RFID is also a new trend in industry and will come in daily use soon. Various frequency ranges and explanation is in this presentation. (For Downloads, send me mail agarwal.avanish@yahoo.com)

1. AUTOMATIC IDENTIFICATION TECHNIQUES Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations Mr. Avanish Agarwal [email_address]

3. Fig 1. overview of the most important AUTO-ID procedure Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Barcode System Biometric Smart Cards RFID Voice Identifi-cation Fingerprint Procedure Auto ID

7. Fig 3. Example of the structure of a barcode in EAN Coding Chocolate Rabbit 100g Company name 1 road name 80001 Munich FRG 9 0 5 1 8 0 5 4 3 2 1 0 4 CD Manufacturer’s Item Number Company Identifier Country Identifier

8. In addition to the EAN code, popular Bar codes are: • Code Codabar: medical/clinical applications, fields with high safety requirements. • Code 2/5 interleaved: automotive industry, goods storage, pallets, shipping containers and heavy industry. • Code 39: processing industry, logistics, universities and libraries.

14. Cryptographic smart cards used for digital signature and secure identification

16. Microprocessor card In 1977, Michel Ugon from Honeywell Bull invented the first microprocessor smart card security sensitive applications. GSM mobile phones and EC (electronic cash) cards. Vcc RST Vpp Vcc I/O GND ROM (Operating System) CPU RAM EEPROM (Application data)

19. Major application in Criminology since the early twentieth century. Comparison of papillae and dermal ridges of the fingertips, from the finger itself & from objects that the individual has touched . A special reader for identification . Fingerprinting procedures (dactyloscopy) System compares data with previous references Modern fingerprint ID systems require less than half a second to recognize and check a fingerprint. To prevent violent frauds, fingerprint ID systems have even been developed

20. No influence Unidirectional --- --- Low Low Influence of Direction and Position No influence --- Possible --- Total Failure Total Failure Influence of (opt.) covering No influence Possible (contacts) --- --- Very High Very High Influence of Dirt/Damp Impossible Impossible Difficult Simple Simple Limited Readability by People Good Good Expensive Expensive Good Good Machine Readability Very High Very High High High Low Low Data Density 16-64K 16-64K --- --- 1-100 1-100 Typical Data Qty. (bytes) RFID Systems Smart Card Biometry Voice Recog. OCR Barcode System Parameters Comparison of different RFID systems showing there Advantages and Disadvantages Medium Low Very High Very High Medium Very Low Purchase cost / Reading Electronics No influence Contacts --- --- Limited Limited Degradation/wear

21. 0-5 m microwave Direct contacts Direct contacts 0-50 cm <1 cm Scanner 0-50 cm Maximum distance between data carrier and reader Very Fast ~0.5s Low ~4s Very Low >5 – 10s Very Low >5s Low ~3s Low ~4s Reading speed (including handling of data carrier) Impossible Impossible Impossible Possible (Audio Tape) Slight Slight Unauthorized copying/modification None Medium (contacts) None None Low Low Operating Cost (e.g. Printer) RFID Systems Smart Card Biometry Voice Recog. OCR Barcode System Parameters

22. Legal classification of RFID as RADIO SYSTEMS (Generation & radiation of Electromagnetic waves ) Probable services affected : Radio, Television, Mobile radio services (including police, security services, industry) Marine radio services, Aeronautical Radio Services and Mobile Telephones . ISM frequency ranges (Industrial–Scientific–Medical), world wide accepted for RFID applications. Due to possibility of working with high magnetic field strengths & with inductively coupled RFID systems in this range . Frequency Ranges and Radio Licensing Regulations for RFID

29. In 1997 in Europe, the frequency range of 868 – 870 MHz was passed for Short Range Devices (SRDs) in and is thus available for RFID applications in the 43 member states of CEPT. not available for ISM applications in Europe USA & Australia 888-889MHz & 902-928MHz used by backscatter(RFID) Systems. Frequency range 915.0 MHz Frequency range 869.0 MHz

30. The ISM range 2.400 – 2.4835 GHz partially overlaps with the frequency ranges used by amateur radio and radiolocation services. For this UHF frequency range, buildings and other obstacles behave as good reflectors and damp electromagnetic waves at transmission. Applications like backscatter (RFID) systems, telemetry transmitters and PC LAN systems for the wireless networking of PCs are carried out in this frequency range Frequency range 2.45 GHz

31. The ISM range 5.725 – 5.875 GHz partially overlaps with the frequency ranges used by amateur radio and radiolocation services. Typical ISM applications for this frequency range include movement sensors, used as door openers or contact less toilet flushing and also for backscatter (RFID) systems. The ISM range 24.00 – 24.25 GHz overlaps partially with the amateur radio and radio location services and also by earth resources services via satellite. This frequency range is used by movement sensors, directional radio systems for data transmission. Frequency range 24.125 GHz Frequency range 5.8 GHz