2.
precious
stone
consis,ng
of
a
clear
and
typically
colorless
crystalline
form
of
pure
carbon,
it
is
the
only
well
known
gem
made
from
a
single
element
and
the
hardest
natural
occurring
substance.
Diamonds
are
thought
to
have
been
first
recognized
and
mined
in
India,
where
the
stone
could
be
found
many
centuries
ago
along
the
rivers
Penner,
Kisgna
and
Godavari.
Diamonds
have
been
treasured
as
gemstones
since
their
use
as
religious
icons
in
ancient
India
but
the
popularity
of
diamonds
has
risen
since
the
XIX
century
because
as
we
know,
in
the
mid
XIX
century
was
discovered
a
huge
supply
of
diamonds
in
South
Africa,
also
the
cuEng
and
polishing
techniques
were
improved
as
well
as
the
world
economy.

3. The
tradi,on
of
giving
a
diamond
engagement
ring
is
traced
back
to
1477
when
Archduke
Maximilian
of
Austria
presented
Mary
of
Burgundy
with
a
simple
gold
band
set
with
a
diamond
represen,ng
pure,
fiery
beauty.
He
placed
it
on
the
third
finger
of
her
leO
hand,
believing
it
contained
a
vein
that
coursed
directly
to
his
beloved's
heart.
Over
,me,
this
royal
tradi,on
gained
popularity
around
the
world.
Today,
according
to
a
recent
De
Beers'
survey,
four
out
of
five
brides
receive
a
diamond
engagement
ring.
For
centuries
diamonds
have
appeared
in
royal
treasures.
Adventurers
have
journeyed
thousands
of
miles
to
hunt
them.
Men
and
women
have
killed
for
them.
Countries
have
flourished
and
regimes
have
fallen
because
of
them.
Diamonds
have
always
been
far
more
than
jewels,
they
are
history
twinkling
on
the
skin.

4. …Lies
the
blood
covered
stories
of
innocent
people.
Or
“conflict
diamonds”
are
diamonds
mined
in
a
war
zone
and
sold
to
finance
an
insurgency
usually
in
Africa
during
the
1900’s
including
conflicts
in
Angola,
Sierra
Leone
and
Democra,c
Republic
of
Congo.
Conflict
diamonds
as
those
“that
originate
from
areas
controlled
by
forces
or
fac,ons
opposed
to
legi,mate
and
interna,onally
recognized
government,
and
are
used
to
fund
military
ac,on
in
opposi,on
to
those
governments,
or
in
contraven,on
of
the
Security
Council”.
The
United
Na,ons
imposed
sanc,ons
against
Na,onal
Union
for
the
Total
Independence
of
Angola
(UNITA)
but
inves,ga,ons
detailed
how
the
movement
was
able
to
con,nue
financing
its
war
efforts
through
the
sale
of
diamonds
on
the
interna,onal
market.
The
UN
tried
to
cancel
the
sanc,ons
breaking
trade
but
instead
all
diamond-­‐producing
states
met
in
Kimberley,
South
Africa,
to
discuss
ways
to
stop
trade
in
blood
diamonds
and
make
sure
that
diamond
purchases
were
not
helping
violence
so
is
here
when
the
Kimberley
Process
Cer,fica,on
Scheme
(KPCS)
was
created.

5. Is
the
process
designed
to
cer,fy
the
origin
of
rough
diamonds
from
sources
which
are
free
of
conflict
funded
by
diamond
produc,on.
Is
a
unique
interna,onal
coopera,ve
arrangement
between
governments,
retail
jewelers,
NGOs
and
diamond
industry.
This
process
contributes
on
the
diamond
industry
and
civil
society.
It
is
a
response
to
public
concerns
that
their
diamond
purchases
were
contribu,ng
to
war
and
human
rights
abuses
in
Africa.
aims
to
ensure
that
conflict
diamonds
do
not
become
intermixed
with
the
diamonds
not
controlled
by
such
rebel
groups.
This
is
done
by
requiring
diamond-­‐producing
countries
to
provide
proof
that
the
money
they
make
from
selling
the
diamonds
is
not
used
to
fund
criminal
or
revolu,onary
ac,vi,es.

6. At
the
basic
level,
states
par,cipa,ng
in
the
Kimberley
Process
have
to
meet
minimum
requirements
through
the
representa,on
of
na,onal
ruling
and
make
sure
this
ins,tu,ons
meet
certain
standards
and
processes.
This
includes
import
and
export
ins,tu,ons
as
well
as
internal
controls.
Member
states
must
also
commit
to
full
and
transparent
exchange
of
sta,s,cal
data.
The
Kimberley
Process
Cer,fica,on
Scheme
requires
rough
diamonds
to
be
transported
in
sealed,
altera,on
free
containers
with
fraud
resistant
cer,ficates.
Issued
by
the
expor,ng
country’s
government,
each
cer,ficate
has
a
unique
serial
number.
They
are
backed
by
a
system
of
internal
controls
in
the
producing
countries,
as
well
as
those
countries
that
trade,
cut
and
polish
rough
diamonds.
The
shipments
should
be
exported
to
other
KPCS
par,cipant
countries.
Failure
to
make
these
procedures
may
lead
to
the
removal
of
the
non-­‐complying
member
country

7. AOer
the
point
of
export
of
the
rough
diamonds,
however,
diamonds
are
only
subject
to
the
voluntary
System
of
Warran,es
originally
planed
by
the
World
Diamond
Council.
This
system
requires
all
other
traders
in
diamonds,
from
the
rough
diamond
importers
to
in-­‐country
traders,
polishers,
dealers,
and
manufacturers,
to
adhere
to
a
warranty
system
by
which
the
invoice
for
the
diamonds
is
printed
with
the
following
language:
"The
diamonds
herein
invoiced
have
been
purchased
from
legi,mate
sources
not
involved
in
funding
conflict
and
in
compliance
with
United
Na,ons
resolu,ons.
The
seller
hereby
guarantees
that
these
diamonds
are
conflict
free,
based
on
personal
knowledge
and/or
wrihen
guarantees
provided
by
the
supplier
of
these
diamonds.”
The
system
of
warran,es
is
founded
by
several
commitments,
including:
1.
to
limit
trade
only
to
those
companies
that
include
the
required
warranty
on
their
invoices
2.
to
avoid
buying
any
diamonds
origina,ng
in
non-­‐par,cipant
countries
or
from
unknown
or
suspect
suppliers
3.
to
avoid
purchasing
diamonds
from
sources
found
through
due
process
to
have
violated
government
regula,ons
governing
conflict
diamonds
4.
to
avoid
buying
diamonds
from
any
region
that
is
under
an
advisory
from
a
governmental
authority
sta,ng
that
conflict
diamonds
have
originated
there

8. 5.
to
refrain
from
knowingly
engaging
in
the
purchase
or
sale
of
conflict
diamonds
or
assis,ng
others
in
doing
so
6.
to
ensure
that
all
company
employees
engaged
in
the
diamond
trade
are
well
informed
of
the
resolu,ons
and
government
regula,ons
governing
the
trade.
By
June
2005,
a
total
of
67
countries,
were
par,cipants
in
the
Kimberley
Process
and
had
established
na,onal
export-­‐import
controls
for
keeping
out
conflict
diamonds.
The
current
Kimberley
Chair
is
Russia.
The
three
Working
Groups
are
Monitoring,
Sta,s,cs,
and
Diamond
Experts,
while
the
two
Commihees
are
Par,cipa,on
and
Selec,on.
The
en,re
group
meets
in
plenary
session
once
annually
in
October.
The
UN
General
Assembly
consistently
invites
the
Kimberley
Process
Chair
country's
Permanent
Representa,ve
to
the
United
Na,ons
to
report
on
the
progress
of
implemen,ng
the
KPCS
to
the
Assembly
at
its
annual
session.

9. “In
southern
Africa,
diamonds
are
an
engine
for
growth,
employment
and
prosperity.
The
World
Diamond
Council
believes
that,
in
addi,on
to
comba,ng
the
scourge
of
conflict
diamonds,
the
Kimberley
Process
has
helped
to
safeguard
these
benefits
that
are
shared
and
enjoyed
by
thousands
of
people
in
communi,es
across
the
region.”
Eli
Izhakoff,
Chairman
of
the
World
Diamond
Council
“It
is
now
es,mated
that
less
than
1%
of
diamonds
traded
are
"conflict
diamonds"
—
compared
to
es,mates
of
15%
during
the
1990s.”
European
Commission
Diamond
revenues
enable
every
child
in
Botswana
to
receive
free
educa,on
up
to
the
age
of
13.
Ministry
of
Educa,on,
Botswana
2006

10. Jay
Epstein,
Edward.
“ The
Rise
and
Fall
of
Diamonds”
(1982).
Simon
and
Schuster.
NY
J.
Weisbroat,
Paul.
“Diamond
Folklore”
hhp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond#Mining
hhp://www.brilliantearth.com/kimberley-­‐process/
hhp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberley_ProcessHistory
hhp://
www.theglobalist.com/globalicons/syndica,on/sample.htm