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A Pezzi Optatja 2011 - English
- 2. Index 1. Some reference to cluster “basics” 2. Innovating in cluster policies 3. The case of Catalonia 4. Conclusions 1
- 4. Some reference to cluster “basics” Cluster (“wild cluster”) Cluster initiative Cluster organization / association “Clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, firms in related industries, and associated institutions in particular fields that compete but also cooperate” “Cluster initiatives are organised efforts to increase the growth and competitiveness of clusters within a region, involving cluster firms, government and/or the research community” Cluster organizations are entities that are managing and representing a cluster initiative. Michael E. Porter (2008) Warehouse Buyers S L A U G H T E R Unió d’adobadors CEC-FECUR Gremi de Blanquers AIICA Footwear industry Other Cleaning and tanning Adovinbe A cluster association is a not for profit legally formed entity gathering businesses and other stakeholders involved in cluster initiatives Technological Associations Centres Leather tanners Apparel industry Goes SA Raw materials Fontanellas i Marti Vidal Bosch Torras SA Curtidos Badia (recolectors) (...) H O U S E S Örjan Sölvell, Göran Lindqvist & Christian Ketels in The Cluster Initiative Greenbook (2003). A cluster organization does not necessarily have members, but it provides services to the cluster initiative participants. Mapping Mentoring Implementation Monitoring Anlysis Institutionalization Evaluation end-users Chemical products 3
- 5. Some reference to cluster “basics” Areas for improving competitiveness of clusters Help cluster firms to upgrade their strategies Different strategic options at company level Iniciatives according to strategy Horizontal cooperation activities among companies Strategic change at company level ……… Improve cluster business environment Improve support and related industries Improve factor conditions: training, technological transfer, etc. Reinforce sophisticated demand: public procurementAd hoc training Adapt and reinforce horizontal policy: innovation, internationalization, quality, etc. …….. 4
- 8. Innovating in cluster policy Different levels of cluster policy application National cluster policies Other projects and schemes: ‐ Transnational level ‐ Multilateral, etc. EU policy framework for clusters Regional cluster policies Local and city level cluster initiatives 7
- 10. Innovating in cluster policy Why it is necessary to innovate in cluster policy? ‐ Because the way of competing and the market are continuously evolving and they need appropriate policies ‐ Because different types of competitiveness reinforcement initiatives requires different supporting policies and actions ‐ Because cluster initiatives have a very high learning by doing component ‐ Because cluster are not “islands” and are influenced by what is happening in the world (think globally, act locally) 9
- 11. Innovating in cluster policy Areas of potential innovation in cluster policy Innovating in scooping and shaping competitiveness reinforcement initiatives at cluster level – Industry center initiatives Vs. market / concept grouping – Geographically concentrated Vs. territorial diffused – Industry centered Vs. Cross‐sectoral Innovating in working with clusters (internal organization) Innovating in methodology Innovating in cluster management and governance Innovating in the way of funding cluster initiatives ……….. 10
- 12. Index 1. Some reference to cluster “basics” 2. Innovating in cluster policies 3. The case of Catalonia 11
- 13. The case of Catalonia Why the case of Catalonia is be interesting? ‐ For its long‐haul: almost two decades of experience ‐ Because it is based on an original methodology ‐ Because it is a learning by doing experience ‐ Because it is well documented… 1993 ‐ 2004 2004 ‐ 2009 2009 onward I phase II phase III phase THE MICROCLUSTER APPROACH AS THE UNIT OF REFERENCE FOR COMPETITIVENESS REINFORCEMENT INITIATIVES CONSOLIDATION, INTERNAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT, PROJECT DIVERSIFICATION EVOLUTION OF CLUSTER CONCEPT, INSTITUTIONALIZATION, PROFESIONALIZATION AND FUNDING 12
- 14. The case of Catalonia EVOLUCIÓN DE LES POLÍTICAS DE CLUSTERS EN CATALUÑA KEY MILESTONES IN CATALAN CLUSTER POLICY 1993 ‐ 2004 Michael, E. Porter, On Competition, 1998 I phase THE MICROCLUSTER APPROACH AS THE UNIT OF REFERENCE FOR COMPETITIVENESS REINFORCEMENT INITIATIVES Innovating in cluster conception and use 13
- 15. The case of Catalonia EVOLUCIÓN DE LES POLÍTICAS DE CLUSTERS EN CATALUÑA KEY MILESTONES IN CATALAN CLUSTER POLICY 1993 ‐ 2004 2004 ‐ 2009 I phase II phase THE MICROCLUSTER APPROACH AS THE UNIT OF REFERENCE FOR COMPETITIVENESS REINFORCEMENT INITIATIVES CONSOLIDATION, INTERNAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT, PROJECT DIVERSIFICATION Creation of an internal cluster unit to retain talent and knowledge Develop cluster‐specific instruments to facilitate strategic change Design of different cluster reinforcement initiatives to work with different groups of companies (clusters or similar) Innovating in internal organization and cluster initiatives design 14
- 16. The case of Catalonia Type of project Example Scope Objectives Local cluster competitiveness reinforcement initiatives Sanitary taps Baix Llobregat Cork industry in Costa Brava One or more counties Cluster competitiveness reinforcement by promoting strategic change and horizontal cooperation initiatives Strategy‐focused clusters Transformation of textile industry: branding and retail Growing strategies in food industry Variable Identify emerging winning strategies inside a cluster or sector and prepare a “taylor‐made” and innovative support scheme Incipient and emerging clusters .. Optics and photonics Photovoltaic Variable Identify potential and incipient clusters and fostering their development Local competitiveness reinforcement Ripolles county development plan Osona innovation plan City or county Screening of main economic activities and existing clusters to define cluster‐based initiatives Variable Competitiveness reinforcement initiative of a group of companies group by alternative criteria (ex. market, concept, etc.) Other competitiveness Well‐being reinforcement Kid‐related products initiatives Source: OPI, 2009 15
- 17. The case of Catalonia EVOLUCIÓN DE LES POLÍTICAS DE CLUSTERS EN CATALUÑA KEY MILESTONES IN CATALAN CLUSTER POLICY 1993 ‐ 2004 2004 ‐ 2009 2009 onward I phase II phase III phase THE MICROCLUSTER APPROACH AS THE UNIT OF REFERENCE FOR COMPETITIVENESS REINFORCEMENT INITIATIVES CONSOLIDATION, INTERNAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT, PROJECT DIVERSIFICATION EVOLUTION OF CLUSTER CONCEPT, INSTITUTIONALIZATION, PROFESIONALIZATION AND FUNDING Innovating in cluster scooping and Governance 16
- 18. The case of Catalonia From traditional statistically‐defined cluster initiatives to strategy‐centere ones Leading + Brand Brands Food‐sector clusters Functional Food Retail specialist Gourmet Organic food Retail Brand Meat processing Wine and cava Olive‐oil … Farm machinery Fishing ‐ Brand Food service HORECA Distributio n service Big Distr. Chains New Trad. retail Channels Retail specialist 17
- 19. The case of Catalonia Kids related activities value chain in Catalonia SALES BIG DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL INDUSTRY – OWN PRODUCT COMPANIES MARKET Pharmacy FOOD (food, children specific products‐breakfast, snack..‐ confectionery, sweets...) Independent Retailers HABITAT (decor, children’s furniture, home textile...) CHILDCARE ITEMS (prams, child car seats...) DISTRIBUTION IMAGE OWNERS‐LICENSES FASHION AND ACCESSORIES (Clother, shoes, accessories for children...) LICENSES STAKEHOLDERS HYGIENE, COSMETICS, HEALTH (Cologne, soap, nappies, creams, medicines...) Retailers Independent Retailers Child specialist Child specialist LEISURE AND ENTRETEINMENT (toys, audiovisual products, books...) SCHOOL EQUIPMENT (stationery,textbooks...) School Distribution ORGANISED EDUCATION SERVICES ORGANISED LEISURE SERVICES 18
- 20. The case of Catalonia Selected competitiveness reinforcement initiatives at cluster and sectoral level (2005 – 2010) Metal‐mechanical in Ripollès Cork Industry in Costa Brava Farm Machinery in Lleida Manresa Innovation plan Textile in Bages Knitwear in Anoia Wine and cava Delta of Llobregat IP Household Furniture in la Sénia •Cluster competitive reinforcement initiatives •Strategy centered reinforcement projects •Emerging Clusters •Local Development and Innovation Plans •Other projects La Selva IP Leather Tanning in Osona Osona IP Fireplaces in Centelles Household Furniture in la Garriga Textile in Maresme Moulds and Dies Motorcycles Medical devices Graphic Arts in Barcelonès Taps and valves Baix Llobregat Optics and Photonics Fashion Industry Lightning industry Gourmet Food Food Service Maritime industry Technical Fabrics Renewable energies: photovoltaics and wind power Children‐related products Well‐being cluster Sports equipment Green vehicle (in progres) 19
- 21. The case of Catalonia Main features of “new generation” cluster initiatives: ILLUSTRATIVE ‐ Bigger market dimension ‐ Cluster initiatives defined by strategy rather than by industry / technology HABITAT ‐ “Cross‐industry” focus CHEMICAL ‐ Transnational dimension FASHION AND DESIGN ‐ Private leadership in the medium‐long term ‐ Professionalized management CONTENT HEALTH AND WELLBEING ICT AND CREATIVE INDUSTRIES ‐ Flexible concept of cluster seen mainly as a tool for designing FOOD and implementing competitiveness reinforcement initiatives ‐ Temporary limited and decreasing co‐funding ENERGY AND CLEANTECH MOBILITY MACHINERY Source: OPI 20
- 23. Index 1. Some reference to cluster “basics” 2. Innovating in cluster policies 3. The case of Catalonia 4. Conclusions 22
- 24. Conclusions How do innovation in cluster policy could arise? ‐ Internal learning by doing ‐ External inputs and guidance from other cluster practitioners experience and especially from TCI Network ‐ Deep knowledge of local economic fabric and “smart observation” of market trends Lessons learned ‐ The cluster is the tool not the goal ‐ Competitiveness (the goal) is a moving target that requires constant adaptation of policies ‐ It is not the ingredients, but the recipe.. (Prof. AnnaLee Saxenian) 23