Study Material for Transition into The Professional Nursing Role, includes: Nursing theories, theorists, pioneers, researchers, and organizations

1. Nursing Theorists Judith Allen Shelly & Arlene B. Miller Judeo-Christian model of caring Called to care: a Christian worldview for nursing Sister Callista Roy Adaptation theory Goal of nursing: Promote adaptive responses Jean Watson Theory: Caring is essence of nursing practice Science of Nursing Accomplishments: Founder of Center for Human Caring @ University of Colorado (U of CO) Published – Nursing: Human Science and Human Care; A Theory of Nursing (1985) Martha Rogers Theory: The Science of Unitary Human Beings Energy-based practices Therapeutic touching Reiki Virginia Henderson Accomplishments Early nurse researcher & educator Publications & Misc Textbook of the Principles and Practice of Nursing (1955) Focused on physiological balance Imogene King Goal attainment model – focus 3 interacting systems Personal Interpersonal Social

2. Nursing Theorists Madeline Leininger Culture Care Theory focused on the different ways caring is expressed and interpreted Accomplishments First professional nurse to have PhD in cultural & social anthropology Myra E. Levine Model of Nursing Conservation Principles Conservation of energy Conservation of structural integrity Conservation of personal integrity Conservation of social integrity Betty Neuman Theory Health Systems theory – most popular & widely used Florence Nightingale Theory Developmental Needs theory Accomplishments First nursing theorist Dorethea Orem Theory Believed that life, health, and well-being are maintained by activities that people initiate on their own such as Breathing and eating focused on nursing as a way to restore self-care in patients.

3. Minor Nursring Theorists & Philosophers Theorists Philosophers Merle Mishel Theory of uncertainty Nola Pender Health promotion model Katherine Kolcaba Comfort theory Anne Boykin General theory called “nursing as caring” Savina O Schoenhofer General theory called “nursing as caring” Jeremy Bentham Proponent of Utilitarianism – focused on Consequentialism John Stuart Mill Proponent of Utilitarianism – focused on achieving the greatest possible happiness for the greatest number of people Auguste Comte Created the term “altruism”

4. Important Early Nurses Pioneers Florence Nightingale nursing leader associated with Crimean War Clara Barton Considered founder of American Red Cross Catherine of Siena Organized early form of ambulance service consisting of male stretcher bearer transporting the sick to hospitals in 1300s Fabiola Roman matron founded first free Christian public hospital for poor Hildegarde of Bingen German nun trained women to care for sick; documented causes of, symptoms of, & cures for various diseases Mary Eliza Mahoney First black nurse to graduate from a US school of nursing Melinda Ann (Linda) Richards Considered first trained nurse from American school of nursing Lina L. Rogers First public school nurse in NYC

5. Contributors to Nursing Field Galen Famous Greek physician/surgeon Imothep First recorded physician Hippocrates Father of modern medicine Sojourner Truth Suffragette, abolitionist, & nurse to Union soldiers Harriet Tubman Abolitionist, Underground Railroad worker, and matron @ the Colored Hospital in Virginia during war Jean Henri Dunant Provided the vision for the International Red Cross Friederike & Theodor Fliedner Founders of the Kaiserswerth Deaconess Institute (an early nursing school) St. Vincent de Paul Founder of The Sisters of Charity Catherine McAuley Established The Sisters of Mercy Elizabeth Seton Established the Sisters of Charity

6. Nursing Founders Mary Breckinridge Founder of The Frontier Nursing Service Mary Brewster & Lillian D. Wald Founders of the first public heath service in their own home France Payne Bolton Philanthropist, congresswoman, and healthcare reformer Influenced creation & passage of The Bolton Act Luther Christman RN & founder of The American Assembly for Men in Nursing (AAMN) Dorothea Dix Responsible for reforms in treatment of the mentally ill Lavinia Dock Founding member of the American Society of Superintendents of Training School for Nurses Influenced movement for independent nursing practice Annie W. Goodrich First dean of the Army School of Nursing Isabel Hampton Robb Founding member of the American Society of Superintendents of Training School for Nurses Established first grading policy in nursing school Margaret Sanger Founder of Planned Parenthood Federation Controversial for her views on eugenics & abortion

7. Nursing Researchers Eli Ginzberg Professor of economics @ Columbia Conducted study with colleagues from nursing, medicine, and social science leading to the publication of The Ginzberg Report Josephine Goldmark Chief investigator in The Goldmark Report Inez Hinsvark Primary researcher for The Study of Credentialing in Nursing: A New Approach Jerome P. Lysaught Nurse researcher worked with the National commission for the Study of Nursing & Nursing Education, leading to the publication of The Lysaught Report Mildred Montag Author of The Montag Study & Community College of Education for Nursing Granger Westberg Founder of current parish nurse movement Ethel Gordon Fenwick Founded the International Council of Nurses & The Royal British Nurses Association Adelaide Nutting Founding member of the American Society of Superintendents of Training School for Nurses Katherine Bauer Led the National Institute of Medicine Study Ester Lucile Brown Social anthropologist Director of the Department of Studies in the Professions of the Russell Stage Foundation Author of The Brown Report

8. Nursing Groups and Organizations Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem Male nursing military order that cared for crusaders in Jerusalem Knights of St. Lazarus Nursing order of monks that focused on caring for those with Leprosy Sisters of Charity First American religious order Sisters of Mercy Order that came to the US in 1843 and started hospitals that cared for wounded during Civil War