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Tree domestication strategies for Allanblackia
 species; a potential high valued tree crop for
                      Africa



D. Ofori, M. Munjuga, E. Asaah, Zac.
 Tchoundjeu,T. Peprah, R. Jamnadass,T.
 Simons
               ICRAF Seminar – 15th January 2013
Tree domestication strategies for Allanblackia species; a potential high valued tree crop for Africa
Tree domestication strategies for Allanblackia species; a potential high valued tree crop for Africa
Uses of Allanblackia spp.
Region   Community       Oil Medicine Shade Timber
BA       A. Kwahu
BA       A. Kyenkyenhene +              +
BA       K. Adjeikrom     +             +
ER       Kyebi Apapam                          +
ER       K. Adadientem         +
WR       Bisaaso         +
WR       Nkrankrom       +
WR       Kamaso          +             +
WR       Manso Amenfi    +             +
Production levels
 120 fruits /tree
 40 kg of seeds/tree
 12 kg oil/tree
Oil properties
 High content of stearic and oleic acids
 Begins to melt > 35oC
 Requires less processing
Demand for Allanblackia oil
 Huge market for Allanblackia oil
 Received EU certification as safe in food
 Current demand exceeds 100,000 t/year
 Unilever ≈ 30,000- 40,000 t/yr
 Current supply is only about 210t oil/yr


 Wild harvesting unsustainable
 Need for domestication
PPP - Novella partnership
   SNV: Facilitation of stakeholder collaboration
   UNILEVER: Funding & market development
   ICRAF: Domestication (selection, propagation & germplasm
    conservation),
   Novel International: Supply chain, marketing, multiplication
    and distribution
   IUCN: Best practices for biodiversity conservation
   Farmers: Production in smallholder agroforestry systems
   NARS
   RSSDA, FORM Ghana
   MSBP, MTU, SLU
   Nutriswish
Main components of AB domestication

   Sensitization and encouragement of farmers to
    participate in AB domestication
   Range-wide germplasm collection, development of
    propagation methods and gene conservation
   Ecology, abundance and sustainable harvesting
   Integration of AB in farming systems and Agroforestry
    development
   Facilitate development of marketing networks and
    supply chain
Sensitization of farmers



                    2
            1
3



                4          5
Participatory tree domestication
   Farmer participation in survey
    to identify and selection of
    good mother stocks

   Boosts up the interest of
    farmers to implement
    domestication programmes
Reproductive biology




         Female flowers

                          •Real genetic differences?
                          •Quality of oil?
                          •Quantity of oil?




           Male flowers
Variation in fruit shape
Diversity in fruit size – 58 trees selected




                                                                               Axis 2
                                                                                              NEN 4




                                      NEN 6
                                                                   NK 2
TIA 14
                                                                 WA 4                     MH3

                                      WAM K 5
                                                         GB 10    TIA 7
                                                                              NB 3            DB 2
                                                                   NEN 16        NEN 21 TIA 3         NK 9                                AK 2
                                                                             TIA 17      K5
                                                                    TIA 2         NK 7          TIA 6         DB 4                                    GB 12
                                                                                                                                    LAHO 2
                                              NEN 9                   NK 6          MH1            NEN 22
                                                             WR 11            AY 1       TIA 4              MN 3      WAM K 14         B 21
                       WAM K 1     NZA 40                                                         NB 1       SA 1                                       NZA 2
            SA 48                                         NZA 24                                                                           DB 9
                                                NEN 19            B 4 NZA 1                                       B 22 K 2     B 17
                NEN 14    MH4
                               MA 4
                                  DM 4
                                         NZA 3
                                          NEN 27 M N 1 NEN 18 2
                                                             KW
                                                                                   WAM K 8
                                                                     M H 2 M N 4 LAHO 4
                                                                                                 ASN 11
                                                                                               TIA 9
                                                                                                         WAM K 3
                                                                                                          LAHO 3       WAM K 15
                                                                                                                                                   Axis 1
                                                                B1 GB 34           NZA 11
                                           AK 1       NEN 29                 OT 7          LAHO 5 NEN 20
                                    WH 1
   ASN 12                                           AFS 3 KW 1 DM 2  N
                                                                       2      WAM K 4 NEN 30           NZA 26
                              GB 11       BM K 13                                          NEN 25           DM 1
                                                      NB 1 B 19           TIA 13                   BS 1                 B 13                     B 10
                                        WA 6                                           SA 2
         NEN 28                                                 DB 12                                                       B 11
                                                   WAM K 7                    WAM K 2
                                                                 OT 3                       MA 1          NEN 23
                                    LAHO 1                                    B 20            WA 2
                                                              B 9 NEN 11 B 6
                            WAM K 6                    TIA 1                             AWA 2
                    ATB 1                                                                      OT 1                                       NEN 24
                                                                               B 23
                                NZA 12                            MH5               D6             NZA 31
 B 24
                                                                                     OT 5
                                                AFS 1             WAM K 9




                                                       NEN 26
Oil content as index for plus tree selection




Correlation to:
Flower colour?
Fruit shape?
Germination on nursery bed (24 months)
Testa removed vrs intact seeds(12 months)
Germination in polythene bags
Seed germination in polythene bags

                    80


                    70


                    60


                    50
    % germination




                                                                          Black
                    40
                                                                          Plain

                    30


                    20


                    10


                    0
                         0   1   2   3    4    5   6     7   8   9   10
                                         Time (months)
Environmental conditions on seed germination in
Tanzania (longuza. - 25-35 oC; Kwamkoro – 16-25 oC)
Germination of seed sections
Treatment                                    Rooting and Rooting      Total dead/    % germinated
                                             shooting    only         Not germinated
(90 days results)




Proximal sections ( in black polythene          89               -         111               45
material)
Proximal sections ( in plain polythene           131             -          69               66
material)
Proximal sections (in plain polythene            -          -                -           -
material further placed in black
polythene
Longitudinal sections ( in black polythene       82             51          67               41
material)
Longitudinal sections ( in plain polythene       95             60          73               48
material)
Proximal sections (sown in sand)                 Nil            Nil        200           Nil

Longitudinal sections (sown in sand)             Nil            Nil        200           Nil

Whole seed in black polythene material           48             68          84               24

Whole seed placed in plain polythene            51              78          71               26
material
Whole seeds in plain polythene material          32             69          99               17
in black
Effect of growth media (18 months)

25


20


15


10


 5


 0                                                                           1      2
           Top soil             AB soil


                                                  1               2

     Effect of source of soil on growth and development of Allanblackia seedlings;
     a = differences in height (cm) growth and b = differences in leaf size and colour.
     Trees labeled 1 were grown in soil under Allanblackia tree and be without soil from
     Allanblackia tree.
Propagation by cuttings


               70

                                                               60.4
               60
                                                      52
               50
   % Rooting




               40                             38

                              30
               30


               20


               10

                     0
                0
                    0 cm2   7.5 cm2        12.5cm2   25 cm2   50 cm2

                                   Leaf area (cm2)
Propagation by cuttings




Reject
                     Accept and plant
Effect of shade on rooting
Tissue culture
Tissue culture – Effect of different media
Type of media         No. of explants   Survival rate %
Anderson’s medium             18              22.22
Whites medium                 18              27.78
Murashige and skoog           18              33.33
Preece medium                 18              55.56
Quoirin & Lepoivre            18              61.11
Gamborg                       18              61.11
Driver & Kiniyuki             18              66.67
Lloyde & McCown               18              88.87
(WPM)
Tree domestication strategies for Allanblackia species; a potential high valued tree crop for Africa
Decentralized distribution pathways




                                   RRC

Research nursery




      Field planting       Satellite nursery
Goal is to ensure proper exchange and
                        delivery of germplasm to farmers

                                                                        satellite
                                                                        nursery
                   satellite          satellite             satellite
                   nursery            nursery               nursery
                                                                                           satellite     satellite
                                                                                           nursery
     satellite                                                                                           nursery
     nursery



                                                                                                       satellite
                                                                                                       nursery
       satellite                                          Rural
       nursery                                           Resource
                                                          Centre

                                                                                                                   satellite
  Local commercial
                                                                                                                   nursery
  nursery


                                        satellite       satellite
farmer’s                                nursery         nursery                                          farmer’s
fields                                                                                                   fields
                                                                                    satellite
                                                                                    nursery
Flowering and fruiting age of A. floribunda
Type        of Year     No. planted   Age (yrs)   % flowered % fruited
germplasm     planted                             and date   and date



Seedlings     2005      48            7           11 %       0%



Cuttings      2006      48            6           0%         0%


Grafts        2007      55            5           33 %       18%



Marcots       2010      16            2           0%         0%
Current status of AB flowering & fruiting, Mbalmayo, Cameroon

                             Flowering male AB tree of seedling origin




                                  6 young AB fruits on graft
Mother block in Ghana
Mother block
        Date        No.                                fruits per
Progeny planted     planted   No. flowered No. fruited plant
AFS1       Jun-08       12          0           0
TIA3       Jun-08       12          0           0
NE 19      Jun-08       12          0           0
NE 6       Jun-08       12          1           1             2
AFS3       Jun-08       12          3           0
APS1       Jun-08       12          2           0
WA4        Jun-08       12          0           0
NE14       Jun-08       12          2           1             3
WANK 3     Jun-08       12          2           0
WA 6       Jun-08       12          3           1             2
Genebank of A. parviflora -Ghana
Flowering and fruiting of A. parviflora
Progeny   Date planted   No. planted   No.        No. of   Sex
                                       flowered   fruits
KA 14     2007           6             1          2        Female
SA 34     2007           6             1          3        Female
AKO 3     2007           6             3                   Male
KAP16     2007           6             1          5        Female
MH1       2007           6             1          1        Female
K5        2007           6             1          1        Female
B13       2007           6             1          22       Female
B4        2007           6             1          18       Female
NK2       2007           6             1          7        Female
N2        2007           6             1          1        Female
B16       2007           6             1          79       Female
N2        2007           6             1                   Male
AP5       2007           6             1                   Male
AKO 3     2007           6             1                   Male
Genebank Of A. stuhlmanii - Tanzania
Marketing
◦ Novel International formed
  to develop supply chain and
  coordinate market
  development
◦ Market assurance
◦ Size of potential market
                                                                             Tun is ia
                                      M or occo


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                        ra
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                     M a ur ita nia                     M a li
                                                                                 Nige r
                                                                                                                                                                Eritre a
             Se ne ga l                                                                                       C ha d
                                                                                                                                       Suda n
                                            Bu rkina Fa s o                                                                                                                D jibo uti
                          Gu ine a
                                                                           Nige ria                                                                             Ethiopia
                                                                                                oon




           Sie r ra Le one                        Gh a na
                                                                                                            C en tra l A frican
                                                                                              C a m er




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                                                                                                                      South A frica
Allanblackia oil mill - Tanzania
Tree domestication strategies for Allanblackia species; a potential high valued tree crop for Africa
Further work
 Tissue culture
 Mechanical coat removal
 Link of morphology to oil quality and quantity
 Seed and seedling distribution system
 Growth architecture of different propagule
  types
 Development of planting models
 Flowering and fruiting dynamics
Thank you very much for your
         attention

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Tree domestication strategies for Allanblackia species; a potential high valued tree crop for Africa

  • 1. Tree domestication strategies for Allanblackia species; a potential high valued tree crop for Africa D. Ofori, M. Munjuga, E. Asaah, Zac. Tchoundjeu,T. Peprah, R. Jamnadass,T. Simons ICRAF Seminar – 15th January 2013
  • 4. Uses of Allanblackia spp. Region Community Oil Medicine Shade Timber BA A. Kwahu BA A. Kyenkyenhene + + BA K. Adjeikrom + + ER Kyebi Apapam + ER K. Adadientem + WR Bisaaso + WR Nkrankrom + WR Kamaso + + WR Manso Amenfi + +
  • 5. Production levels  120 fruits /tree  40 kg of seeds/tree  12 kg oil/tree
  • 6. Oil properties  High content of stearic and oleic acids  Begins to melt > 35oC  Requires less processing
  • 7. Demand for Allanblackia oil  Huge market for Allanblackia oil  Received EU certification as safe in food  Current demand exceeds 100,000 t/year  Unilever ≈ 30,000- 40,000 t/yr  Current supply is only about 210t oil/yr  Wild harvesting unsustainable  Need for domestication
  • 8. PPP - Novella partnership  SNV: Facilitation of stakeholder collaboration  UNILEVER: Funding & market development  ICRAF: Domestication (selection, propagation & germplasm conservation),  Novel International: Supply chain, marketing, multiplication and distribution  IUCN: Best practices for biodiversity conservation  Farmers: Production in smallholder agroforestry systems  NARS  RSSDA, FORM Ghana  MSBP, MTU, SLU  Nutriswish
  • 9. Main components of AB domestication  Sensitization and encouragement of farmers to participate in AB domestication  Range-wide germplasm collection, development of propagation methods and gene conservation  Ecology, abundance and sustainable harvesting  Integration of AB in farming systems and Agroforestry development  Facilitate development of marketing networks and supply chain
  • 11. Participatory tree domestication  Farmer participation in survey to identify and selection of good mother stocks  Boosts up the interest of farmers to implement domestication programmes
  • 12. Reproductive biology Female flowers •Real genetic differences? •Quality of oil? •Quantity of oil? Male flowers
  • 14. Diversity in fruit size – 58 trees selected Axis 2 NEN 4 NEN 6 NK 2 TIA 14 WA 4 MH3 WAM K 5 GB 10 TIA 7 NB 3 DB 2 NEN 16 NEN 21 TIA 3 NK 9 AK 2 TIA 17 K5 TIA 2 NK 7 TIA 6 DB 4 GB 12 LAHO 2 NEN 9 NK 6 MH1 NEN 22 WR 11 AY 1 TIA 4 MN 3 WAM K 14 B 21 WAM K 1 NZA 40 NB 1 SA 1 NZA 2 SA 48 NZA 24 DB 9 NEN 19 B 4 NZA 1 B 22 K 2 B 17 NEN 14 MH4 MA 4 DM 4 NZA 3 NEN 27 M N 1 NEN 18 2 KW WAM K 8 M H 2 M N 4 LAHO 4 ASN 11 TIA 9 WAM K 3 LAHO 3 WAM K 15 Axis 1 B1 GB 34 NZA 11 AK 1 NEN 29 OT 7 LAHO 5 NEN 20 WH 1 ASN 12 AFS 3 KW 1 DM 2 N 2 WAM K 4 NEN 30 NZA 26 GB 11 BM K 13 NEN 25 DM 1 NB 1 B 19 TIA 13 BS 1 B 13 B 10 WA 6 SA 2 NEN 28 DB 12 B 11 WAM K 7 WAM K 2 OT 3 MA 1 NEN 23 LAHO 1 B 20 WA 2 B 9 NEN 11 B 6 WAM K 6 TIA 1 AWA 2 ATB 1 OT 1 NEN 24 B 23 NZA 12 MH5 D6 NZA 31 B 24 OT 5 AFS 1 WAM K 9 NEN 26
  • 15. Oil content as index for plus tree selection Correlation to: Flower colour? Fruit shape?
  • 16. Germination on nursery bed (24 months)
  • 17. Testa removed vrs intact seeds(12 months)
  • 19. Seed germination in polythene bags 80 70 60 50 % germination Black 40 Plain 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Time (months)
  • 20. Environmental conditions on seed germination in Tanzania (longuza. - 25-35 oC; Kwamkoro – 16-25 oC)
  • 22. Treatment Rooting and Rooting Total dead/ % germinated shooting only Not germinated (90 days results) Proximal sections ( in black polythene 89 - 111 45 material) Proximal sections ( in plain polythene 131 - 69 66 material) Proximal sections (in plain polythene - - - - material further placed in black polythene Longitudinal sections ( in black polythene 82 51 67 41 material) Longitudinal sections ( in plain polythene 95 60 73 48 material) Proximal sections (sown in sand) Nil Nil 200 Nil Longitudinal sections (sown in sand) Nil Nil 200 Nil Whole seed in black polythene material 48 68 84 24 Whole seed placed in plain polythene 51 78 71 26 material Whole seeds in plain polythene material 32 69 99 17 in black
  • 23. Effect of growth media (18 months) 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 Top soil AB soil 1 2 Effect of source of soil on growth and development of Allanblackia seedlings; a = differences in height (cm) growth and b = differences in leaf size and colour. Trees labeled 1 were grown in soil under Allanblackia tree and be without soil from Allanblackia tree.
  • 24. Propagation by cuttings 70 60.4 60 52 50 % Rooting 40 38 30 30 20 10 0 0 0 cm2 7.5 cm2 12.5cm2 25 cm2 50 cm2 Leaf area (cm2)
  • 25. Propagation by cuttings Reject Accept and plant
  • 26. Effect of shade on rooting
  • 28. Tissue culture – Effect of different media Type of media No. of explants Survival rate % Anderson’s medium 18 22.22 Whites medium 18 27.78 Murashige and skoog 18 33.33 Preece medium 18 55.56 Quoirin & Lepoivre 18 61.11 Gamborg 18 61.11 Driver & Kiniyuki 18 66.67 Lloyde & McCown 18 88.87 (WPM)
  • 30. Decentralized distribution pathways RRC Research nursery Field planting Satellite nursery
  • 31. Goal is to ensure proper exchange and delivery of germplasm to farmers satellite nursery satellite satellite satellite nursery nursery nursery satellite satellite nursery satellite nursery nursery satellite nursery satellite Rural nursery Resource Centre satellite Local commercial nursery nursery satellite satellite farmer’s nursery nursery farmer’s fields fields satellite nursery
  • 32. Flowering and fruiting age of A. floribunda Type of Year No. planted Age (yrs) % flowered % fruited germplasm planted and date and date Seedlings 2005 48 7 11 % 0% Cuttings 2006 48 6 0% 0% Grafts 2007 55 5 33 % 18% Marcots 2010 16 2 0% 0%
  • 33. Current status of AB flowering & fruiting, Mbalmayo, Cameroon Flowering male AB tree of seedling origin 6 young AB fruits on graft
  • 35. Mother block Date No. fruits per Progeny planted planted No. flowered No. fruited plant AFS1 Jun-08 12 0 0 TIA3 Jun-08 12 0 0 NE 19 Jun-08 12 0 0 NE 6 Jun-08 12 1 1 2 AFS3 Jun-08 12 3 0 APS1 Jun-08 12 2 0 WA4 Jun-08 12 0 0 NE14 Jun-08 12 2 1 3 WANK 3 Jun-08 12 2 0 WA 6 Jun-08 12 3 1 2
  • 36. Genebank of A. parviflora -Ghana
  • 37. Flowering and fruiting of A. parviflora Progeny Date planted No. planted No. No. of Sex flowered fruits KA 14 2007 6 1 2 Female SA 34 2007 6 1 3 Female AKO 3 2007 6 3 Male KAP16 2007 6 1 5 Female MH1 2007 6 1 1 Female K5 2007 6 1 1 Female B13 2007 6 1 22 Female B4 2007 6 1 18 Female NK2 2007 6 1 7 Female N2 2007 6 1 1 Female B16 2007 6 1 79 Female N2 2007 6 1 Male AP5 2007 6 1 Male AKO 3 2007 6 1 Male
  • 38. Genebank Of A. stuhlmanii - Tanzania
  • 39. Marketing ◦ Novel International formed to develop supply chain and coordinate market development ◦ Market assurance ◦ Size of potential market Tun is ia M or occo A lge r ia Lib ya Egy pt ra ha a .S W M a ur ita nia M a li Nige r Eritre a Se ne ga l C ha d Suda n Bu rkina Fa s o D jibo uti Gu ine a Nige ria Ethiopia oon Sie r ra Le one Gh a na C en tra l A frican C a m er # ## # # Lib e ria Re pub lic # # ### # ## # ## ## # a a li # # # m C ongo Ug an da Ke n ya So Ga b on C ongo D R # # # Ta nz a nia # # # K ey # # S p e c ie s lo c a tio n p o in t C o un tr y w ith s tu d y s ite s A ngola C o un tr y b o un d a r y Za m b ia La k e s ar M oz a m b iqu e a sc Zim ba bw e d ag Na m ib ia Bots w a na Ma Sw a z ila n d South A frica
  • 40. Allanblackia oil mill - Tanzania
  • 42. Further work  Tissue culture  Mechanical coat removal  Link of morphology to oil quality and quantity  Seed and seedling distribution system  Growth architecture of different propagule types  Development of planting models  Flowering and fruiting dynamics
  • 43. Thank you very much for your attention