1. About Mongolia.
Capital : Ulaanbaatar capital city of Mongolia is located in the Tuul river valley and
surrounded by the Bogd Khan, Bayanzurkh Khairkhan, Songino Khairkhan and
Chingeltei Khairkhan mountains and elevated at 1,351m above sea level. According to
official statistics in Mongolia, the population of the city was counted of 1,400,000
people which accounts for almost 50% of the total population of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar
is the cultural, political and financial center of the country.
The city has been changed its location 28 times, moving along the Selenge, Orkhon,
Tuul rivers. In 1778, it was settled as a permanently at a present location. Since then it
has been called Ikh Khuree .
In 1924, People’s Republic of Mongolia was officially declared and then the city was
renamed as Ulaanbaatar.
According to the new Constitution of Mongolia in 1992, It has been approved
Ulaanbaatar is the capital city of Mongolia and the capital has its official flag and
symbol.
Ulaanbaatar city is divided into 9 districts and subdivided into 152 small units of
administration.
Ulaanbaatar city has numerous museums with world famous valuable exhibits and
Buddhist heritage sites. One of the most famous tourist attraction is the Chinggis
Khaan square and located at center of Ulaanbaatar.
Ulaanbaatar has been developing into completely new modernized city and formed by
numerous tall buildings in the last decades.
Geographical location.
Mongolia is located in Plateau of Central Asia between Russia and China. Mongolia
covers an area of 1.566.500 sq.km, which is roughly the size of Western Europe in
which has immeasurable huge grass of steppes, sand dunes, rocky and forest Mountain
ranges. The country is mountainous with an average altitude of 1580 meters above sea
level, which makes Mongolia one of the highest countries in the world. The lowest point
is Hoh Nuur depression at 560 meters above sea level and the highest point is the
Khuiten peak at 4374 m. The geography of the country is characterized by great
diversity. From the north to the south, it can be divided into 4 areas: mountain forest
steppe, mountain steppe and, semi-desert and gobi desert In contrast to most visitors’
expectations, much of the country’s territory is mountainous.
Climate

2. Mongolia has an extreme continental climate with long, cold winters and short
summers. The country averages 260 clear sunny days a year, so in this reason
Mongolia is called “land of blue sky”.The precipitation is highest in the north, which
averages 20 to 35 centimeters per year, and lowest in the south, which receives 10 to
20 centimeters . The extreme south is the Gobi, some regions of which receive no
precipitation at all in most years.
Average temperatures over most of the country are below freezing from November
through March and are about freezing in April and October. The average summer
temperature is +20c (+65F). Winter is –20c (-13F). The wind is 1.5-4.5m/s. The average
rainfall is 200-220 mm.
The mean temperature falls below freezing for seven to eight months of the year (See
Table 3. 1). For two or three months in summer, the weather is warm and pleasant and
relatively hot in the southern Gobi region. Winter usually lasts from mid-October until
April, with the coldest period being between mid-December
All rivers and freshwater lakes freeze over in the winter, and smaller streams commonly
freeze to the bottom.
Mongolia's weather is characterized by extreme variability and short-term
unpredictability in the summer,Although winters are generally cold and clear,
Population and language. Population of Mongolia is 2,9million people /official statistic of
gov/org in 2013/.Only 30% of population is living as a nomadic way.
The largest group in Mongolia is called khalkha,The only 6%of the population is
Kazakh ethnic group who lives in far west side.There are other 20 ethnic groups
included in the population. Its small population compared with Mongolia’s vast
geographical size makes the country the least densely populated nation in the
world.The average population density is 1.5 per sq.km, in the southern Gobi it is as few
as 0.3 per.sq.km.
The most population 95% speak Mongolian and the official language is Mongolian
which is the most popular around Mongolia. Since the 1944, the Russian Cyrillic
alphabet has been introduced to Mongolians and after 1963 it is been officially written
in Mongolia ,however the traditional Mongolian alphabet is gradually being
reintroduced. A Russian was commonly spoken widely in the past,however after
communist regime collapsed the language is not influenced anymore instead An English
is getting more popular among the population in recently.

3. Religion. Historically,Mongols had been practicing the shamanism and worshipping the
Blue sky.However,Tibetan Buddhism is gained more popularity since it has been
introduced in 16th
century.Tibetan Buddhism shares the common aspect of Buddhism
and getting more popular among the population of Mongolia.Until the beginning of the
20th
century,Mongolia had hundreds of Buddhist monasteries and about 30% of all men
were monks.Suddenly,in the 1930-s Mongolia had anti-religious compaign led by
Communist rulers that nearly destroyed the extensive system of monasteries.
Under the communist rule,the non religious idea was promoted and monasteries were
closed besides thousands of monks were killed as a victim of communist system.
But after 1990, democratic revolution was changing whole social life in Mongolia and
allowed freedom of practicing religion in Mongolia. However 40%of Mongolians are
belonged to non-religious group and still half of the population follows Tibetan
Buddhism whilst some follow Muslim and Christian community.
History and Culture.
Mongolian history begans 40,000 years ago from nomads herding in the Central Asian
steppe to the formation of the powerful Mongol Empire and gradual emergence of the
Mongolia,its history was very popular and it was conflicted all around Mongolia.
Ancient Mongolian states. The first Mongolian State was established in 209 BC by Huns
or Hunnu people.The Hun’s first king was Modun Shan Yui,whose father was the leader
of the Huns most influential tribe.
The Huns territory stretched from Korea in Far East to Tian Shan mountain in northern
China and from the southern section of the Great wall to lake Baikal in the southern
Siberia.
From 200 B.C to 98 AD till its collapse of the Hun state was the most powerful nomadic
nation dominated in Central Asian steppe and territory.
But after 300 years of domination,State of Huns were collapsed into several other clans
and these group of clans had continued to success on their own at Mongolian territory.
These clans were called Sumbe state,Toba,Nirun,Turkig tribes and then Uigar tribe then
became the most powerful in Central Asia,but still they were unable to dominate the
whole of Mongolia.It was the Kidans, who had peacefully living with several previous
ruling tribes and took over Mongolia completely in 907.Their dominance lasted until the
12th
century when a number of tribes had to attack them and divided into few different
tribes .

4. Finally,Temujin whose father was the leader of tribes and after his father poisoned by
enemies ,he gradually established Great Mongol State in 1189. After long battle in his
life he made to unite 81 different Mongolian tribes and established the Great
Mongolian Empire in 1206.At this time Chinggis Empire stretched from Asia to Europe
and became population of 100 milion.
After he died in 1227,his descendants were taking over the state.During the 13-14th
centuries,Mongolia developed in terms of its economy,culture ,military base and
politics.It was a huge empire ,which extended by many separate Asian and Europian
nations.
During this time the Mongolian Empire was the most powerful nation on earth and
Chinggis khan was the great leader of whole Mongolia and respected as a national
hero.
The Great Mongol Empire began to fall apart in 1368. Since then Mongols were
invaded by a few rulers such as Manchurians conquered Mongolia in 1691 and then
Manchurian colony had been lasted for 220years. By the beginning of 20 century
Mongolians were raising up for national liberation and it worked in 1911 and spiritual
ruler Bogd khan was leading the country until 1921 when the socialist revolution
,known as People’s revolution took over power from him.Since then Mongolia is
maintained strong link with former Soviet Union and the socialist era continued until
democratic revolution in Mongolia in 1990. After 1990,Mongolian young democracy has
been spreading around the Mongolia
Mongolia is now gradually been developing into free market economy.
Culture&Heritage. Nomadism and Buddhism is the two most important influences in
Mongolian culture.While most Mongolians are now settled into town and cities ,large
number of people are still living in gers /traditional round wood and felt tents designed
for the nomadic style/.
The most popular traditional sport is Mongolian wrestling known as bukh combined
with horseracing and archery and the most popular celebration is Naadam festival.
Nomadic life. Mongols have been living as nomdic way for several hundred years
now.Its ancestors inhabited a huge area of Central Asian territory and herdsmen
moving from one place to another searching for better pastures for their animals. The
longest period they stay in the same pasture is between October and April. Every
nomadic family has a winter place with shelter made of stones and wood . Usual daily
activities of nomads are all to do with herding their livestock and converting their raw

5. materials into processed food ,clothing such as ready to use or eat things like
cashmere ,wool,meat milk and producing various type of dairy products.One third of
Mongolians are nomads and live far away from each other.Most Mongolian nomads
herd horses,camels,cattle,sheep and goats.The horse is the most important of the five
animals.
Mongolian Clothing. Mongolian traditional dress is called the deel.There are several
different types of deel.Celebration costume is the most colourful and made of valuable
silk and worn usually wear in the Naadam festival, Mongolian new year and some of
nomadic ceremonies during the whole year
Mongolian food. Mongolian food is influenced by the country’s herding tradtion based
on dairy products and meat.There are different types of food mostly they eat during the
day. It will included on below:
• Variety of dumpling meat /steamed/, as well as meat pie/deep fried / is made of
beef and mutton mince meat we call it booz and khuushuur
• Noodle soup is made of meat and flour we call it sheltie khool
• Whole meat of all 5 animals is boiled into very tasteful taste
• Hand made noodle is made of meat and flour we call it tsuivan
Also popular traditional drinks include milk tea and airag
Various kind of vegetables are introduced recently such as potatoes ,carrot ,swede,
cabbage and onions.
Economy . We are traditionally based on livestock breeding, agriculture, and mining
industrial.
Mongolia has a rich source of ground deposits such as copper,coal,gold,
molybdenum,uranium and other varios deposits and much of them are exported to
neighbour China.The country has among one of the largest copper reserves in the world
with the Oyutolgoi reserve calculated to be world’s largest copper and gold reserves in
the world. Moreover , Tavan Tolgoi the world’s largest untapped coal reserve is also
major attraction among the business makers as well.
Politics. After decades of communist rule have ended in1990,Mongolia is ruled by a
mixed presedential and parliamentary system.The president acts as the head of state
and chief of the armed forces,and direct to appoint the prime minister to the cabinet
who led majority party in the parliament.

6. The Prime minister appoints a cabinet that must be approved by the State Great khural.
The parliamentary election is held every 4 years.
Local government. Mongolia is divided into 21 regions,known as aimag with capital city

7. The Prime minister appoints a cabinet that must be approved by the State Great khural.
The parliamentary election is held every 4 years.
Local government. Mongolia is divided into 21 regions,known as aimag with capital city