1. A study examined the effects of a communication and literacy intervention on low-income kindergarten students' language development and academic achievement over three years. 2. The study involved 542 low-income students randomly assigned to intervention or control groups across three years. Students in the intervention group showed greater improvements in vocabulary, grammar, and sentence imitation skills compared to controls. 3. Follow-up data on the first cohort found that intervention students had higher report card grades and standardized test scores in language arts compared to controls, even without further intervention in the first grade year.

1. Enhancing Communication and Academic Achievement in Low-Income Kindergartners Ann Cale Kruger, Audrey Ambrosino, & Lynda Kapsch Georgia State University

4. Data Sources intervention intervention X control intervention Year 2 intervention intervention S X intervention B control X T X X H intervention control G Year 3 Year 1 School

9. Starting Point for the Sample

10. Vocabulary PPVT Standard Scores

11. Grammatic Understanding TOLD Standard Scores

12. Sentence Imitation TOLD Standard Scores

14. Three Years at School G: Vocabulary PPVT Raw Scores

16. Year 1 Follow-up: Long-Term Effect on All Course Grades

17. Year 1 Follow-up: Long-Term Effect on Achievement in Language Arts