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2.  Introduction
 Types of sickle cell
 Causes of sickle cell
 Symptoms
 Exams and Tests
 Treatment
 References

3.  Sickle cell disease refers to a genetic
illness
 Sickle cell anemia is one type of anemia.
Anemia is a condition in which your blood
has a lower than normal number of red
blood cells. This condition also can occur if
your red blood cells don't contain enough
hemoglobin
 It occurs when an individual inherit two
Hb S genes from both parents

4.  Sickle cell anemia in which red blood cells
form an abnormal crescent shape.
 (Red blood cells are normally shaped like a
disc.)
 Sickle cells have a shorter-than-normal life
span, which leads to anemia (low RBC count).
A normal red blood cell lives for about 120
days in circulation, whereas a sickle cell lives
for only 10 to 20 days.

5.  there are many different types of sickle cell
disease, but Hemoglobin SS, Hemoglobin
SC, and Sickle Beta Thalassemia are the most
common types of sickle cell disease

6.  Sickle cell anemia is caused by an abnormal type of
hemoglobin called hemoglobin S. Hemoglobin is a
protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen.
Hemoglobin S changes the shape of red blood cells,
especially when the cells are exposed to low oxygen
levels. The red blood cells become shaped like
crescents or sickles.
 The fragile, sickle-shaped cells deliver less oxygen to
the body's tissues. They can also get stuck more easily
in small blood vessels, and break into pieces that
interupt healthy blood flow.

7.  Symptoms usually don't occur until after age 4 months.
 Common symptoms include:
1) Attacks of abdominal pain
2) Bone pain
3) Breathlessness
4) Delayed growth and puberty
5) Fatigue
6) Fever
7) Paleness
8) Rapid heart rate
9) Ulcers on the lower legs (in adolescents and adults)
10) Yellowing of the eyes and skin (jaundice)

8.  Tests commonly performed to diagnose and
monitor patients with sickle cell anemia
include:
1) Complete blood count (CBC)
2) Hemoglobin electrophoresis
3) Sickle cell test
 Other tests may include:
1) Bilirubin
2) Blood oxygen

9.  Treatment for a sickle cell crisis includes:
1) Blood transfusions (may also be given
regularly to prevent stroke)
2) Pain medicines
3) Plenty of fluids

10.  Other treatments for sickle cell anemia may
include:
1) Hydroxyurea (Hydrea), a medicine that may help
reduce the number of pain episodes (including
chest pain and difficulty breathing) in some
people
2) Antibiotics to prevent bacterial
infections, which are common in children with
sickle cell disease

11.  Lee MT, Piomelli S, Granger S, et al. Stroke prevention trial in
sickle cell anemia (STOP): extended follow-up and final results.
Blood. 2006;108:847-852.
 Brawley OW, Cornelius LJ, Edwards LR, Gamble VN, Green
BL, Inturrisi C, et al. National Institutes of Health consensus
development conference statement: hydroxyurea treatment for
sickle cell disease. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:932-938.
 Geller AK, O'Connor MK. The sickle cell crisis: a dilemma in pain
relief. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83:320-323.