited)

Henningsen, Garbuny and Byer - 1974
Vibrational-Rotational overtone spectrum
of Carbon Monoxide by tunable OPO.

(Chromatix Nd:YAG pumped LiNbO3 OPO
Product introduced as product in 1969)


Byer
Atmospheric Remote Sensing
Group

Motivation for tunable lasers at Stanford

Atmospheric Remote sensing beginning in 1971
Unstable resonator Nd:YAG -- Quanta Ray Laser
1.4 - 4.4 micron tunable LiNbO3 OPO -- computer controlled
Remote sensing of CH4, SO2 and H2O and temperature

Sune Svanberg
Early Remote Sensing 1960 - 1975
LIDAR Laser Detection and Ranging
Inaba, Kobayashi
and H. Ito Detection of Molecules
Kidal and Byer Comparison of Detection Methods
DIAL Differential Absorption Lidar
Menzies CO2 laser Direct and Coherent Detection
Humio Inaba Walther & Rothe Remote sensing of pollutants
Svanberg Remote sensing pollution monitoring Herbert Walther

Research in tunable lasers, laser spectroscopy and remote sensing - International


Byer
Remote Sensing Telescope at Stanford - 1980
Group

Atmospheric Remote
Sensing using a Nd:YAG
Pumped LiNbO3
Tunable IR OPO.

The OPO was tuned under
Computer control continuously
From 1.4 to 4.3 microns

Atmospheric measurements
Were made of CO2,
SO2, CH4, H2O and
Temperature.

Sixteen inch diameter telescope on the roof of the Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford


Byer
1.4 to 4.3 micron Computer Tuned LiNbO3 OPO
Group

Stephen J. Brosnan, R. L. Byer
“Optical Parametric Oscillator Threshold and
Linewidth Studies”
Proc. IEEE J. Quant. Electr. QE-15,415,1979

Steve Brosnan observing atmospheric spectrum
with OPO tuning under PDP-11 computer control

Fig 19.
LiNbO3 OPO
Angle
Tuning curve
( 45-50 deg)

1.4 – 4.3 microns


Required ~1J 10nsec 10Hz Nd;YAG Laser Pump for OPO Byer
Unstable Resonator Concept – Siegman 1965 Group

A. E. Siegman
“Unstable optical resonators
for laser applications”
Proc. IEEE 53, 277-287, 1965

R. L. Herbst, H. Komine, R. L. Byer
“A 200mJ unstable resonator Nd:YAG
Oscillator” Optics Commun. 21, 5, 1977


Byer
Unstable Resonator Nd:YAG Oscillator
Group

R. L. Herbst, H. Komine, and R. L. Byer
“A 200mJ Unstable Resonator Nd:YAG
Oscillator”
Opt. Commun. 21, 5, 1977

Quanta Ray 532nm output after SHG
in KD*P crystal. Note “hole” in beam.


Byer
Quanta Ray pumped BBO OPO Spectra Physics
Group

My „optimistic‟ projection in 1975 was a total market of about 75 lasers.
More than 10,000 Quanta Ray Lasers sold to date.

Efficient Single Pass Harmonic Generation in KDP Byer
Group

KDP second, third and fourth
Harmonic generation
~ 60% efficient

Type I and Type II SHG in KDP

We will return to KDP later in this story. Extensive commercial use is a benefit.


Quanta-Ray sold to Spectra Physics in 1982 Byer
All employee party held annually to celebrate a great small company Group


Byer
Global Wind Concept - Huffaker 1984
Group

Global wind sensing
Milton Huffaker
proposed coherent
detection of wind using
eye-safe lasers.
Applied Optics 22 1984

Led to diode pumped solid state laser studies to meet laser in space requirements

Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers – 1984 Byer
Group

Laser Diode Pumped Nd:YAG - 1984

Binkun Zhou, Tom Kane, Jeff Dixon
and R. L. Byer
“Efficient, frequency-stable laser-diode-
pumped Nd:YAG laser”
Opt. Lett. 10, 62, 1985

5mm Nd:YAG Monolithic Oscillator
< 2mW output power for 8mw Pump
25% slope efficiency

Nd;YAG < 2mW at 25% slope efficiency - 1984

Byer
Coherent Laser Radar
Group

Coherent Laser Radar
Local Oscillator
Invention of the Nonplanar Ring Oscillator
Power Amplifier
Multipass 60 dB gain slab amplifier
Heterodyne Receiver
Fiber coupled heterodyne detection

Goal: wind sensing from the laboratory using
a coherent Nd:YAG laser transmitter-receiver

Today coherent laser radar is a mature field with many applications including
Hyperspectral analysis and 3D imaging capabilities.


Byer
The Non-Planar Ring Oscillator - 1984
Group
Single axial mode, narrow linewidth, Nd:YAG local oscillator

Tom Kane, R. L. Byer
“Monolithic, unidirectional
Single-mode Nd:YAG ring laser”
Opt. Lett. 10,65,1985

NonPlanar Ring Oscillator
Single frequency: <10kHz


Byer
The Non-Planar Ring Oscillator - 1984
Group
Single axial mode, narrow linewidth, Nd:YAG local oscillator

Tom Kane, R. L. Byer
Invention motivated by science
and global wind sensing goals “Monolithic, unidirectional
Single-mode Nd:YAG ring laser”
Opt. Lett. 10,65,1985
Applications show up later

Peter Lorraine, General Electric –
Joint Strike Fighter composite
inspection
Visited Fort Worth TX
NPRO increased inspection
rate of composite panels by 2x

NPRO finds application in US submarines
30 lasers per each sub for sensitive sonar
systems

NPRO selected to support LIGO project NonPlanar Ring Oscillator
Goal: detect gravitational waves Single frequency: <10kHz


From Concept (Bloembergen 1962)
Byer
Demonstration in the Lab (Stanford 1988)
To Green Laser Pointers and Laser TV (2005 – 2010) Group
Green Laser invention – question by student in class

IEEE Spectrum March 2010 Mitsubishi green laser for TV using
PPLN for second harmonic generation

Green Laser Pointer – Byer
from a question in class to invention and patent (1984) Group
Stanford takes green laser invention seriously!

Question in class from Jeff Dixon:
Professor Byer, can we frequency
double the cw diode pumped Nd:YAG laser
with good efficiency?

Answer: I don‟t know. If you do the
calculations, I will do them as well and
we can discuss the possibility of a green
laser at class on Tuesday.
Result: Demonstration of internal SHG
of a diode pumped Nd:YAG laser with
cw 532nm green output.
(Patent issued in 1986 to Stanford)
Applications:
Lecture pointer (for color challenged males)
Green laser pointer for astronomy
Rescue flare for sailors at sea
Green laser for color TV

My favorite invention and laser legacy because of widespread use by amateur astronomers

Byer
Hail Stanford Hail – The Laser Group

Hail Stanford Hail – the Laser

Lightwave Electronics – the world‟s first Diode pumped Solid State Byer
Laser Company Group

Lightwave Electronics - 1984
Bob Mortensen CEO
MSNW Bob Byer
Tom Kane, Dick Wallace Newport
Milton Chang CEO

Coherent Technologies – 1984 Sony
JDS SRS
Milton Huffaker CEO New Focus 1990
Boulder, CO Uniphase Milton Chang CEO
Tim Day, R. Marsland TRW
Frank Luecke
Xerox PARC
Spectra Physics Spectra Diode Labs 1983 New Wave Research
(Herb Dwight) Don Scifres CEO
Ralph Jacobs, David Welch Silicon Light Machine

SLAC Lawrence Berkeley Lab Lawrence Livermore Lab

Growing ecosystem of laser companies across the globe

Lightwave Electronics start-up to commercialize Byer
Diode pumped solid state Laser technology Group

Milton Chang and Bob

Tom Kane and Bob Mortensen

Precise Light for manufacturing
semiconductor and circuit electronics


Byer
Ginzton Lab Alums in the real world
Group

John Willison, CEO 1980
Stanford Research Systems
Kurt Weingarten and Ursi Keller
Co-founders of Time Bandwidth Inc 1994
Zurich, Switzerland

Byer
Ginzton Lab Alumni Reunion May 17, 2010
Group

More than 250 Phds graduated from Ginzton Lab 1957 - 2011

Lightwaves Byer
Group


Commercial Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves


Lasers – the STEALTH UTILITY

Not visible to the general public but lasers
are critical to every day life.

What if all lasers stopped working NOW?

What applications serve Air Force needs?

Byer
The Laser – a Stealth Utility
Group

Laser Cutting and Welding
glass, ceramics, metals, semiconductors, LED manufacturing
20 different lasers are used to manufacture an automobile
Laser sintering new materials
laser sintering of metals, alloys, ceramics –
3D fabrication of „impossible‟ of objects from powders
Laser strengthened materials
laser peening – jet engine blades - Metal Improvement Company
laser hardening leading edges of wings
Laser ablation (laser eraser of Art Schawlow)
laser de-painting of aircraft for inspection
(FAA certified for Al skinned aircraft)
laser removal of sealants in wing fuel tanks
laser removal of mold release coating for 787 aircraft
laser cleaning of composite materials for bonding
laser cure of epoxies
laser cleaning of jet engine turbine blades – removal of baked on red desert
dirt without damage to the turbine blades
Example: 5kW laser can de-paint a 747 in one week – eyesafe and allows other work


How did we progress from 2mW in 1984 to > 100kW in 2009? Byer
Where are we going in the future? Group

Laser Diode Pumped Nd:YAG - 1984

Binkun Zhou, Tom Kane, Jeff Dixon
and R. L. Byer
“Efficient, frequency-stable laser-diode-
pumped Nd:YAG laser”
Opt. Lett. 10, 62, 1985

5mm Nd:YAG Monolithic Oscillator
< 2mW output power for 8mw Pump
25% slope efficiency


Byer
Innovation: Progress in Laser Diodes - 1978
Group

Don Scifres,

Ralph Burnham, and
Bill Streifer - 1978

This was the first Watt level
power output from a linear Laser
Diode Array.

Within one decade the output
power would increase to greater
than 100W from a one centimeter
LD bar.
1980: 1 Watt at 25% efficiency – 1cm bar Palo Alto Xerox PARC Invention

2010: >100 Watt 70% efficiency – 1cm bar – competitive industry

Laser Diode Cost & Output Power vs Year Byer
Moore‟s Law applied to Solid State Lasers Group

Moore noted that the number
of transistors per chip was
doubling every 18 months.
He attributed this to
experience and learning from
improved production.

The corollary was that the cost
decreased as market size and
production volume grew.

Moore‟s Law was born.

Byer‟s version of Moore‟s Law
(1988 – 2004)

Predicted $1/Watt in 2004
Delayed by 2 years –
by Telecom boom and bust

(Today diode bars cost $0.1/W)

Byer
Diode Laser Cost vs Production Volume
Group

Diode Electrical efficiency increases from 50% to 70%


Byer
Diode pumped Slab Lasers – 1990s
Group

TRW DAPKL* Nd:YAG Laser
(1988 - 1993)
Three stage MOPA with Phase Conjugation
10 J Q-switched pulses at 100 Hz
1 kW near diffraction limited laser
SHG to green
*Diode Array Pumped Kilowatt Laser
1 kW of average power –a 1st step.

Stanford University
R. J. Shine, A. J. Alfrey, R. L. Byer
“40W cw, TEMoo-mode,
Diode-laser-pumped, Nd:YAG miniature
Slab laser” Opt. Lett. 20, 459, 1995

Face pumped, water cooled
25 - 10W fiber coupled laser diodes
250 W pump power
Cost: $280k in 1995


Innovation: Edge-Pumped, Conduction Cooled Slab Laser – 2000 Byer
(Predicted Power scaling to >100 kW with High Coherence) Group
Conduction cooled, low doping, TIR guided pump, power scaling as Area

T.S. Rutherford, W.M. Tulloch,
E.K. Gustafson, R.L. Byer
“Edge-Pumped Quasi-Three-Level
Slab Lasers: Design and Power Scaling”
IEEE J. Quant. Elec., vol. 36, 2000

Predicted 100kW output based on single crystal Yb:YAG – need sizes > 20 cm
Difficult with single xtals, but possible with polycrystalline ceramic YAG!

Byer
Ceramic Research Group at JFCC - 2007
Group

We initiated joint work on advanced laser ceramics with Dr. Akio Ikesue
JFCC, Japan in 2004.

This is photo of AFOSR sponsored Ceramic research Program joint with Japan.

Byer
Progress in Ceramic Fabrication and Characterization
Group

Professor Romain Gaume,
University of Central Florida.

Romain is now leading the ceramic
program at the UCF

Air Force Office of Scientific Research
JTO Multi-Disciplinary Research Initiative Review October 26, 2011
October 11 - 13, 2011 Arlington, VA
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

105 kW Nd:YAG laser demonstrated at Byer
DoD High Energy Laser Systems Test Facility (Helstf) Group

Solid State Laser Test Experiment
(SSLTE) to be set up in 2011

Establishing the SSLTE is a
“monumental event” says
Col James Jaworksi, Helstf Director.
“But solid-state lasers are the way of
the future. They will eventually
generate megawatts.”

Northrop Grumman diode-pumped
Nd:YAG solid state laser - 2009
105kw cw output with M2 ~ 1.5
>4 hr operation to date
~ 20% electrical efficiency
Adaptive Optics enabled coh beams
< 1 sec turn-on time
MOPA architecture for power scaling

Solid State Lasers – a path to megawatt power with high efficiency

Realized & Projected Laser Power “Livingston Plot” for Byer
Diode pumped Solid State Lasers Group
1 MW
Ceramic * 1 MW Slab Laser MOPA??

100 kW Gain * 100kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA – 2009
Media
* 25 kW NGST Slab Laser MOPA - 2006

* 1 kW TRW DAPKL Slab Laser MOPA - 1995
•* 120W Adv LIGO
•Nd:YAG slab MOPA

“It is difficult to make predictions,
especially about the future.”
Neils Bohr

-----10----------------------20

Why the interest in MW average power Lasers?


1 MW

Media

•* 120W Adv LIGO
•Nd:YAG slab MOPA

Neils Bohr

-----10----------------------20

Photon Weapons - for cutting metal at a distance – 1MW protects 10km2


1 MW

Media

•* 120W Adv LIGO
•Nd:YAG slab MOPA

Neils Bohr

-----10----------------------20

Laser Accelerators for TeV scale physics and coherent X-rays – 10MW/km


1 MW

Media

•* 120W Adv LIGO
•Nd:YAG slab MOPA

Neils Bohr

-----10----------------------20

And LIFE: Laser Inertial Fusion for Energy Generation – 35MW for energy


Lightwaves Byer
Group

The path to Directed Energy Weapons
(at a cost that can be afforded)
is through the
widespread commercial use of
Diode Pumped Solid State Lasers


Commercial Applications of Lasers Riding Lightwaves


Lasers – the STEALTH UTILITY

Not visible to the general public but lasers
are critical to every day life.

What if all lasers stopped working NOW?

What applications serve Air Force needs?

“Going where no laser has gone before…” Byer
Group

Lasers can cut metal at a distance - warfighter goal: Mach 300,000 photon torpedo


Byer
The Laser – a Stealth Utility
Group

Laser Cutting and Welding
glass, ceramics, metals, semiconductors, LED manufacturing
20 different lasers are used to manufacture an automobile
Laser sintering new materials
laser sintering of metals, alloys, ceramics –
3D fabrication of „impossible‟ of objects from powders
Laser strengthened materials
laser peening – jet engine blades - Metal Improvement Company
laser hardening leading edges of wings
Laser ablation (laser eraser of Art Schawlow)
laser de-painting of aircraft for inspection (FAA certified - Aluminum skinned aircraft)
laser removal of sealants in wing fuel tanks
laser removal of mold release coating for 787 aircraft
laser cleaning of composite materials for bonding
laser cure of epoxies
laser cleaning of jet engine turbine blades – removal of baked on red desert dirt
without damage to the turbine blades

Example: 5kW laser can de-paint a 747 in one week – eyesafe and allows other work


Byer
Federal building - Philadelphia
Group


Laser removal of rust and dirt from the Eagle Byer
Federal building - Philadelphia Group

Q-switched Nd:YAG laser
Used by an artist to
Clean rust and dirt from the eagle.

He worked over the summer and
Completed the project.

The laser operated reliably.

A non-technical artist
“laser de-painted” the statue.


Byer
Laser hardening of the leading edge of the wing
Group


Laser Surface Treatments applied to Aircraft Byer
Group

Surface Treatments

Coating Removal Selective Layering

Contouring Cleaning & Texturizing


Byer
Aircraft and helicopters need fixing
Group

laser cleaning of jet engine turbine
blades –

removal of baked on red desert dirt
without damage to the turbine blades

laser cleaning of helicopter blades –

No damage to composite blade material

laser paint removal for inspection

Certified procedure for aluminum skinned
Aircraft – key is short pulse of light and
color recognition


Robotic Integration Byer
Group

Automated Rotor Blade Stripping System
Triple-laser ablation system for CH-53 fiberglass rotor blades
Operational at Fleet Readiness Center-East, Cherry Point


Lasers can remove composite low observable coatings Byer
with precision Group


Color Selectivity Put to Use Byer
Group

• USAF SBIR AF011-123 in support of F-22
• Goal: Replace hand sanding for specialty coating maintenance
• Phase I - 2001, Phase II- 2002 - 2004, US Patent Application - 2004

Top Coat
Layer 2
Epoxy Primer
Layer 3
Substrate
Typical Stripping Setbacks: 0.5”
0.25”
1.0”
0.25”
Figure 1 - Typical Stripping Requirements

Figure 2 - SBIR- Developed Workhead


Results Byer
Group

Top Coat
Layer 2
Layer 3 Epoxy Layers
Substrate

Typical Stripping Requirements
Stripping Setbacks: 0.25” to 1.00”


Byer
On the Flightline Group


FAA directs 100% classic
Byer
Boeing 737 lap Group
joint inspections
QuickTime™ and a
decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

Requirement: Rapidly strip
coatings to inspect for
scribe marks or fractures

Solution: GLC Color-
Selective Stripper

Results: Coating stripped
leaving zero artifacts on the
aluminum fuselage

Federal Aviation Administration Byer
Transport Airplane Directorate Group
Aircraft Certification Services
Approves the GLC Laser Process
Initial Approval for B-737 July 21, 2006,
ZA Process Approval for B-737 August 26 2009
Global Approval for ALL airframe structures May 2010

 2006 - FAA approves the GLC Laser Process as Alternative Method of Compliance (AMOC) to
sealant stripping procedures specified in Boeing Alert SB 737-53A1262 Appendix A required by
paragraph (f) of AD (Airworthiness Directive) 2006-0712 - for Boeing 737 Classic aircraft.

 2008 - FAA approves the use of the GLC Laser Process for the removal of paint, sealant, corrosion
and rust on metal substrates listed in SAE MA4872 Annex D:
2024 T3 clad Aluminum 7140 T351 and T7351 T1 6AI-4V Titanium
2024 T3 bare Aluminum AZ31B Magnesium 4340 Steel

 2009 - FAA approves the use of the improved GLC ZA Laser Process as an AMOC for the same AD
“…since the GLC ZA Laser Process has demonstrated outstanding results in critical aerospace coating
removal and surface-prep applications … “

 2010 - FAA clarifies and extends approval to all metallic aircraft structures, regardless of
manufacturer, “… the Seattle Aircraft Certification Office has no objections to the use of the GLC ZA
Laser Process Specification … on airframe structure.


Lightwaves Byer
Group

Prelude From Radio to Microwaves




Laser Accelerators and Coherent X-rays
TeV energy scale particle physics
Coherent X-rays for attosecond science

Laser Inertial Fusion for Energy (LIFE)
Current Status of NIF
Fusion Laser design parameters


Byer
SLAC: The two-mile accelerator
Group

“Project M”
1955 first brainstorming and informal discussions

• $100M proposal First beam at SLAC, 1966

• numerous studies and reports
• > 10 years of effort

Byer
The Klystron tube
Group

The “Microwave” Lab (Now HEPL
and Ginzton Labs) played a crucial
role on the development of particle
accelerators and the
corresponding RF technology

Ed Ginzton
Marvin Chodorow & Klystron W. W. Hansen – back right

Byer
April 10 2009 - LCLS: Coherent 8KeV X-ray source- 1mJ at 10Hz !!
Group

RF-accelerator driven SASE FEL at SLAC - April 2009

SASE-FEL 14 GeV

T ~ 230 1 fsec LCLS properties
 ~ 1.5 – 15 Å
 ~ 1012 / pulse 100 m
• 1 km-size facility
• materials science
• chemistry • microwave accelerator
• atomic physics
accelerator • RF ~ 10 cm
3 km • 4-14 GeV e-beam

LCLS
injector • 120 m undulator
• 23 cm period
undulator • 15-1.5 A radiation
120 m • 0.8-8 keV photons

SSRL • 1014 photons/sec
Experiment
lines • ~77 fsec

• SUCCESS – April 09
• 1mJ per pulse
TTF: Tesla Test Facility; fsec EUV SASE FEL facility • 10 Hz
XFEL: Proposed future coherent X-ray source in Europe… • 8 keV X-ray photons

Byer
The Linac Coherent Light Source - SLAC's X-Ray Laser
Group

John N. Galayda
Director, Strategic Projects Division
Director, LCLS Construction
September 14, 2009

From seconds to attoseconds … < 1/100 the light cycle
From 10,000 atoms to < 1 atom in resolution scale

E. Muybridge, Animals in Motion
ed. L. S. Brown
(Dover Pub. Co., New York 1957).

E. Muybridge


Undulator Girder with 5-DOF Motion Control + IN/OUT Byer
Group

Beam Finder Wire (BFW)
Cavity BPM (<0.5 m) sand-filled,
3.4-m thermally
Quadrupole undulator
magnet isolated
magnet supports

X-translation
(in/out)

Wire Position
Monitor cam-based 5-DOF
motion control –
Hydraulic Level 0.7 micron
System backlash


Single Undulator Tests in February Byer
First Attempt to Observe Gain 10 April 2009 Group

Note
time


LCLS generates coherent hard X-rays – dawn of a new era Byer
Group

Note
time


Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science (AMO) Byer
Group
This instrument, designed for photons in the 0.8-2.0 keV range, will investigate the effects of
the x-ray beam on atoms and molecules: absorption, ionization and subsequent evolution of
the electronic structure on femtosecond time scales, and also to investigate the behavior of
atoms in excitation states previously impossible to study (e.g., stripped of all K-shell
electrons).


Emergence of new technologies make Byer
Laser Acceleration Possible Group

efficient pump high power
diode lasers Leveraging fiber lasers
investment in ALABAMA
LASER

telecom NUFERN

ultrafast laser
technology sodium
yellow

30 W/bundle, 40%
electr. efficiency IMRA mJ 500
60 W/bar, 50% < 10 fs fsec laser
electr. efficiency

nanotechnology new materials
high
strength
magnets
Nd:Fe
New ceramics

nano-
tubes

high purity optical materials
and high strength coatings

Air Force Office of Scientific Research October 26, 2011 Arlington, VA 84

Byer
Laser beam parameters for TeV scale accelerator
Group

• Take advantage of high laser
2. Low bunch charge repetition rate
problem • Multiple accelerator array architecture

Laser pulse structure that leads to high electron bunch repetition rate

104 laser pulse trains per second laser pulse
laser-
SLC NLC SCA-FEL TESLA
accelerator
laser pulse train laser pulse
optical cycle f RF (GHz) 2.856 11.424 1.3 1.3 3×104
f m (Hz) 4
120 120 10 4 10
Nb 4
1 95 10 4886 10

t b (nsec) - 2.8 84.7 176 3×10
-6

f b (Hz) 2 4 5 4 6
electron bunch
1.2×10 1.1×10 1×10 1.6×10 3×10
Ne 3.5×1010 8×109 3.1×107 1.4×1010 10 4
10 laser pulses
per laser pulse
train
I e (sec-1) 4×1012 9×1013 3×1012 2×1019 3×1010

Requires 10kW/meter or 10MW/km and ~40% efficiency Laser Source!
(~ 10 microjoules in 100fsec per micropulse)
•electric field cycle frequency ~1014 Hz
Dramatic increase of
•macro pulse repetition rate ~1GHz

Laser Electron Accelerator Project – LEAP Byer
Goal: demonstrate physics of laser acceleration Group

Laser driven particle acceleration

collaborators

ARDB, SLAC
Bob Siemann*, Bob Noble†, Eric Colby†, Jim Spencer†, Rasmus
Ischebeck†, Melissa Lincoln‡, Ben Cowan‡, Chris Sears‡, D. Walz†,
D.T. Palmer†, Neil Na‡, C.D Barnes‡, M Javanmarad‡, X.E. Lin†
Stanford University
Bob Byer*, T.I. Smith*, Y.C. Huang*, T. Plettner†, P. Lu‡, J.A. Wisdom‡

ARDA, SLAC
Zhiu Zhang†, Sami Tantawi†

Techion Israeli Institute of Technology
laser on
Levi Schächter*
FWHM energy spread (keV)

UCLA
J. Rosenzweig*

laser off
laser timing (psec)
‡ grad students † postdocs and staff * faculty

Byer
Participants in the LEAP Experiment
Group

Bob Siemann2 Chris Sears2 Ben Cowan2 Jim Spencer2

New students
•Chris McGuinness2
•Melissa Lincoln2
•Patrick Lu1

Eric Colby2
Atomic Physics collaboration
Tomas Plettner1
Bob Byer1 •Mark Kasevich3
1 E.L. Ginzton Laboratories, Stanford University •Peter Hommelhoff3
2 Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) •Catherine Kealhofer3
3 Department of Physics, Stanford University


LEAP Experimental Success- November 2004 Byer
Group

We have accelerated electrons with visible light!

laser
beam
accelerating
phase

electron decelerating
beam phase

8 m thick gold- tape
coated Kapton tape drive
stepper motors Inverse laser
FEL electron beam
beam
The simplified single stage The LEAP experimental apparatus that
Accelerator cell that uses Includes the LEAP single stage accelerator
gold coated Kapton tape cell and the inverse FEL.
to terminate the Electric field.

Tomas Plettner and LEAP Accelerator Cell Byer
Group

The key was to operate the cell above damage threshold to generate
energy modulation in excess of the noise level.

Byer
Move Experiment to SLAC: 1984 - 86
Group

SLAC provided access to the NLCTA test accelerator – 360MeV


Byer
Group

60 MeV
10 pC
~ 1psec

 = 800 nm
U ~ ½ mJ/pulse
 ~ 200 fsec


Byer
The E163 experiment at SLAC Group
The NLCTA
Next Linear Collider Test Accelerator 360MeV
The new E163 experiment hall


Byer talk fnl afosr oct 26 2011

Byer talk fnl afosr oct 26 2011

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Byer talk fnl afosr oct 26 2011