2. Pitanje 1
(a) I gave them his address.
(b) I regret giving them his address.
Traditional definition of preterite: a tense expressing past
action or state.
In (a) and (b) the underlined verbs are alike in the time of
the associated event, which is located in the past, but not
in the form of the verb. Both verbs therefore satisfy the
definition of preterite tense, but while gave is certainly a
preterite form, giving is not. The notional definition
includes giving from (b), but past time reference which is
included in the definition is not sufficient for a word to be
a preterite verb form, we need additional information to
be included in the definition in order for it to be
satisfactory.

3. Pitanje 2
 Before the Fire, there had been a plague, the like of which had not been known before
and has not been seen since.
 Cure that cold with a drink of hot lemon before you go to bed.
 Before = preposition because it has a NP as its complement and forms a PP together with
it
 Like = noun because it is determined by the central determiner the and has a
postmodifier in the form of PP (of which)
 Before = adverb, it modifies the verb in terms of identifying the time of the state
expressed by the verb
 And = conjunction (coordinator), it connects 2 independent clauses
 Since = adverb, it modifies the verb in terms of identifying the time of the state
expressed by the verb
 Cure = verb, it stands in the initial position of the clause, which is occupied by the verb
in the imperative mood. The imperative is characterized by the lack of the overt subject
in the clause. It is a transitive verb followed by a NP functioning as an direct object
 That = central determiner, it is followed by a noun
 With = preposition, it has a NP as its complement, together they form a PP
 Before = conjunction (subordinator), it introduces a subordinate clause

4. Pitanje 3
Most of you answered this question more or less
correctly.
Distinction between function and form – functional
labels vs. category labels on a tree diagram. See the
illustration on the white board (in your norebooks)

5. Pitanje 4
his master's voice = determiner (his relates to master)
the ladies' room = modifier (the relates to room,
ladies’ modifies room)
his master's degree = modifier (his relates to degree,
master’s modifies degree)
the ladies' hats = determiner (the relates to ladies)

6. Pitanje 5
See the explanation on the white board (your
notebooks)

7. Pitanje 6
(a) The verb is one of the elements in clause structure
(like the subject or object); (b) a verb is a member of a
word class (like a noun or an adjective)
These two senses are related in the following way: a
VP consists of one or more verbs as members of a
word class; the VP operates (functions) as the verb as
one of the elements of clause structure.

8. Pitanje 7
 Operator is the first or only auxiliary in a finite VP
 When we negate a sentence, negator not comes immediately after the
operator
 When we make an interrogative sentence, there is a subject-operator
inversion
 The operator can carry nuclear stress to mark a finite clause as
positive rather than negative: Won’t you try again? –Yes, I WILL try
again.
 The operator functions in a range of elliptical clauses where the rest of
the predicate is omitted: Won’t you try again? –Yes, I will.
 The main verb be and the main verb have are also operators when
they are the only verb in the verb phrase.
 On the other hand, only the aux. do is an operator, not the main verb
do.
 See examples on the white board (your notebooks)

9. Pitanje 8
They are followed by the bare infinitive: You will ask
the question.
(b) They cannot occur in nonfinite functions, i.e. as
infinitives or participles: may - *to may, *maying,
*mayed.
(c) They have no –s form for the third person singular
of the present tense: She must write.
(d) Their past forms may be used to refer to present
and future time: I think they may/might be outside.
Will/Would you phone him tomorrow?

10. Pitanje 9
See the explanation on the white board (your
notebook) and listen to your teacher when she
explains things to you
Auxiliary verbs = primary and modal aux (function
words)
Main verbs = lexical verbs, give meaning to the
action, state or event referred to

11. Pitanje 10
 Finite VPs = A finite verb phrase – a verb phrase in which the first or only word is a finite
verb, the rest of the verb phrase (if any) consisting of nonfinite verbs.
 finite verb phrases can occur as the verb phrase of independent clauses;
 finite verb phrases have tense contrast, i.e. the distinction between present and past
tenses:
 (1) He is a journalist now.
 (2) He worked as a travel agent last summer.
 there is person concord and number concord between the subject of a clause and the
finite verb phrase (concord is agreement in person and number between the subject of a
clause and the verb phrase). Concord is particularly clear with the present tense of be:
 (3) I am/You are/he, she, it is/we, they are here.
 But with most full verbs overt concord is restricted to a contrast between the 3 rd person
singular present and other persons or plural number:
 (4) He, she, Jim reads/I, we, you, they read the paper every morning.
 With modal auxiliaries there is no overt concord at all:
 (5) I/You/She/We/They can play the cello.
 Finite verb phrases have mood, which indicates the factual, nonfactual, or
counterfactual status of the predication.

12. Pitanje 10
Nonfinite VPs = The nonfinite forms of the verb are:
the infinitive ((to) call), the –ing participle (calling),
and the –ed participle (called). Hence any phrase in
which one of these verb forms is the first or only word
(disregarding the infinitive marker to) is a nonfinite
verb phrase.
Such phrases do not normally occur as the verb
phrase of an independent clause.

13. Pitanje 11
Almost all of you answered this one correctly.

14. Pitanje 12
Mood = način na koji subjekat rečenice posmatra radnju, stanje
ili zbivanje. Jezik odražava svijet oko nas, naša razmišljanja,
želje, emocije itd. Glagoli imaju različite oblike kada izražavaju
činjenice, nečinjenice ili kontrafaktivna stanja. U engleskom
postoje tri glagolska načina: indikativ (pomoću njega
izražavamo činjenice o svijetu), imperativ (pomoću njega
izražavamo naredbe, savjete, pozivamo nekoga da nešto uradi,
nudimo nekome nešto), konjunktiv (engl. subjunctive) (pomoću
njega izražavamo želje, nečinjenična i kontrafaktivna stanja,
upotrebljava se kao mandative subjunctive i kao formulaic
(optative) subjunctive (u ovoj funkciji usp. FEIs)
Subjunctive:
I wish I were you.
If I had seen you, I would have said hello. („I didn‘t see you“)

15. Pitanje 13 (underline FINITE VPs,
put brackets around NONFINITE
VPs
After dinner, the doctor likes (to relax) by the
window. (Looking out), he can usually see Mr Yang
(doing) his taiqi exercises. The Songs’ children will be
playing with their black terrier, Ebony. The dog loves
(to play) Fetch, (jumping) and (yelping) at the same
time as the stick leaves the children’s hands. Across
the road from them, Cik Hamzah will be tending to
her garden. The doctor can easily spend an hour or
two just (watching) his neighbours.

16. Pitanje 14 – time reference
Time reference: preceding, simultaneous, following,
neutral
Speakers can direct their orientation towards the present,
the past, the future. From this orientation they can again
refer to a state or event which occurs simultaneously,
which precedes their temporal orientation, or which
follows their temporal orientation. The speaker can also
refer to a state which can be described as a general rule
and which has no temporal relation with the speaker’s
time orientation.
Referencing can be made from any type of time
orientation

17. Pitanje 14 – time reference
David has bought a new house. (preceding)
Susan's leaving today. (following)
He keeps talking. (neutral)
I was reading an economics book last night. (preceding)
They continued laughing. (preceding)
I read an economics book last night. (preceding)
She has finished her homework. (preceding)
She was writing down what he had said. (preceding)
He’s teaching in a comprehensive school. (simultaneous)
I have been working on the night shift for several weeks.
(preceding, and may imply simultaneous)

18. Pitanje 14 - aspect
 Progressive (trajanje) and perfect (svršenost)
 Past simple can be used to express progressive aspect:
 For several minutes he stared at his reflection in the oval mirror.
 What is the difference, if any, between these two clauses:
 I was reading an economics book last night.
 I read an economics book last night.
 He wrote for hours.
 How would you translate the following sentence into English:
 Dugo su šetali obalom.
 Context – very important. Sentences in isolation are not entirely
natural. Context may influence the aspect of the verb.
 Consider the verb boil over, which indicates perfect aspect because of
the particle over, but:
 The milk was boiling over when she got into the kitchen

19. Pitanje 14 - aspect
Try to explain the temporal relations in the following
sentences using also the concept of aspect (perfect
and progressive)
When she arrived, they made some fresh coffee.
When she arrived, the were making some fresh coffee.

20. Pitanje 14 - aspect
David has bought a new house. (perfect)
Susan's leaving today. (progressive)
He keeps talking. (progressive)
I was reading an economics book last night. (progressive)
They continued laughing. (progressive)
I read an economics book last night. (either perfect or
progressive: Pročitao sam sinoć knjigu iz ekonomije; Čitao sam
sinoć knigu iz ekonomije)
She has finished her homework. (perfect)
She was writing down what he had said. (progressive; perfect)
He’s teaching in a comprehensive school. (progressive)
I have been working on the night shift for several weeks.
(progressive, perfect – PARADOX)

21. Pitanje 15
root (or intrinsic, deontic) meaning – includes
ability, permission, obligation, volition. The root
meaning of modals involves some intrinsic human
control over events;
epistemic (or extrinsic) meaning – includes
possibility, necessity, prediction. The epistemic
meaning of modals involves human judgment of
what is or is not likely to happen.
He must leave. = (On) mora otići. (root meaning)
He must be leaving. = (On) mora da odlazi.
(epistemic meaning)

22. Vježbe
 I) Discuss the verb forms in the following sentences:
 1. We shall be travelling all night.
 2. Professor Smith retires next year.
 3. My doctor won’t let me get up yet.
 4. This will be the book you’re looking for.
 5. The sun is going to come out soon.
 II) Compare the following sentences:
 1. (a) I’ll work harder next term.
 (b) I’m going to work harder next term.
 2. (a) Are you staying in London long?
 (b) Are you going to stay in London long?
 III) Discuss the possible ambiguity in:
 They are spending their holiday in Spain.
 IV) Translate into English (try to make the English sentence as idiomatic as
possible)
 Kupi kruh kad se budeš vraćao kući.