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Field Assignment




    Alexis Capano
    Geology 1-C01
      Fall 2011
Part 1:
A Rock And Mineral
    Collection
Geologists divide rocks into three (3) major groups:
         - Igneous; formed when molten rock, magma, cools and solidifies.
-Sedimentary; sediments, or raw materials for sedimentary rocks, accumulate in layers
                               at the Earths surface.
   -Metamorphic; produced from pre-existing igneous, sedimentary, or even other
                                metamorphic rocks.



     Geologists define a mineral as any naturally
  occurring, inorganic solid that possesses an orderly
   crystalline structure and a well defined chemical
                      composition.
                    Minerals exhibit the following characteristics:
                                -Naturally Occurring
                                   -Solid Substance
 -Orderly Crystalline Structure; atoms are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner
Morro Rock At Morro Bay, California




A remnant of a long eroded volcano, Morro Rock belongs to a line of more than a dozen
volcanic plugs stretching from San Luis Obispo to Morro Bay. A volcanic plug is a core of
solid rock that solidifies from magma in the throat of a volcano when eruptions cease, the
        chain of “Nine Sisters” erupting approximately 20 to 27 million years ago.
Granite in Springville, California


                                          A coarse grained intrusive rock rich in light
                                         colored silicate minerals, quartz and feldspar,
                                        granite is a major constituent of the continental
                                        crust. Subsequent uplift and erosion expose this
                                                       rock at the surface.




Seated in the foothills of the Sierra
    Nevada mountain range,
   Springville is known as the
“Gateway to the Giant Sequoias.”
Petrified Wood, as landscaping,
                                          Springville, CA

Woody land plants have existed since 400 million years ago during the Devonian Period.
Meaning “to turn into stone,” petrified wood is a type of fossil. During petrification small
 internal cavities and pores of the original structure are filled with precipitated mineral
  matter or cell walls, and other solid material are removed and replaced with mineral
                        matter while maintaining original structure.
Slate, as landscaping, Springville, CA




 Slate is formed during low grade regional metamorphism when sedimentary shale becomes
  more compact. Metamorphism occurs in one of three settings; when rock is intruded by a
   magma body (contact or thermal metamorphism), when igneous activity provides heat
required to drive chemical reactions that circulate hot, ion-rich water through fractures in the
    parent rock (hydrothermal metamorphism), or during mountain building when great
quantities of of deeply buried rock are subjected to directed pressures and high temperatures
                                  (regional metamorphism).
Quartz, Los Padres National Forest, California
     Seated along
Highway 33, the Los
   Padres National
 Forest is one of the
   most scenic and
entertaining drives in
    the Southern
California. Pieces of
  sedimentary rock
 and quartz can be
   found roadside.
   Quartz is hard,
      resistant to
weathering, and does
 not have cleavage.
  Quartz is also the
only common silicate
 material consisting
  entirely of silicon
     and oxygen.
Part 2:
Observe and Record
     Geology
The San Andreas Fault
 Parkfield, California




  A fault is a fracture in the crust along which appreciable displacement has taken place.
   Parkfield, CA, the “Earthquake Capitol of the World,” where the Pacific and North
                   American Plates meet in a ground shaking dip-slip fault.
Weathering: the
      disintegration and
decomposition of rock at or near
     the surface of Earth.




 Morro Rock, an example of mechanical
  weathering exhibiting fractures from
 sheeting, and parallel joints formed from
     forces during mountain building.
Weathering, Continued

  Oxidation, a chemical reaction that occurs when
    electrons are lost from one element during the
  reaction. Iron loses its electrons to oxygen, forming
      iron oxide, or rust as we commonly call it.




                                                          Oxidation of iron progresses slowly in a dry
                                                                         environment.




             Dew from morning fog speeds the
                  reaction of oxidation.
Mass Wasting: the downslope
                           movement of rock, regolith, and
                           soil under the direct influence of
                                        gravity.




  On a hillside in Malibu, CA one can see where sliding
movement of an unconsolidated material (debris and earth)
                 has caused mass wasting.
Erosion: the removal of material by a mobile agent, usually
                               water, wind, or ice.



Animals play a vital role in
 soil formation, while the
    loss of topsoil from
 agricultural overuse is a
     growing problem.




                                    Root erosion
Sedimentary Environments, or an environment of deposition,
is a geographic setting where sediment accumulates. Placed into one
of three categories, sedimentary environments include many specific
                          sub-environments.

Continental Environments: dominated by erosion and deposition associated with
                                 streams.

 Marine Environments: divided according to depth; shallow marine environment
reaches to depths of nearly 700 feet extending from the shore to the outer edge of
  the continental shelf; deep marine environments lie seaward of the continental
                      shelf in waters deeper than 200 meters.

 Transitional Environments: the transition zone between marine and continental
                           environments (shoreline).



 * The following slide depicts an example of each of the three environments at Morro Beach
                            and the North Fork of the Tule River.
Continental




              Transitional




                     Marine
Practical Uses of Geology:




Dams: built to store floodwater and then release
it in a timely manner. In addition to flood control,
 dams provide water for agriculture, hydroelectric
 power generation, and some provide recreational
                     facilities.

      Decor and
    Landscaping:
 a simple, natural, and
somewhat costly, home
     improvement.
Works Cited

Baylor, Katherine J. (2010). California ROCKS! A Guide to Geologic Sites in
the Golden State. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Co.

http://geology.about.com/

Lutgens, K., Tarbuck, E., & Tasa, D. (2011). Earth: An Introduction to
Physical Geology. Upper Saddle River, NJ:  Pearson Education, Inc. 

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Field assignment

  • 1. Field Assignment Alexis Capano Geology 1-C01 Fall 2011
  • 2. Part 1: A Rock And Mineral Collection
  • 3. Geologists divide rocks into three (3) major groups: - Igneous; formed when molten rock, magma, cools and solidifies. -Sedimentary; sediments, or raw materials for sedimentary rocks, accumulate in layers at the Earths surface. -Metamorphic; produced from pre-existing igneous, sedimentary, or even other metamorphic rocks. Geologists define a mineral as any naturally occurring, inorganic solid that possesses an orderly crystalline structure and a well defined chemical composition. Minerals exhibit the following characteristics: -Naturally Occurring -Solid Substance -Orderly Crystalline Structure; atoms are arranged in an orderly, repetitive manner
  • 4. Morro Rock At Morro Bay, California A remnant of a long eroded volcano, Morro Rock belongs to a line of more than a dozen volcanic plugs stretching from San Luis Obispo to Morro Bay. A volcanic plug is a core of solid rock that solidifies from magma in the throat of a volcano when eruptions cease, the chain of “Nine Sisters” erupting approximately 20 to 27 million years ago.
  • 5. Granite in Springville, California A coarse grained intrusive rock rich in light colored silicate minerals, quartz and feldspar, granite is a major constituent of the continental crust. Subsequent uplift and erosion expose this rock at the surface. Seated in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, Springville is known as the “Gateway to the Giant Sequoias.”
  • 6. Petrified Wood, as landscaping, Springville, CA Woody land plants have existed since 400 million years ago during the Devonian Period. Meaning “to turn into stone,” petrified wood is a type of fossil. During petrification small internal cavities and pores of the original structure are filled with precipitated mineral matter or cell walls, and other solid material are removed and replaced with mineral matter while maintaining original structure.
  • 7. Slate, as landscaping, Springville, CA Slate is formed during low grade regional metamorphism when sedimentary shale becomes more compact. Metamorphism occurs in one of three settings; when rock is intruded by a magma body (contact or thermal metamorphism), when igneous activity provides heat required to drive chemical reactions that circulate hot, ion-rich water through fractures in the parent rock (hydrothermal metamorphism), or during mountain building when great quantities of of deeply buried rock are subjected to directed pressures and high temperatures (regional metamorphism).
  • 8. Quartz, Los Padres National Forest, California Seated along Highway 33, the Los Padres National Forest is one of the most scenic and entertaining drives in the Southern California. Pieces of sedimentary rock and quartz can be found roadside. Quartz is hard, resistant to weathering, and does not have cleavage. Quartz is also the only common silicate material consisting entirely of silicon and oxygen.
  • 9. Part 2: Observe and Record Geology
  • 10. The San Andreas Fault Parkfield, California A fault is a fracture in the crust along which appreciable displacement has taken place. Parkfield, CA, the “Earthquake Capitol of the World,” where the Pacific and North American Plates meet in a ground shaking dip-slip fault.
  • 11. Weathering: the disintegration and decomposition of rock at or near the surface of Earth. Morro Rock, an example of mechanical weathering exhibiting fractures from sheeting, and parallel joints formed from forces during mountain building.
  • 12. Weathering, Continued Oxidation, a chemical reaction that occurs when electrons are lost from one element during the reaction. Iron loses its electrons to oxygen, forming iron oxide, or rust as we commonly call it. Oxidation of iron progresses slowly in a dry environment. Dew from morning fog speeds the reaction of oxidation.
  • 13. Mass Wasting: the downslope movement of rock, regolith, and soil under the direct influence of gravity. On a hillside in Malibu, CA one can see where sliding movement of an unconsolidated material (debris and earth) has caused mass wasting.
  • 14. Erosion: the removal of material by a mobile agent, usually water, wind, or ice. Animals play a vital role in soil formation, while the loss of topsoil from agricultural overuse is a growing problem. Root erosion
  • 15. Sedimentary Environments, or an environment of deposition, is a geographic setting where sediment accumulates. Placed into one of three categories, sedimentary environments include many specific sub-environments. Continental Environments: dominated by erosion and deposition associated with streams. Marine Environments: divided according to depth; shallow marine environment reaches to depths of nearly 700 feet extending from the shore to the outer edge of the continental shelf; deep marine environments lie seaward of the continental shelf in waters deeper than 200 meters. Transitional Environments: the transition zone between marine and continental environments (shoreline). * The following slide depicts an example of each of the three environments at Morro Beach and the North Fork of the Tule River.
  • 16. Continental Transitional Marine
  • 17. Practical Uses of Geology: Dams: built to store floodwater and then release it in a timely manner. In addition to flood control, dams provide water for agriculture, hydroelectric power generation, and some provide recreational facilities. Decor and Landscaping: a simple, natural, and somewhat costly, home improvement.
  • 18. Works Cited Baylor, Katherine J. (2010). California ROCKS! A Guide to Geologic Sites in the Golden State. Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Publishing Co. http://geology.about.com/ Lutgens, K., Tarbuck, E., & Tasa, D. (2011). Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology. Upper Saddle River, NJ:  Pearson Education, Inc. 

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