1. Chapter 7, Working Japanese and American Business Management Listening for causes and effects, p. 95 Intermediate English WTUC March 9, 2007

3. Or excited people working together?

9. Page 95 1c. Japanese products are not too expensive. 1b. Japanese products are well made. 1. Americans buy many Japanese products. 1a. Japanese products are easy to get. Effects Causes

10. Cause 2 2. American companies are losing business. 2. Increased demand for Japanese good has cut into sakes of American companies. Effects Causes

11. Cause 3 3a. Some leaders in business, labor, and government want protective taxes and import quotas. 3b. Other leaders say the United States should learn from the Japanese. 3. American companies are losing business to Japanese companies. Effects Causes

12. Cause 4 4b. Keep clear division between management and labor 4a. Separate people moving up from those left behind. 4. U.S. manager encourages individual initiative Effects Causes

13. Cause 5 5b. Promote identification between management and labor 5a. Reward group for working together 5. Japanese manager encourages group efforts Effects Causes

14. Cause 6 6c. Japan is poor in natural resources 6b. Japan is isolated. 6. Japan must pool wealth and labor to succeed economically. 6a. Japan is a small country. Effects Causes

15. Causes 7 7c. The U.S. had unlimited resources and populations that moved from place to place. 7d. The people in the US like competition and breaking rules. 7b. The U.S. has many areas that are still unpopulated Business practices that are competitive and free from rules many not be as good for modern industrial production as Japanese practices. 7a. The United States is large Effects Causes

16. 8a. The US productivity will increase dramatically and eventually surpass that of the Japanese. -- 8b. In the long run, these reforms will lead to higher levels of agreement. -- 8c. Morale 8c. Non specialization of executives 8d. Consensus decision making at all levels 8b. Promotions in small but regular steps 8d. Corporate strength 8e. And profits 8a. William Ouchi says the United States should strengthen the bond between workers and their companies by providing lifetime employment contracts Effects Causes 8

17. 9a. Decrease worker discontent, 9b. And labor management disputes 9c. Increase workmanship 9d. And productivity 9c. Allowed workers to manage quality control procedures 9b. Reduced firing during slumps 9a. IBM, Intel, Procter and Gamble, and Hewlett-Packard have divided employees into project teams that govern their own jobs Effects Causes 9

18. Cause 10 US citizens will prefer their own cars, camera, and TVs to those produced elsewhere. If US companies adopt the Japanese philosophy of business organizations Effects Causes 10