Global Warming magazine article

Investigate the main
causes of climate
change and evaluate
the possible solutions.
Alsha Patel

Monday, March 10, 2014 Alsha Patel – s16522
What is Climate Change?
Monday, March 10, 2014 Alsha Patel - s16522
Global Warming and the Green
House Effect
Climate change is a natural process
in which over a long period of time
the earth’s average atmospheric
temperature changes. It is a
significant variation in the average
state of the climate. This change is
any multi-decadal or longer
alteration in one or more physical,
chemical and/or biological
components of the climate system.
Climate Change is easily identified
in weather conditions by
acknowledging changes in
temperature, precipitation, winds
and other similar indicators that
suggest variability. Climate
variability can then be defined as
changes that occur on shorter time
periods.
Over the past few centuries’
humans have played an immense
part in speeding up this process by
releasing large amounts of green
house gasses into the atmosphere.
This is done by burning lots of fossil
fuels in order to produce energy.
Greenhouse gasses act like a
blanket over the earth trapping heat
from escaping the atmosphere
eventually resulting the planet to
warm. This phenomenon is
commonly known as the
“greenhouse effect”. This effect
plays a huge role in global warming
which is one of the major
participants in climate change.
In the last 100 years or so the
earths average temperature went up
by 1.4°F and is anticipated to rise
another 2°F to 11°F over the next
century. This drastic change in the
atmosphere and will have major
effects.
Global Warming is the earth’s temperature gradually rising.
Although it is a natural process many other factors add to enhance
it. The green house gasses on the earth act as a protective layer
preventing our planet from getting too hot and maintaining a
regular temperature. However the burning of fossil fuels result in
the production of vast amounts of carbon dioxide, methane and
nitrous oxide. These gasses add to the ozone layer (greenhouse
layer) and make it thicker. This still allows solar radiation to enter
the earth’s atmosphere however reduces the amount that then
escapes. Over a long period of time the climate on earth gets
warmer as less heat can escape and this situation continues to get
worse with the increasing production of greenhouse gasses.
This change in our climate may result in dramatic effects on the
environment such as the melting of ice cape and other extreme
weather patterns.

Causes
9. Air pollution
Greenhouse
effect
is
the
process
in
which
the
atmosphere
of
the

Earth
trap
some
of
the
heat
coming
from
the
sun,
making
the

Earth
warm
but
due
to
burning
fuels,
cutting
trees,
the

concentration
of
heat
on
Earth
is
increased
to
abnormal
levels

making
greenhouse
effect
as
one
of
the
major
causes
of
global

warming.
Carbon
Dioxide,
methane,
nitrous
oxide
are
the

greenhouse
gases
which
helps
to
keep
the
Earth
warm.
It
is
a

natural
phenomenon
that
takes
place
with
the
adequate

concentrations
of
the
greenhouse
gases.
But
when
the

concentration
of
these
gases
rises,
they
disturb
the
climatic

conditions,
making
the
Earth
more
warm.
These
gases
are
not

able
to
escape,
which
is
the
cause
of
worldwide
increase
in

temperature.
So
the
balance
of
carbon
dioxide
and
other
gases

should
be
maintained
so
that
it
does
not
become
the
major

reason
of
global
warming.

10. Greenhouse effect
The
ozone
layer
is
the
layer
outside
atmosphere
which

protects
the
surface
of
the
Earth
from
the
harmful
Ultra-‐violet

and
infrared
radiations
causing
dangerous
diseases
like
skin

cancer.
Ozone
layer
depletion
is
also
one
of
the
causes
of

global
warming;
entering
of
harmful
gases
which
helps
in

heating
up
the
Earth
but
the
other
greenhouse
gases
like

carbon
dioxide,
methane,
that
helps
in
heating
up
and
also

tears
up
the
ozone
layer
making
an
“Ozone
Hole”.
Mostly
the

CFCs
(chlorofluorocarbon)
damages
the
ozone
layer.
So
the

ozone
layer
depletes
due
to
these
gases
which
allow
the
UV

radiations
to
enter
the
Earth
making
the
Earth
more
warm

than
normal
and
affects
the
temperature

leading
to
global

warming.
It
is
interesting
to
note
that
‘Ozone
Holes’
are

created
mainly
on
the
poles
which
is
the
reason
of
melting

glaciers,
increase
in
the
water
level
of
the
sea
and
of
course

significant
rise
in
temperature.

8. Depletion of Ozone layer
The
harmful
gases
emitted
from
the
vehicles
and
factories

and
the
greenhouse
gases
cause
pollution
in
the
air
and
these

gases
get
captured
in
the
atmosphere.
The
smoke,
gather
up

in
the
atmosphere
forming
clouds
full
of
harmful
gases
which

later
on
fall
as
acid
rain
which
destroys
the
buildings
and
also

lead
to
many
dangerous
diseases
like
cancer,
skin
burns
and

the
death
of
plants.
Plants
provide
us
with
the
oxygen
and
if

they
die,
the
level
of
carbon
dioxide
will
increase
in
the

atmosphere
which
is
a
harmful
gas.
These
gases
also
emit

heat
which
increases
the
temperature
of
the
Earth
(following

the
same
pattern
as
in
the
above
paragraph)
and
causes

global
warming.

There are many causes as to why climate
change takes place. The majority of these
are ways in which carbon dioxide is
emitted to the ozone layer. It is important
that people recognize why the climate
changes in order to know what action could
be taken towards it.
On the right there is a countdown showing
the top ten main causes of global warming
and climate change.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere
absorb and re-reradiate heat from the earth to bring
out the green house effect. Adding more CO2 to the
atmosphere by burning fossil fuels may upset the
natural balance. As the earth warms a little due to
the increased CO2 in the atmosphere, a little more
water evaporates from the sea. This further
increases global warming.
Methane
Methane is released from paddy fields, farm
animals and natural gas fields. Its concentration is
increasing at about 1.2 percent each year.
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide is released as a result of the use of
nitrogenous fertilizers.
Chlorofluorocarbons
Chlorofluorocarbons more commonly known as
CFG’s have been reduced and will cease altogether
because of it’s damaging effect on the ozone layer.
Chemical Causes:

Volcanic
eruptions
is
also
one
of
the
major
reason
of
global

warming.
These
eruptions
contain
dust
particles
and
gases

like
sulphur
dioxide
which
stay
in
the
atmosphere
for
years

and
block
the
sunlight
from
reaching
the
surface
of
the
Earth

making
it
cool.
These
dust
particles
affects
the
balance
of
the

atmosphere
and
becomes
a
contributing
factor
of
global

warming.
Though
volcanic
eruptions
cannot
be
controlled
but

efforts
can
be
made
to
decrease
the
sulphur
dioxide
levels.

7. Volcanic Eruptions
5. Deforestation
Melting
of
the
glaciers
is
a
natural
phenomena.
Large

mountains
of
ice
melt
due
to
warmer
temperature
of
the

Earth
so
that
new
ice
can
accumulate.
These
ice
mountains

helps
to
equalize
the
temperature
by
beating
up
the
heat.
But

there
is
excess
melting
of
the
ice
due
to
the
greenhouse
gases

in
the
atmosphere.
These
gases
contribute
to
the
melting
of

the
ice
at
faster
rate
which
leads
to
increased
sea
levels
and

eventually
floods.
If
the
temperature
kept
on
rising
then

there
is
a
chance
that
glaciers
might
disappear
which
will
lead

to
flooding
of
earth
and
destruction
of
land
resources.

6. Melting Of Glaciers
More
and
more
industries
and
factories
are
set
up
in
this

modern
world
to
meet
the
needs
of
human
beings.
These
big

factories
need
large
amount
of
fuels
like
coal,
petroleum
for

power
and
electricity
required
by
the
machines
to
work.

Burning
of
these
fuels
releases
large
amount
of
carbon

dioxide
which
absorbs
the
harmful
radiations
from
the
sun

making
it
warm,
hence
global
warming.
The
smoke
that
is

produced
from
these
factories
is
mixed
with
the
air,
making
it

harmful
for
breathing.
As
written
earlier
developing
countries

are
the
major
contributors
towards
this.

4. Industrial Advancements
Plants
give
us
oxygen
which
is
the
most
important
thing
for

our
survival.
They
undergo
a
process
of
photosynthesis
in

which
they
give
out
oxygen
and
take
carbon
dioxide.
Plants

consume
the
air,
sunlight
and
the
carbon
dioxide
we
breathe

out
to
make
food
and
oxygen.
So
if
trees
are
cut,
plants
will

not
produce
oxygen
and
the
concentration
of
carbon
dioxide

will
increase.
Increase
of
carbon
dioxide
in
the
air
is
harmful

for
human
beings
and
also
disturbs
the
water
cycle
and
hence

the
total
imbalance
of
our
ecosystem.
So
being
one
of
the

greenhouse
gases
it
will
lead
to
global
warming.
It’s
very

much
like
not
parking
your
car
under
a
tree,
the
car
gets

excessively
heated
up,
making
it
uncomfortable
to
sit
in
the

vehicle.

The
use
of
artificial
chemicals
for
the
crops
has
become
one

of
the
reason
for
global
warming.These
chemicals
are
very

dangerous
not
only
for
Earth
but
also
for
human
beings

too.
These
fertilizers
are
rich
in
nitrogen
oxide
which
is
even

more
dangerous
than
carbon
dioxide.
These
oxides
of

nitrogen
destroys
the
ozone
layer
even
more
faster
than
any

other
greenhouse
gas
and
hence
let
the
harmful
ultraviolet

rays
enter
the
atmosphere,
making
the
Earth
warm
and

leading
to
global
warming.

3. Chemical Fertilizers
Fossil
fuels
are
burnt
on
a
day-‐to-‐day
basis
and
they
contain

high
percentage
of
carbon,
coal
and
petroleum
and
many

other
gases.
So
burning
of
these
fuels
releases
large
amount

of
extra
carbon
which
has
been
entombed
inside
the
Earth

millions
of
years
ago.
The
carbon
that
is
emitted
by
burning

these
fuels
is
the
extra
carbon
which
is
not
a
part
of
the
cycle.

So
carbon
dioxide
being
the
greenhouse
gas
is
provided
in

excess
in
the
atmosphere
which
again
leads
to
global

warming.

2. Burning of fossil fuels
It
has
been
said
that
human
activities
are
primarily

responsible
for
global
warming.
These
activities
are

destroying
the
Earth
at
a
faster
rate.
The
emission
of
carbon

dioxide
from
the
vehicles,
the
burning
of
the
fuels,
cutting

down
of
trees
and
forest
to
build
buildings
and
malls,
the

dumping
of
trash
everywhere
and
not
recycling
it,
excessive

use
of
plastics,
smoke
from
the
factories,
etcetra.
All
these

activities
performed
by
human
beings
are
major
factors
of

the
polluted
gases
in
the
air
and
the
warming
up
of
the
Earth

which
destroys
the
ecological
balance
of
the
nature
leadingto

global
warming.

1. Human Activities

Extreme
Weather
Conditions
Winter in Canada
2014
This winter the temperature in
Canada fell down to a record-
breaking -53 ºC. That is even
colder than the weather on
Vast crop failures
According to recent research, there is
a 90% chance that 3 billion people
worldwide will have to choose between
moving their families to milder climes
and going hungry due to climate
change within 100 years. Climate
change is expected to have the most
severe impact on water supplies.
“Shortages in future are likely to
threaten food production, reduce
sanitation, hinder economic
development and damage
ecosystems. It causes more violent
swings between floods and droughts
Extinction of species
According to research published in
Nature, by 2050, rising temperatures
could lead to the extinction of more
than a million species. And because
we can’t exist without a diverse
population of species on Earth, this is
scary news for humans. This 6th mass
extinction is really just a continuation
of the Holocene extinction, which
began at the end of the last ice age
and has resulted in the extinction of
nearly all of the Earth’s mega fauna
animals, largely as a result of human-
expansion. Climate change now
represents at least as great a threat to
the number of species surviving on
Earth as habitat-destruction and
modification. Widespread species loss
and lists of endangered species just
keep growing. This is a concerning
matter on many fronts.
Increasing Severity of
storms
Scientists have come up with the
firmest evidence so far that global
warming will significantly increase the
intensity of the most extreme storms
worldwide. The maximum wind speeds
of the strongest tropical cyclones have
increased significantly since 1981,
according to research published in
Nature this week. And the upward
trend, thought to be driven by rising
ocean temperatures, is unlikely to
stop at any time soon.
Effects
The planet is warming and there are already several noticeable
effects. The most common one is that the temperature rise has
resulting ice caps from melting. This is taking place at both the
north and south poles. Due to this the sea level is rising resulting
more floods and storm surges everywhere. This is not even the
worst; if the sea level continues to rise many cities will end up
underwater.
The melting of the ice caps also creates an imbalance in the fresh
water to salt water ratio. This has a huge impact on the current
and the water flow.
On the right are just some of the many effects of climate change.
Due to the changes in our climate
the planet has been experiencing
lot of extreme weather. There has
also been an increase in the
average precipitation (rainfall and
snowfall) in the world. Some of
the recent occurrences of severe
weather include:
Typhoon Haiyan
This massive cyclone hit the
Philippines killing 4460 people.
This typhoon’s strength managed
to fit into category 5 making it the
strongest ever tropical cyclone. It
had winds up to 235mph.
Flooding in England
February 2014 in England had
been quite tough with sever
flooding everywhere with drafts
reaching up to 85mph. There
had also been lots of rainfall
simply making the situation a
lot worse.

Government
Action
Individual Initiatives suggested by the HK
Government:
• switching to compact fluorescent lamps;
• turning off electrical appliances when they are not in use;
• maintaining temperature setting of air-conditioner at 25.5°C
during summer months;
• recycling use of waste material as far as possible;
• reducing each shower by 1 minute.
Climate change has had a huge impact on the environment of Hong
Kong. According to the Hong Kong Observatory, climate change in
Hong Kong can be attributed to both global warming caused by
increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, and
localized urbanization which leads to the formation of what is called
an 'urban heat island' where temperatures are higher than their rural
surroundings. Urban heat island is caused by a combination of
factors including changes in surface as vegetation is replaced by
concrete and tarmac, reduced air ventilation due to buildings,
anthropogenic heat production and motor vehicle emissions.
The temperature is predicted to continue rising resulting longer
summers with hot humid days. Considering the weather patterns in
Hong Kong by 2100 there will be less than one cold day a year (12 °C
or below) meaning that eventually winter will disappear in HK. On the
left is a graph predicting the average temperature in the future based
on the temperature rise from the past. On the right is another graph
presenting how the number of cold days in Hong Kong will gradually
decrease and eventually disappear at around 2040.
The Hong Kong Observatory predicts that by the end of this century
the average annual rainfall will increase by 11%. Urbanization is one
of the possible causes for the rainfall's increasing trend and the
regional variation in Hong Kong. The higher temperature in urban
areas enhances convective activities and the increase in
concentration of suspended particulates from urban activities also
favors the formation and development of rain-bearing clouds.
Climate Change in
Hong Kong As Hong Kong is a financial centre
and service-based city, it does not
consists of energy-intensive
industries. Two major contributors of
greenhouse gases in Hong Kong are
power generation and the transport
sector. In addressing climate change,
the Government has undertaken
several initiatives.
Buildings make up 90% of electrical
consumption in Hong Kong. Energy
efficiency can be improved in order to
reduce HK’s carbon footprint. There
are four main electrical factors in a
building (air-conditioning, lift and
escalators, lighting and electrical)
and the Building Energy Efficiency
ordinance states commenced more
eco-friendly electrical building
installations in both new and existing
buildings.
In 2008 a mandatory Energy
Efficiency labeling scheme was
introduced where all electrical
products had a label informing the
consumer of its electrical
consumption.
In terms of transportation, the
Government is aware that the use of
our extensive and energy-efficient
public transport system and the use
of cleaner vehicles can help to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. It is
committed to further expanding and
upgrading our public transport
infrastructure with an emphasis on
railways, and encouraging the use of
cleaner vehicles.
The government has also been
promoting the use of renewable
energy in power generation to reduce
GHG emissions. All coal-fired
generating units had also been
banned in 1997 in favor of natural
gas. This reduced the amount of
greenhouse gas by 50% whilst still
producing the same amount of
energy.

Reducing tropical deforestation
can significantly lower global
warming emissions and — together
with efforts to reduce emissions
from fossil fuels — plays an
integral role in a comprehensive
long-term solution to global
warming.
Prepare for impacts
Certain consequences of global
warming are now inevitable,
including sea level rise, more
frequent and severe heat waves,
growing wildfire risks, and an
increase in extreme weather
events.
These were once largely
preventable, but foot-dragging by
our leaders and policy makers over
the past two decades means that
we must now confront the
dangerous new reality of rising
temperatures and the serious
impacts that accompany them.
Individual Amendments
Everyone can make a difference by
following a few simple guidelines.
Although it may feel like a small
change if everybody followed it
there would be a significant
improvement in the world’s
climate.
• Avoid taking baths. Take
shorter showers.
• Remember to turn of the
tap while brushing your
teeth
• Recycle all possible waste
• Switch to fluorescent light
bulbs.
• Switch off the lights when
leaving the room.
• Turn off any electronics
when not in use.
• Avoid driving a car or taking
a taxi. Use public
transportation as much as
possible. Or even try
walking to your destination.
• Donate unwanted items to
charity instead of throwing
them away.
• Buy local products, as it
requires a lot of fuel to ship
them from places.
• The production of meat
requires a lot of energy and
water to eat less meat.
• Use both sides of a piece of
paper and then recycle it for
complete usage.
• Try not to use plastic bags
when buying groceries.
Instead bring your own.
• Use rechargeable batteries.
Possible Solutions
There is no single solution to global warming however there are many
little ways to improve the way we do things by making them more
energy efficient. Some of the ways we can solve it are:
1. Encouraging green transportation (e.g. battery powered cars)
2. Phasing out fossil fuel electricity and using alternatives (e.g.
solar panels, wind turbines, hydro energy etc.)
3. Managing forests and agriculture by planting more trees
4. Developing and deploying new low carbon technologies
5. Ensuring sustainable development in the world to prevent
damaging the world.
Reduce Emissions
In order to effectively address
global warming, we must
significantly reduce the amount
of heat-trapping emissions we
are putting into the atmosphere.
As individuals, we can help by
taking action to reduce our
personal carbon emissions. But
to fully address the threat of
global warming, we must
demand action from our elected
leaders to support and
implement a comprehensive set
of climate solutions.
Stop Deforestation
Tropical deforestation accounts
for about 10 percent of the
world’s heat-trapping
emissions — equivalent to the
annual tailpipe emissions of 600
million average U.S. cars.

I believe that my actions have a huge impact on the
climate and that I should be much more aware of the
various small signs that point towards it. I try my best
to be the most environmentally friendly possible by
following the possible solutions.
Us as humans are responsible for what is happening
and eventually it will be us who is affected. I feel it is
important to bring forth this issue and acknowledge it
before it is too late. One way to do that is to raise
awareness of it by informing and reminding people of
the serious damage that is already occurred.
In Hong Kong we don’t experience too much extreme
weather although our climate continues to get warmer.
I think it is time for us to stop our planet from getting
any warmer. We need to be much more sustainable
with our resources and remember to reuse an item
until it is completely worn out, reduce our waste and
consumption and recycle all paper, plastic, glass and
aluminum.
Climate Change
and me
STOP OUR PLANET FROM MELTING AWAY
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