1. Irene M. Magbanua, RN Clinical Instructor St. Paul University Manila FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

28. Types of Solution 1. Hypertonic- exerts greater concentration of particles outside than inside the cell; cells shrink e.g. D51/2NS, D5 NS, D5 LR, 3%NS, 5%NS 2. Hypotonic- exerts lesser concentration of particles outside than inside the cells; cells swell eg. 1/2 NS, 1/4 NS, 1/3 NS, 2.5% Dextrose, D5W 3. Isotonic- same concentration of particles inside and outside the cell; no change on size and shape of cells eg. Normal Saline, Lactated Ringer’s

29. Types of Solution 1. Hypertonic- exerts greater concentration of particles outside than inside the cell; cells shrink e.g. D51/2NS, D5 NS, D5 LR, 3%NS, 5%NS 2. Hypotonic- exerts lesser concentration of particles outside than inside the cells; cells swell eg. 1/2 NS, 1/4 NS, 1/3 NS, 2.5% Dextrose, D5W 3. Isotonic- same concentration of particles inside and outside the cell; no change on size and shape of cells eg. Normal Saline, Lactated Ringer’s

30. Care of Clients with Burns Irene M. Magbanua, RN

36. Classifications of Burns: 1. Major- partial thickness> 25% or full thickness > 10% 2. Moderate- partial thickness 15-25% or full thickness <10% 3. Minor- partial thickness <15% or full thickness < 2%

37. Categories of burn depth: 1. Partial thickness a. Superficial Partial Thickness (First degree) depth: epidermis cause: sunburn, splashes of hot liquid sensation: painful characteristic: erythema, blanching on pressure, no vesicles

38. B. Deep Partial Thickness (second degree) depth: epidermis and dermis cause: flash, scalding or flame burn sensation: very painful characteristic: fluid filled vesicles, red, shiny, wet after vesicle rupture

39. 2. Full thickness (third and fourth degree) depth: all skin layers and nerve endings, may involve muscles, tendons and bones cause:flame, chemicals, scalding, electric current sensation: little or no pain characteristic:wound dry, white, leathery, or hard tissue *eschar- leathery or hard tissue due to loss of blood supply

40. Nursing Management in Different Stages of Burns: 1. Emergent phase- remove person from source of burn goals: relief of pain, minimize contamination, transport a. Thermal- stop, drop and roll; flame off b. Smoke inhalation- ensure patent airway c. Chemical- remove clothing that contains chemical; lavage with copious amounts of water d. Electrical- shut off source of electricity; note entry or exit wound

46. Care of Client with Problems Related to the Genitourinary System Irene M. Magbanua, RN East West Educational Specialists

64. 4. Renal Failure- state of total or nearly total loss of kidney function Acute Renal Failure- sudden inability of the kidneys to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance and remove toxic products from the body; reversible Causes: a. Pre-renal- factors interfering with perfusion and resulting in decreased blood flow and glomerular filtrate,ischemia and oliguria b. Intra-renal- conditions that cause damage to nephrons c. Postrenal- mecanical obstruction from tubules to urethra

65. Phases: 1. Onset- period precipitating event to development of oliguria 2. Oliguria ( to anuria)- urinary output less 400ml 3. Diuretic- gradual return of GFR and BUN level 4. Convalescent- renal function stabilizes with gradual improvement in 3-12 months

66. Signs and Symptoms: a. oliguria to anuria b. edema c. anorexia d. nausea or vomiting e. leukocytosis f. anemia g. bleeding tendencies h. drowsy i. Muscle twitching and coma (uremic encephalopathy)

67. Nursing Management a. Fluid and nutrition- limited fluids to 500ml to replace obligatory loss from lungs or skin b. Low protein diet c. Rest d. Precautions: side rails up e. Mouth or skin care f. Pharmacotherapeutics- diuretics g. Dialysis

68. Chronic Renal Failure- progressive irreversible destruction of kidneys that continues until nephrons are replaced with scar tissues Predisposing Factors: recurrent infections, exacerbations of nephritis, urinary tract obstructions, diabetes, hypertension Signs and Symptoms: a. Electrolyte imbalance b. Cardiovascular- hypertension,left ventricular hypertrophy, CHF c. Hematologic- anemia, decreased erythropoeitin, increased hematocrit and bleeding tendencies

69. d. Gastro-intestinal- anorexia, nausea, vomiting e. Respiratory- fluid overload, pulmonary edema: “uremic lung” f. Orthopedic- increased Ca elimination, decreased serum Ca, osteodystrophy or osteomalacia g. Dermatological- excoriation or dry skin, uremic frost h. Neurologic- peripheral neuropathy, burning feet; CNS nystagmus, twitching, seizure i.Reproductive-menstrual irregularities impotence, testicular atrophy and decreased sperm count j. Psychological- behavioral and personality changes k. impaired immunologic system- increased susceptibility to infection

70. Stages of CRF: 1. Renal impairment 2. Renal insufficiency 3. Renal failure 4. End stage of Renal disease

71. Nursing Management: 1. Conservative- assess uremia, mental function and supportive; avoid undue fatigue 2. Advanced renal failure- oliguric or uremic phase a. peritoneal dialysis b. hemodialysis c. kidney transplant 3. Dietary- early- no restriction - advanced- low protein Giordano or Giovanette diet- low protein with amino acids

72. Dialysis- removal by artificial means of metabolic wastes, excess electrolytes and excess fluids Principles: -Diffusion, Osmosis, Ultrafiltration Purposes: 1. To remove excessive amounts of drugs or toxins in poisoning 2. To check serious electrolyte or acid base imbalance 3. To maintain kidney function when renal shutdown occurs 4. To temporarily replace kidney function in patients with acute renal failure and permanently replace in chronic renal failure

73. Peritoneal Dialysis- introduction of specially prepared dialysate solution into the abdominal cavity where the peritonem acts as a semipermeable membrane between the dialysate and blood in the abdominal vessels Nursing Interventions: a. weight, VS every 15 mins then every hour b. Patient voids c. Warm dialysate solution to body temperature d. Assist in trocar insertion e. Inflow time, Dwell time and Drain time f. Observe character of dialysate flow

76. Nursing Interventions: 1. Auscultate for bruit and palpate thrill- check patency 2. Check bleeding 3. Observe arm precaution 4. Avoid restrictive clothing or dressings over site Complications: 1. Hypovolemic Shock 2. Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome

77. Renal transplant pre-requisites 1. Evaluation of patient’s medical immunologic, psychological and social status 2. Should be identical- ABO and HLA compatible Contraindications: 1. Acute infection 2. Malignancy 3. COPD 4. Liver disorder 5. DM 6. Atherosclerosis

78. Pre-op care: 1. Dialysis to make patient non-toxic 2. Treat all complications 3. Immunosuppressive drug to start 24hrs before transplant; immuran, prednisone, sandimmune 4. Transplanted kidney placed on thigh, usually iliac fossa

79. Post-op care: 1. Reverse isolation 2. Monitor renal functions 3. Respiratory, therapy, deep breathing and coughing exercises 4. Aseptic wound care 5. Oral hygiene 6.NGT to prevent paralytic ileus 7. Early ambulation 8. Health adjustment process 9. Lifetime-immune suppressive drugs