L03 Ecosystems Biomes

Ecosystems – what types are there, and where are they located?

Types of Ecosystems ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Miller Ch 4 Fig 4.21)

Biomes (Miller Ch 4 Fig 4.8); Cotgreave & Forseth Ch 2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

BIOMES - WORLDWIDE PATTERNS OF DIVERSITY at a world scale the vegetation is clumped into a few major types called BIOMES, based on abiotic factors

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],SEDGES and DWARF TREES LICHENS MOSSES TUNDRA

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],and the vegetation which characterize the BIOMES changes high latitudes high latitudes low latitudes (equator)

TAIGA ( BOREAL FOREST ) BIOME large areas of boreal forest - conifer forests - only in northern hemisphere

TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS or EVERGREEN FOREST BIOME (eg. Eucalyptus ) evergreen deciduous

DESERT BIOMES occur wherever RAINFALL is low and unpredictable deserts

GRASSLAND BIOMES occur where rainfall is higher and reliable high but unreliable rainfalls result in SAVANNA BIOMES tropical grassland & savanna temperate grasslands

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],tropical biome

[object Object],[object Object],Threats to TROPICAL BIOMES have received most attention, but BIODIVERSITY is in serious decline in most BIOMES

BIOME orientation can be altered by mountain ranges running north-south Rockies (USA) Andes (South America) Great Dividing Range (Australia)

Biome types can be altered by secondary processes such as fire, or grazing - HEATH & DRY SCLEROPHYLL (Australia), GARIQUE (Mediterranean Europe), FYNBOS (Southern Africa), CHAPARRAL (USA - California) Heath in Australia – high endemic diversity is maintained by fire

World-scale Plant and Animal Distributions ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Oriental and Australian avifauna in Wallacaea  ali Lombok Sumbawa flores Alor 87-13 72-28 68-32 63-37 57-43 Oriental Australian 

World Patterns of Plant Distribution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Types of plant distributions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Macrozamia communis NSW

Regional biodiversity hotspots ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Regional plant diversity for selected areas * area in thousands of square kilometres

L03 Ecosystems Biomes

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