Presentation on Tree Diversity Day, 11 October 2012, at the 11th CBD Conference of Parties in Hyderabad, India

1.
Tree
Diversity
Day
Biodiversity
for
development:
human
benefits
from
tree
diversity
for
food,
health
and
nutri:on
Rio
Conven:ons
Pavilion
Programme
CBD
COP11,
Hyderabad,
India
10
October
2012
Ramni
Jamnadass
World
Agroforestry
Centre

2.
– Ramni
Jamnadass
(ICRAF):
Introduc6on
to
the
session
and
a
brief
overview
on
benefits
of
trees
for
local
peoples'
lives/livelihoods.
– Par6cipatory
indigenous
fruit
tree
domes6ca6on
and
livelihood
impacts
in
Central
Africa
(Zac
Tchoundjeu)
–
Amy
Ickowitz
(CIFOR):
The
rela6onship
between
forest
cover
and
child
nutri6on
across
Africa.
– Hugo
A.
H.
Lamers
(or
colleague?
Bioversity
Interna6onal):
Fruit
tree
diversity
and
conserva6on
on
farm
in
the
Western
Ghats,
India,
par6cularly
Garcinia
and
Mangifera
species.
– Navin
Sharma
(ITC):
Bio-­‐economy
-­‐
from
sustenance
to
value
crea6on,
an
Indian
example.

3. At one time in history ……….
70% of the world’s surface was covered with forest
From then, until recently, humans got
most of the tree products they needed
direct from the forest…..

4. this
included
firewood….

5. also
included
Dawa…

6. … and also included fruit, nuts, oil….

7. But more recently due
to forest clearing, and …

8. … rising human populations,

9. … it is clear that wild harvesting may no longer
satisfy our needs for all the tree products every
time and everywhere…….continued degradation

10.
Tree
Diversity
offers
diversity
of
func:ons
Trees
for
Products
fruit
firewood
medicine
income
Sawn
wood
fodder
Trees
for
Services
Soil
fer:lity
Carbon
erosion
watershed
shade
biodiversity

11. Future of trees is on Farms
…cultivation of trees is required

12. ...for both the market,
and home use

13. Global
exports
value
for
some
agro
forestry
related
commodi:es
2001-­‐2008
(US$
‘000)
Commodity
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Coffee
8,661,842
8,462,349
9,769,085
11,810,867
15,637,891
18,256,575
22,061,510
26,800,406
Palm
oil
4,916,280
7,479,292
9,841,363
11,842,625
11,638,148
13,962,578
21,346,063
33,016,870
Citrus
7,709,475
8,598,655
10,217,484
10,924,690
11,597,821
12,661,180
15,869,879
17,689,609
Apples
3,410,183
3,852,300
4,675,737
5,354,522
5,622,449
6,410,561
8,398,383
9,320,535
Olives
2,761,684
3,085,092
3,996,924
5,989,857
6,716,176
8,049,248
7,289,693
7,754,972
Cocoa
2,208,064
3,219,631
4,200,355
4,836,469
4,954,083
4,790,227
5,708,236
7,246,038
Almonds
917,197
1,176,724
1,461,219
1,840,873
2,650,190
2,571,436
2,637,102
2,652,035
Cashew
nuts
947,931
1,066,060
1,118,091
1,604,034
1,850,100
1,757,346
2,025,783
2,735,722
Coconuts
895,924
976,193
1,210,337
1,527,598
1,876,246
1,633,117
1,996,676
2,895,301
Pears
929,469
996,744
1,166,442
1,333,622
1,548,355
1,608,812
1,931,508
2,376,579
Peaches,
nectarines
944,861
$126,284,602,000
industry
966,836
1,291,024
1,147,052
1,297,850
1,566,048
1,702,527
2,112,357
Kiwi
fruit
Natural
rubber
611,803
428,511
720,365
501,537
833,194
1,104,284
Source:
F991,985
808,637
1,241,451
AOSTAT,
2011
1,055,177
1,387,549
1,684,945
1,584,275
1,910,370
2,019,843
2,052,320
Pistachios
610,856
695,840
988,595
941,879
1,342,740
1,661,415
1,425,435
1,707,343
Plums
&
sloes
610,560
613,885
709,624
751,423
842,534
951,051
1,079,191
1,184,595
Raisins
558,066
577,380
673,286
809,938
895,637
915,796
954,722
1,285,479
Walnuts
424,313
462,340
535,894
685,925
830,099
1,010,112
1,171,124
1,270,622
Mango
428,299
401,188
578,874
585,438
646,821
778,814
918,524
1,001,681
Apricots
291,164
331,417
390,074
464,738
491,066
514,222
541,578
763,834
Papayas
124,014
130,550
161,481
201,833
185,248
182,419
186,153
188,050
Brazil
nuts
51,840
57,901
70,975
109,783
163,617
129,307
154,651
159,584
Sheanuts
10,452
12,376
22,807
8,938
7,167
18,835
30,399
42,410
Gums
natural
6,628
9,646
11,656
7,761
8,311
5,656
6,747
6,513
Kolanuts
6,932
1,808
1,668
5,241
477
600
1,916
1,904
Total
value
(US$)
38,466,348
44,396,109
54,734,826
64,881,375
73,099,654
82,507,849
100,932,445
126,284,602

14. Farmers can, however, only plant what is available
• Quality planting material needs to be developed
• Access to quality material required

15. A key problem though is that for most species
that there has been no formal domestication
undertaken.

16. Nutri:on
and
Health
Interna6onal
Forestry
Review
(2011),
Forests,
Biodiversity
and
Food
Security

17. Around
50
million
children
are
at
risk
of
vitamin
A
deficiency
in
Africa,
where
it
is
the
con6nent’s
third
greatest
public
health
problem
afer
HIV/
AIDS
and
malaria,
Micronutrient
malnutri6on-­‐
hidden
hunger

18. Fruits
for
improved
nutri:on
and
health
Jus6fica6on:
• Fruit
consump6on
very
low
in
most
developing
countries
– Consumers
are
not
aware
of
fruits‘
values
for
health
– High
seasonality
in
produc6on,
poor
marke6ng,
high
prices
• Fruit
produc6on
very
low
in
sub-­‐Saharan
Africa
– Lijle
use
of
improved,
high-­‐yielding
varie6es
– Poor
on-­‐farm
fruit
tree
management
– High
post-­‐harvest
losses
– Small
number
of
na6onal
hor6cultural
scien6sts

19. Fruit
consump6on
is
too
low
in
developing
countries
Table 1: Average daily consumption of fruits (FAOSTAT, 2004).
Region Fruit consumption (g/day)
EU 288
Minimum
N. America 286 recommended
Latin America 194 by WHO: 200 g
Eastern Europe 150
Asia (developing) 99
Western Africa 90
Southern Africa 89
Central Africa 40
East Africa 36

20. Edible
tradi:onally
important
tree
products
harvested
from
the
forest
as
new
domes:cated
crops

21. Contribu6on
of
fruits
to
nutri6on:
1.
High
contents
of
vitamins
C
and
A,
iron
and
calcium
Table 2: Nutrient content of selected fruits.
Species
Vit
C
Vit
A
Iron
Calcium
(mg/
(mg/100
g)
(mg/100
g)
(mg/100
g)
100
g)
Adansonia
150-­‐500
0.03-­‐0.06
1.7
360
digitata
Grewia
tenax
N.A.
N.A.
7.4
610
Tamarindus
3-­‐9
0.01-­‐0.06
0.7
260
indica
Guava
230
0.03
0.3
18
Mango
28
0.04
0.1
10
Pawpaw
62
0.14
0.1
24
Sources: Freedman (1998) Famine foods. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/FamineFoods; Fruits for the Future
Series, ICUC; Fineli (http://www.fineli.fi/), Lukmanji & Hertzmark (2008) Tanzania Food Composition Tables

22. Available
year-­‐round,
during
the
‘hunger
gap‘
100
Zambia
80
Percentage Malawi
(%) of 60
households Cropping season
40
facing food = ‘hunger gap‘
shortage 20
Harvest season
0
Tree species Oct 1 Nov 2 Dec 3 Jan 4 Feb5 Mar6 Apr 7 May8 Jun9 10
Jul 11
Aug 12
Sep
Avocado (exotic)
Citrus (exotic)
Parinari curatellifolia
Mango (exotic)
Uapaca kirkiana
Strychnos cocculoides
Syzygium cordatum
Annona senegalensis
Flacourtia indica
Vangueria infausta
Vitex doniana
Adansonia digitata
Ziziphus mauritiana

23. Fruits
for
income
genera6on
• Fruit
tree
cul6va6on
offers
great
poten6al
for
income
genera6on
if
farmers
are
– linked
to
markets
– trained
in
fruit
tree
management
– cul6va6ng
improved,
high
value
varie6es
• There
is
a
high
poten6al
for
enhanced
employment,
business
development
and
income
genera6on
through
local
processing
of
fruits

24. Commercializa:on
of
diverse
AFTPs
–
A
vital
business
ini:a:ve
for
Africa
From
tradi:onal
markets
……………….
to…………….…
new
business

25. Investment in indigenous fruit trees is an
opportunity for small holder farmers and others….
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
www.worldagroforestry.org

26. Strategic Goal A:
Address the underlying
causes of biodiversity
loss by mainstreaming…
Aichi
targets
(targets 1…4)
Strategic Goal B:
Reduce the direct pres-
sures on biodiversity an&
promote sustainable use
(targets 5…10)
Strategic Goal C:
Improve the status of biodiver-
sity by safeguarding ecosys-
(targets 11…13) tems, species and genetic div
Strategic Goal D:
Enhance the benefits to
all from biodiversity an &
(targets 14…16) ecosystem services
Strategic Goal E:
Enhance implementation through
participatory planning, knowledge
(targets 17…20) management and capacity buildi..