4. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development Cognitive Stage Approximate Age Range Major Characteristics Sensorimotor birth - 2 years development of object permanence, motor skills, little or no capacity for symbolic representation Preoperational 2 - 7 years development of language and symbolic thinking, egocentric thinking, animism Concrete operational 7 - 12 years development of principle of conservation, mastery of concept of reversibility Formal operational 12 years - adulthood development of logical and abstract thinking
5.
6.
7. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development Stage What is right? Pre-conventional Obeying to avoid punishment from a superior Making a fair exchange, a good deal concrete interests of individual are considered in terms of reward and punishments Conventional Pleasing others and getting their approval Doing your duty, following rules and social order people approach moral problems as members of society, acting as good members of society Post-conventional Respecting rules and laws, but recognizing that they may have limits Following universal ethical principles, such as justice, reciprocity, equality, and respect for human life and rights people use moral principles which are seen as broader than those of any particular society
