4. CHANGE … TO … EXAMPLES
U – UE Jugar – Juego (Yo)
E – IE Pensar – Piensas (Tú)
O – UE Dormir – Duerme (Él/Ella/Usted)
E - I Pedir – Piden (Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes)
5. Use para (for, in order to) to indicate…
The recipient of items
…el regalo para tu mamá
Purpose
Vamos al restaurante para comer.
Implied purpose
Tengo dinero para [comprar] algo.
6. Indirect object pronouns are nouns that tell to whom/what
or for whom/what. Indirect object pronouns replace or
accompany indirect objects.
Singular
me me
te you (familiar)
le you (formal), him, her
Plural
nos us
os you (familiar)
les you, them
7. • Attach the pronoun to the infinitive
• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
• Attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
• Place the pronoun before a conjugation
8. Singular
me gusta nos gusta
te gusta os gusta
le gusta les gusta
Plural
me gustas nos gustas
te gustas os gustas
le gustas les gustas
When you want to talk about things that people like, change the
form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those
things.
9. Affirmative
Words
algo something
alguien someone
algún/agluno(a) some
siempre always
también also
Negative Words
nada nothing
nadie no one
ningún/ninguno(a) none, not any
nunca never
tampoco neither, either
When you want to talk about an
indefinite or negative situation,
you use an affirmative or a
negative word.
Notice that alguno(a) and
ninguno(a) must match the
gender or the noun they replace
or modify. Alguno and ninguno
have different forms used before
masculine singular nouns.
alguno algún
ninguno ningún
10. ◊ To express the extremes with most adjectives, drop the
final vowel and add the ending –ísimo(a). The adjective
must agree in gender and number with the noun it
modifies.
La idea de Rosa es interesantísima.
Rosa’s idea is very (extremely) interesting.
◊ When the last consonant is c, g, or z, spelling changes
are required.
c qu rico(a) riquísimo(a)
g gu largo(a) larguísimo(a)
z c feliz felicísimo(a)
11. Reflexive Pronouns
me nos
te os
se se
acostarse (o - ue) lavarse los dientes
afeitarse levantarse
bañarse maquillarse
despertarse (e - ie) peinarse
dormirse (o – ue) ponerse la ropa
ducharse quitarse la ropa
lavarse secarse
lavarse el pelo/la cabeza
12. Give instructions or command to someone by using
the affirmative tú commands of regular verbs.
*Notice it is a tú command, but ends like a 3rd house form
caminar ¡Camina! ¡Camina en el parque!
comer ¡Come! ¡Come toda la hamburguesa!
abrir ¡Abre! ¡Abre la puerta, quiero entrar!
Pronoun Placement
1. Infinitive
2. Gerund
3. Before conjugate verb
4. Affirmative command
DOP
lo
la
los
las
13. Infinitive Affirmative Tú Command
decir di
hacer haz
ir ve
poner pon
salir sal
ser sé
tener ten
venir ven
Remember that when you use a pronoun with an affirmative
command,
the pronoun attaches to the command.
EXAMPLE:
¡Ponte otra camisa!
>Put on (youself) another shirt!
Typically,
if you
attach the
pronoun
to the
command
, you add
an accent
mark
over the
3rd to last
vowel.
14. When you tell someone what NOT to do, use a negative command.
Negative tú commands are formed by taking the yo form of the present tense,
dropping the –o, and adding the appropriate ending.
-es –ar verbs
-as –er amd –ir verbs
Infinitive Yo Form Negative tú
Command
hablar hablo ¡No hables!
volver vuelvo ¡No vuelvas!
venir vengo ¡No vengas!
***** Irregulars on next slide! *****
15. A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Notice that none of the yo
forms of these verbs end in –o.
bject pronouns precede the verbs in negative commands, just as with other conjugated verb
EXAMPLE:
¡No lo uses!
Don’t use it (the blowdryer).
Infinitive Negative tú Command
Tener No tengas
Venir No vengas
Dar/Decir No dés/digas
Ir No vayas
Ser No seas
Hacer No hagas
Estar No estés
Saber No sepas
16. primero entonces luego/después por fin
first then later/after finally
antes de/después
de
before/after
por la … mañana/tarde/noche
in/during the …
morning/afternoon/night
los lunes, martes,
etc.
on the day
Sequencing events
17. It is a perfected action in the past.
A snap shot in time!
ar verbs:
-é -amos
-aste -asteis
-ó -aron
er verbs:
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron
18. Spanish English
Un dia One day
Una vez Once
Ayer Yesterday
A noche At night
Hace un ano A year ago
Ya Already
El mes pasado Last month
Anteayer Day before yesterday
Por una hora For one hour
Por fin Finally
A las ocho At eight
Dos veces Twice
19. El pretérito; -car, -gar, -zar
-car yo -qué
-gar yo -qué
-zar yo -cé
EXAMPLES:
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Yo = toqué Yo = jugué Yo = comencé
20. DEBER = SHOULD/OUGHT TO
The verb deber means should or ought to. To say what people should do,
use a conjugated form of deber with the inifinitive of another verb.
Deber Should/Ought to
Debo Debemos
Debes Debéis
Debe Deben
Examples:
Debo barrer el suelo.
Debes limpiar la cocina.
Debe sacar la basura.
21. When verbs are used in modal verb combinations – the 2nd verb is not conjugat
but rather left in the infinitive form. You would never say “no puedo nado.”
Common Modal Verbs Meaning
Deber Should, ought to, must
Desear To desire
Necesitar To need
Poder Can, could, might, be able
to
Querer Want, would like to
Saber Know, know how to
Soler Usually, used to
22. estar + “ing”
ar ando
er iendo
3 vowels yendo
EXAMPLES:
Bailar = bailando
Beber = bebiendo
Leer = leyendo
Present Progressive Irregulars
Some verbs you know have irregular present
Participle forms.
• When the stem of an -er or -ir verb
ends in a vowel, change the -iendo
to -yendo to form the present
participle.
• e I stem-changing verbs have a
vowel change in the stem
• Some other verbs also have a vowel
change in the stem.
Verb Irregular
Present
Participle
Leer Leyendo
Pedir Pidiendo
Dormir Durmiendo
23. _ly = _mente
To describe how something is
done, use adverbs. Many adverbs
in Spanish are made by changing
an existing adjective.
• When an adjective ends in e, l, or
z, simply add –mente to the end.
Adjective Adverb
reciente recientemente
frecuente frecuentemente
fácil fácilmente
normal normalmente
especial especialmente
feliz felizmente
• For adjectives with –o or –a
endings, add –mente to the
feminine form.
End
adjectives
with _a when
adding
_mente.
Adjective Adverb
cuidadoso(a) cuidadosament
e
rápido rápidamente
lento(a) lentamente
tranquilo(a) tranquilamente
24. It is a perfected action in the past.
A snap shot in time!
ar verbs:
-é -amos
-aste -asteis
-ó -aron
er verbs:
-í -imos
-iste -isteis
-ió -ieron
25. Cucaracha Verbs
Yo = e Nosotros = imos
Tú = iste
Usted = o Ustedes = ieron
> “J” verbs drop “i” for –eron
Andar = anduv…
Estar = estuv…
Poder = pud…
Poner = pus…
Querer = quis…
Saber = sup…
Tener = tuv…
Venir = vin…
Conducir = conduj…
Producir = produj…
Traducir = traduj… “J” verbs
Decir = dij…
Traer = traj…
HACER
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hicieron
DAR/
VER
d/vi
d/viste
d/vio
d/vimos
d/vieron
IR/SER
Fui
Fuiste
Fue
Fuimos
Fueron
SPOCK VERBS
SNAKEY Verbs!
creer, destruir, construir
Change “I” to “Y”
• Changes in third person only!!!
CREER DESTRUI
R
CONSTRUI
R
YO crerí destruí construí
TÚ cresite destruiste construiste
ÉL creyó destruyó construyó
NOSOTRO
S
creimos destruimos construimos
ELLOS creyero
n
destruyero
n
construyero
n
26. Masculi
ne
Feminin
e
Este Esta
Ese Esa
Aquel Aquella
Masculi
ne
Feminin
e
Estos Estas
Eses Esas
Aquellos Aquellas
Singular Plural
Masculi
ne
Feminin
e
Estos Estas
Eses Esas
Aquellos Aquellas
Masculi
ne
Feminin
e
Este Esta
Ese Esa
Aquel Aquella
Singular Plural
NOUNS
ADJECTIVES
NEUTER
PRONOUNS
Both
Esto(s)
Eso(s)
Aquello(s
)
28. Izquierda (de) Left
Derecha (de) Right
Delante (de) Front
Destrás (de) Close Behind
Cerca (de) Close
Lejos (de) Far
Afuera (de) Outside
Adentro (de) Inside
Debajo (de) Under
Encima (de) Above
Al Lado (de) Beside
Entre Between
29. There are two ways you can talk about the future.
1. You can use: ir + a + infinitive
2. You can use the present tense when the context
makes it clear that you are talking about the future.
You can also use the future tense. You form the fu
tense by adding a special set of endings to the in
Comer = to eat
Comeré Comeremos
Comerás Comeré
Comerá Comerán
With some verbs, you
have to change the
form of their infinitive
slightly before adding
the future tense endings.
INFINITIVE = FUTURE STEM
Decir = dir-
Hacer = har-
Poner = pondr-
Salir = saldr-
Tener = tendr-
Valer = valdr-
Venir = vendr-
Poder = podr-
Querer = querr-
Saber = sabr-
30. USES
1. Ongoing action (was or were)
2. Repeated action
3. No definite beginning or end
4. Time/date/feelings/description
5. Interrupted activity
TRIGGERS
Todos los días
A muendo
A veces
Siempre
Cada día
Los lunes
Generalmente
Mientras
De vez en cuando
Muchas veces
Frecuentemente
hablar comer escribir
Yo hablaba comía escribía
Tú hablabas comías escribías
Él hablaba comía escribía
Nosotros hablabamos comíamos escribíamos
Ellos hablaban comían escribían
ir ser ver
Yo iba era veía
Tú ibas eras veías
Él iba era veía
Nosotros ibamos éramos veíamos
Ellos iban eran veían
31. Possessive Adjectives show personal relationships or possession.
All possessive adjectives – including mi(s), tu(s), su(s),
nuestro(a/os/as) – agree in gender and number with the nouns
they describe.
Possessive adjectives also have a long
form.
It is more expressive. You use it, for
example, when talking to a special
friend.
Unlike the regular (or short) form,
the long form follows the noun.
Possessives –
Long Form
Singular
mío(a) nuestro(a)
tuyo(a)
suyo(a) suyo(a)
Possessives –
Long Form
Plural
míos(as) nuestros(as)
tuyos(as)
suyos(as) suyos(as)
32. Reflexive verbs take a special pronoun called a reflexive pronoun.
While the usual direct object is different from the subject, a reflexiv
pronoun is the same person, place, or thing as the subject.
You can use direct object pronouns
(me, te, lo, la, nos, los, las) with verbs.
• Example: La escondo. Notice that the
subject (yo) and the direct object (la) are different.
Me escondo.
• The subject (yo) and the
direct object (me) are the
same person; you call this
object reflexive.
Reflexive Pronouns
me escondo nos escondemos
te escondes
se esconde se esconden
same same
