India's Agricultural Export Potential

1
CHAPTER - 1
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture, including crop and Animal Husbandry, fisheries, forestry and agro processing
constitutes the very basis of socio economic lives of India. It is one of the world’s largest agrarian
economies, as the agriculture sector contributed about 18% of the country’s GDP (during 2006-
07), 10.7% of the total export in 2006-07 and also provides employment to around 58% of the
total work force. Agriculture also plays a critical role as it is essential to meet not only the food
and nutritional security to the people and provide livelihood and income in the rural areas, but
also to meet the requirement of raw material / inputs for the agro based industries in the domestic
front.
The total geographic area of the country is 328.7 m ha. extended over a large range of
vertical and horizontal coordinates makes it to witness a wide variability in climatic conditions
and varied range of soil characteristics. The diversified climatic and soil characteristics have
helped the country in producing various types of fruits and vegetables, spices and other
agricultural crops based on their suitability to the specific environment. This also gives the
country opportunities to produce a wide range of varieties of a particular crop with specific
characteristics and taste. India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables. Maximum
production of ginger, turmeric and sesame takes place in India. India is also second largest
producer of cotton in the world. However, India is still lagging behind in the productivity of
many crops compared to the global scenario. A lot of effort is required for increasing the
productivity, developing allied activities and building appropriate infrastructure in rural areas to
be self-reliant in food and agricultural products as well as to generate surplus to facilitate more
returns through export.
Government is giving lot of emphasis on agriculture sector for increasing the production
and productivity of agriculture commodities for achieving an impressive growth in the agriculture
front under the GDP. A number of new initiatives like Technology Mission for Integrated
Development of Horticulture in the North Eastern States (TMNE), National Horticulture Mission
(NHM), National Food Security Mission (NFSM), Macro management in Agriculture (MMA),
Rastriya Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY), National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF), National
Project on Management of Soil Health and Fertility (NPMSHF) etc. indicate the intensive
approach in this direction. The success of these programmes will definitely lead to significant rise
in agriculture production at the end of XI plan. The surplus production after meeting the domestic
requirement will help to promote export and will have a great impact on Indian economy.
In a World Bank report submitted to the Agriculture Ministry, it has been highlighted that
despite leading producer of fruits & vegetables in the world, India’s export is poor due to high
delivery costs, fragmented supply chain and poor logistics with poor quality standards. India’s
share in global export of vegetables remained at 1.7% and that of fruits at 0.5%. The inability to
compete abroad presently may lead to the inability to compete at home in future as the
multinational companies will be dominating the domestic market availing quality products at
competitive prices from other countries.
Country is also lacking in appropriate technology & infrastructure in many aspects of
modern storage and shipping methods, post harvest handling, value addition etc. The situation is
further restricted due to complicated export regulations and procedures. An exporter faces
enormous difficulties to equip himself on various parameters of export like regulatory, quality

2
standards, global export opportunities, tariffs on exports, production scenario & availability,
present export trend etc. for developing gainful strategic approach in a competitive mode.
In view of above, Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture (Trade Division),
sanctioned a project to NAFED entitled “Market Intelligence study of selected crops having
export potential” at a total cost of 82.0 lakhs. The crops for the present study have been identified
on the basis of trade volumes and importance of the commodity in relation to production. The
selected crops are mango, grapes, pomegranates, litchi, pineapple, banana and aonla among fruits;
tomato, green chillies, okra and onion among vegetables; ginger and turmeric among spices; and
sesame, soyameal and cotton among commercial crops/products.
At present, India's export volumes of fruits and vegetables in general and other selected
crops are 74, 69,086 tons (2006-07). The value of these exports in US dollar terms comes to 2.85
billion compared to 113.94 billion US dollars of world exports. This constitutes only 2.5% of
world export value, whereas India's production is 10.9% of total world production for these
specific crops.
The emphasis in this study has been given on the compilation of information on quality
standards, permissible residue limits for various pesticides and fungicides in crops being studied,
information on packing requirements, present exports trends, competing countries, opportunities
existing for exports, present strengths, availability of infrastructure etc. This information at one
place will help in promoting export in the countries / markets of GCC, EU, ASEAN, Australia,
etc.
The study has also focused on capacity building of various stake holders in various aspects
of production and export process, right from the producers to the exporters with the objective to
place the country in a leading position in the global market. The ultimate objective is to establish
a National database which can pool information from promotional agencies associated with export
and import activities in selected countries/ markets for the access of different user agencies. A
URL namely marketagri.com has been created which is providing relevant information to the
producer and exporter so as to design the production programme in an appropriate manner.
Looking into the large set of information/content generated and to place it in a presentable
form for the easy access of the user agencies, the report of the study “Market Intelligence study of
selected crops having export potential” has been split in to four volumes as enlisted below:
(a) Volume I – Main Report – Covering all the deliverables outlined in the study including the
suggestions and recommendations based on the detailed reports (separate volumes on profiles of
selected crops, export analysis and tariffs & non tariff protocols).
(b) Volume II – Domestic Market Research – Covering profiles of selected crops namely mango,
grapes, pomegranates, litchi, pineapple, banana, aonla, tomato, green chillies, okra, onion, ginger,
turmeric, sesame, soyameal and cotton.
(c) Volume III – In four sections namely A,B,C and D on International Market Research-
Covering opportunities, analysis and competitiveness in EU, GCC, ASEAN, Australia, China and
Korea
(d) Volume IV – In three sections namely A, B and C on International Market Research –
Covering World Trade scenario, tariff duties and non-tariff protocols of different countries.
One of the important components of the study is to know the export potential of a
particular crop on which, the information on the area, production & productivity, consumption,

3
post harvest losses procuring markets and surplus production is pre-requisite. Therefore, domestic
market research was conducted on fruits (mango, grapes, pomegranate, pineapple, litchi, banana
& aonla) vegetables (onion, tomato, okra and green chilly), spices (ginger and turmeric), sesame
seeds, soyameal and cotton.
Information, thus collected, has been incorporated in various crop profiles. These profiles
essentially provide information on production, local consumption, procurement, various aspects of
marketing and export. These profiles are first of kind write-ups on these crops having commercial
angle.
The information collected on the crops mentioned above is primarily on acreage under
cultivation, total production and productivity per hectare area, area under crop in different states,
production and productivity there in, description of few export worthy varieties, harvesting
season, arrival pattern in markets etc. Also in this collected information are details of concentrated
pockets of cultivation and catchment areas of markets and Mandies.
In addition, the information on Agmark, description of grades and standards, packaging
for export, export and export potential (including domestic strengths and measures for enhancing
exports), prices prevailing in international markets, procurement prices, storage details,
documents required for exports, chain of events from harvest to shipment, expenses likely to be
incurred on post-harvest handling, treatment, transport to port and freight charges ( by air or sea
as the case may be) have also been given in the profiles.
In nutshell, profiles contain all the information required for export purposes. The crop
profiles have been prepared for following commodities:
(a) Fruits
• Mango
• Grapes
• Pomegranate
• Pineapple
• Litchi
• Banana
• Aonla.
(b) Vegetables
• Onion
• Tomato
• Okra
• Green Chilly.
(c) Spices
• Ginger
• Turmeric
(d) Commercial crops
• Sesame seeds
• Soyameal
• Cotton.

4
CHAPTER- 2
MANGO
1. Introduction
Mango (Mangifera indica Linn) is the most important fruit of India and is known as “King
of fruits”. The fruit is cultivated in the largest area i.e. 2,021 thousand ha and the production is
around 12.5 million tons, contributing 40.1% of the total world production of mango. The
main mango producing states in India are Andhra Pradesh (25%), Uttar Pradesh (21%),
Karnataka (9.8%), Bihar (9.7%), Gujarat (6.1%) and Maharashtra (5.09%)
Total export of mangoes from India is 79.06 thousand tons, valuing Rs. 141.9 crores
during 2006-07. India exports mango to over 50 countries worldwide. India’s exports to UAE,
Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, UK, Kuwait, Singapore, Malaysia and Bangladesh together
account for 97% of total exports of fresh mangoes from India.
World scenario
Mango covers an area of 4,369 thousand ha with a production of 31.2 million tons. India
occupies top position among mango growing countries of the world and produces 40.1% of
the total world mango production. China and Thailand stand second and third among mango
producing countries with a total tonnage of 3,676 and 1,800 thousand tons respectively.
Brazil, Egypt, Pakistan, Mexico and China have higher productivity/ha compared to India
(having an average productivity of 6.2 tons/ha). The details are given below in the table 2.1.
Table 2.1: Major producing countries of mango in the world (2006)
COUNTRY AREA
(‘000ha)
PRODUCTION
(‘000 tons)
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
% SHARE OF
WORLD
PRODUCTION
India 2,021 12,538 6.2 40.1
China 434 3,676 8.5 11.8
Thailand 285 1,800 6.3 5.8
Mexico 183 1,679 9.2 5.4
Pakistan 165 1,606 9.7 5.1
Indonesia 273 1,413 5.2 4.5
Brazil 84 1,348 16.0 4.3
Philippines 172 1,003 5.8 3.2
Nigeria 138 812 5.9 2.6
Egypt 35 380 10.9 1.2
Others 578 4,996 8.6 16.0
World 4,369 31,251 7.1
Source: Indian Horticulture Database, 2006
Indian scenario
Mango is grown almost in all the states of India. Andhra Pradesh tops the list of mango
producing states. Other major producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka,

5
Bihar and Gujarat. Rest of the states has quite less production. The details are given below in
the table 2.2.
Table 2.2: Showing the area production and productivity of mango in India
YEAR AREA(000’
ha)
PRODUCTION
(000’tons)
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
2001-02 1,575.8 10,020.2 6.4
2002-03 1,623.4 12,733.2 7.8
2003-04 1,906.7 11,490.0 6.0
2004-05 1,970.4 11,829.7 6.0
2005-06 2,020.6 12,537.9 6.2
2. Major producing states with production of last three years
Andhra Pradesh is the leading mango producing state with production of 3,194.3 thousand
tons followed by Uttar Pradesh state which has production of 2,673.3 thousand tons. Then
comes Karnataka (1,236.8 thousand tons), followed by Bihar and Gujarat i.e. 1,222.7 and 772.1
thousand tons respectively. Area, production and productivity of mango in different states are
given in table 2.3.
Table 2.3: Area, production and productivity of leading mango growing states in India
AREA
(000’ha)
PRODUCTION
(000’tons)
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
STATE
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2003-
04
2004-
05
2005-
06
Andhra
Pradesh
402.2 391.9 399.3 3,217.2 3,135.2 3,194.3 8.0 8.0 8.0
Uttar
Pradesh
250.5 247.0 251.5 2,100.1 2,585.6 2,673.3 8.4 10.5 10.6
Karnataka 116.3 120.8 124.5 1,111.2 1,189.2 1,236.8 9.6 9.8 9.9
Bihar 140.0 140.1 140.2 1,540.1 865.6 1,222.7 11.0 6.2 8.7
Gujarat 69.9 89.7 96.0 495.1 729.1 772.1 7.1 8.1 8.0
Maharashtra 425.8 432.7 444.5 629.8 634.3 638.6 1.5 1.5 1.4
Tamil Nadu 114.9 118.4 125.1 615.4 539.4 537.8 5.4 4.6 4.3
West
Bengal
67.8 69.1 70.1 406.0 460.8 513.3 6.0 6.7 7.3
Kerala 85.4 90.6 88.0 384.2 525.3 511.1 4.5 5.8 5.8
Orissa 115.1 120.3 125.3 405.2 416.3 428.8 3.5 3.5 3.4
Others 118.8 149.7 156.2 585.7 748.8 809.1 4.9 5.0 5.2
Total 1,906.7 1,970.4 2,020.6 11,490.0 11,829.7 12,537.9 6.02 6.00 6.2

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3. Description of commercially grown varieties
There are near about 30 varieties of mangoes which are grown commercially. Some of
the most important varieties have been listed below in the table 2.4.
Table 2.4: Shows the varietal characteristics of commercially grown mangoes
Variety Characteristics
Alphonso This variety is medium in size, ovate oblique in shape and orange
yellow in colour. The pulp is yellow to orange in colour. It is soft,
firm and fibreless. It is a mid-season variety.
Banganpalli The flesh is firm to meaty, fibreless. Fruit is large in size and
obliquely oval in shape. The colour of fruit is golden yellow. Good
keeping quality and a mid season variety.
Chausa Fruit is large in size, ovate to oval oblique in shape and light yellow
in colour. It is a late variety.
Dashehri Fruit size is medium, shape is oblong to oblong-oblique and fruit
colour is yellow. The pulp is firm and fibreless and a mid season
variety.
Langra Fruit is of medium size, ovate shape and lettuce green in colour.The
lemon-yellow flesh is juicy and flavourful. It is scarcely fibrous, a
mid season variety.
Totapuri Fruit size is medium to large, shape is oblong with necked base and
colour is golden yellow. Flesh is cadmium yellow and fibreless, a
mid season variety.
Kesar Fruits are medium sized, flesh is sweet and fibreless. Colour is
apricot yellow with red blush, an early season variety.
4. Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
• Adoption of improved cultivars.
• Adoption of high density planting in cultivars
• Regulating flowering and increasing intensity of flowering.
• Pruning malformed mango shoots at bearing stage
• Alternate bearing needs to be managed by reducing fruiting during a year by adoption
of pruning and thinning practices.
• Providing life saving irrigation at the critical stage of fruit growth etc.
• Integrated nutrient and water management.
• Management of spongy tissue through sod mulching.
• Integrated pest and disease management practices and timely control of pests and
diseases, especially mango hopper, mango mealy bug and sprays of Bavistin at fruit
development stage especially after rains.
5. Harvesting season of crop in leading states
- Lean season - Peak season
STATE/UT’S JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
ANDHRA
PRADESH

7
STATE/UT’S JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
GUJARAT
KARNATAKA
MAHARASHTRA
UTTAR
PRADESH
Fig. - 1
*The above graph shows harvest pattern in leading mango growing states
6. Arrival pattern in market
Table 2.5: Arrival pattern of mangoes in top five states
7. (a) Concentrated pockets
The details of concentrated pockets of mango in different states are listed below in table 2.6.
Table 2.6: Shows concentrated pockets of mango in mango growing states
State Districts
Andhra
Pradesh
Krishna,Vizianagaram,WestGodavari,Visakahapatnam,EastGodavari,Srikak
ulamKhammam,Nalgonada,Karimnagar,Warangal,Mahaboobnagar,Chittoor
,Cuddapah,Nellore,Prakasam
Karnataka Kolar,Bangalore,Tumkur,Chitradurga,Mysore,Hassan,Mandya,Chickmagal
ur
Gujarat Valsad, Navsari, Surat, Vadodara, Bharuch Junagadh, Amreli, Bhavnagar,
Uttar Pradesh Lucknow, Sultanpur, Sitapur, Unnao, Hardoi, Barabanki, Faizabad,
Saharanpur, Bulandshahar, Meerut,Muzaffarnagar, Bijnaur, Moradabad,
Deoria, Basti, Maharajganj, Kabir Nagar, Gorakhpur, Kushi Nagar
Maharashtra Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Raigarh, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Latur, Nasik,
Beed, Akola, Jalna, Ahmednagar, Buldhana, Osmanabad
Tamil Nadu Teni , Dharmapuri, Salem, Tirunelveli.
S.No. States Season of availability Important cultivars
1. Andhra Pradesh Mid Feb. - mid July Banganpalli, Totapuri,
Suvarnrekha,Neelum
2. Gujarat April - July Alphonso, Kesar,Rajapuri
3. Karnataka April – July Banganpalli,
Totapuri,Neelum,Alphonso,Pairi
4. Maharashtra March – July Alphonso, Kesar,Pairi
5. Uttar Pradesh May - August Bombay Green,
Dashehri,Langra,Chausa,Amrapali

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7. (b) Catchment areas of market
Table 2.7: Showing catchment areas of markets of leading mango growing states
States Districts
(Market)
Blocks
Warangal Mongalapalli, Jangaon, Mahbubabad, Kottagudem, Narlappu,
Gudur, Zafargarh.
Kurnool Emmiganuru, Kappagalu, Alur, Adoni, Atmakpur, Pattikonda,
Dhone, Koilkuntla, Banganpalli, Allagadda
Andhra
Pradesh
Prakasam Erragondapalem, Markopur, Giddalur, Tarlupadu, Podile,
Darsai, Baulipali, Chundi
Ratnagiri Mandargarh,Dapoli,Khed,Chiplun,Guhagarh,Sangameshwar,La
nga,Rajapur, Sangva
Raigarh Matheran, Karjat, Khalapur, Pen, Alibagh, Panvel, Uran,
Sudhagarh, Poladpur, Mangaon, Mhasla, Mahad, Roha, Murud,
Srivardhan,
Maharash-
tra
Sindhudurg Devgarh, Kankaulli, Malvan, Kudal, Vengurla, Savantvadi
Surat Mangrol, Umarwada, Nizer, Olpal, Kamrej, Mahuva, Valod,
Bardoi, Buhari, Umra, Tadkeshwar, ,
Valsad Kadiyan, Zoz, Kikawada, Nimeta, Tundav, Kadachhala,
Nasvadi, Kwant, Dabhoi. Karjan, Sinor, Ambadunger,
Vadodara, Sankheda,
Gujarat
Navsari Gandevi, Jalalpor, Bansda, Ahond, Khanpur, Kariawadi,
Satam, Saravani
Lucknow Mal, Rahimabad, Bhauli, Itaunja, Mahoma, Nagram, Nigohan,
Sisendi, Bijnaur, Utrahthia, Gosainganj, Jugganar, Chanhat,
Bani, Alamnagar, Kakori, Bhauli
Saharanpur Badshahbagh, Raipur, Muzzafarabad, Kalsia, Behat, Chilkana,
Rampur, Sarsawa, Pilkhani, Bhayla, Deoband, Gangoh,
Lukhnauti, Nanauta
Muzaffarnagar Chausera, Titron, Jalalabad, Bidauli, Shahpur, Banal, Sisanli,
Khatauli, Janesh, Mimpur, Kandala.
Meerut Mulharia, Tanda, Sakoti, Phalavada, Bashuma, Lawar, Daurala,
Marware, Hastinapur, Jani, Kithaur
Uttar
Pradesh
Varanasi Sindhora, Babatpur, Phulpur, Cholapur, Mirzaurad, Samath
Teni Periyakulam, Andipatti, Uttammapalayam, Bodimayakkanur,
Kamban, Megamali, Vadugapatti,
Dharmapuri Pennagaram, Harur, Pappireedipatti, Palakkodu, Pochampalli
Salem Mettur, Yercaud, Idappadi, Omalpur, Attur, Gangavalli,
Sankagiri
Tamil
Nadu
Tirunelveli Sivagiri, Sankarankovil, Tenkasi, Virakeralampudur,
Alangulam, Nangumeri, Radhapuram,

9
8. Criteria and description of grades
According to Agmark standards, mangoes are classified into following classes, as per
details given in the table below:
Table 2.8: Details of grade designation and sizing of mango as per AGMARK standards.
Grade
designation
Grade requirements Grade tolerances
1 2 3
Extra class Mangoes must be of superior quality. They must
be characteristic of the variety. They must be
free of defects, with the exception of very slight
superficial defects, provided these do not affect
the general appearances of the produce, the
quality, the keeping quality and presentation in
the package.
5% by number or weight of
mangoes not satisfying the
requirements for the grade, but
meeting those of Class I or
exceptionally, coming within
the tolerances of that grade
Class I Mangoes must be of good quality. They must be
characteristic of the variety. Mangoes may have
following slight defects, provided these do not
affect the general appearance of the produce, the
quality, the keeping quality and presentation in
the package.
- slight defects in shape;
- slight skin defects due to rubbing or sunburn,
suberized stains due to resin exudation
(elongated trails included) and healed bruises
not exceeding 2,3,4,5 sq. cm.
for size groups A, B, C, D respectively
requirements for the grade, but
meeting those of Class II grade
or, exceptionally coming within
the tolerances of that grade.
Class II This grade includes mangoes which do not
qualify for inclusion in the higher grades, but
satisfy the minimum requirements. Mangoes
may have following defects, provided they retain
their essential characteristics as regards the
quality, keeping quality and presentation.
- defects in shape,
- slight skin defects due to rubbing or sunburn,
suberized stains due to resin exudation
(elongated trails included) and healed bruises
not exceeding 4,5,6,7 sq. cm.
for size groups A, B, C, D respectively
requirements of the grade, but
meeting the minimum
requirements.

10
In Class I and Class II, scattered suberized rusty lenticels, as well as yellowing of green
varieties due to exposure to direct sunlight, not exceeding 40% of the surface and not showing any
signs of necrosis are allowed.
PROVISION CONCERNING SIZE
Size is determined by the weight of the fruit, in accordance with the following table:
Table 2.9: Details of sizing in mango
Size Code Weight in grams (minimum) Maximum permissible
difference between fruits
within the package(in grams)
A 100-200 50
B 201-350 75
C 351-550 100
D 551-800 125
9. Packaging & its details
(A) For Export
• Each individual fruit of mango will be enclosed in a clean, white, soft, expandable and
netted type polystyrene sleeve to prevent bruising before packing in a box.
• The mangoes must be packed in insect-proof boxes. If ventilated boxes are used, all the
ventilator openings of the box should be covered with insect-proof screen and all the sides
of box should be sealed with adhesive tape to prevent any entry of pests.
• The materials used inside the package must be new, clean, and of a quality such as to
avoid causing any external or internal damage to the produce.
• The use of materials, particularly of paper or stamps bearing trade specifications is
allowed, provided the printing or labeling has been done with non-toxic ink or glue.
• Mangoes shall be packed in each container in compliance with the Recommended
International Code of Practice for Packaging and Transport of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables
(CAC/RCP 44-1995, Amd. 1-2004).
• The package boxes dimensions of 390X260X115 mm (for Banganpalli), 320X230X90

11
Specification details of Corrugated Fibre Board boxes are given in the following table.
Table 2.10: Specification details for Corrugated Fibre Board (CFB) Boxes for packing
mangoes for exports
Characteristics Requirements
Ring &
Flap(4 kg)
Full
Telescopic (4
kg.)
Ring Flap(8
kg)
Full Telescopic (8
kg)
1. Material of
construction
2. Grammage(
g/m sq),Min
(outer to inner)
3. Bursting
strength kg/cm
sq, Min
4. Puncture
resistance, ozs
inches/tear inch
Min
5. Compression
strength, kgf ,
Min
6. Cobb (30
minutes) g/m
sq, Max
3 Ply
Corrugated
fibre board
*230/140/140
6.50
110
275
130
3 Ply
Corrugated
fibre board
*230/140/140
6.50
110
275
130
5 Ply
Corrugated
fibre board
*230/140/140
10.50
280
250
130
5 Ply Corrugated
fibre board
*230/140/140
6.50
110
250
130
* Outer ply of duplex board
Source: Post- Harvest Manual for Export of Mangoes, APEDA, New Delhi.
(B) For domestic market
For domestic market, usually mangoes are packed in wooden boxes, details of which are
given below. However, Alphonso and Kesar are packed in CFB boxes.

12
Table 2.11: Specifications of wooden boxes for domestic marketing
Type of Carton Inner
Dimension(cm)
Capacity (kgs)
Wooden crates
45X30X30
(Ratnagiri)
21.6X21.6X42
(Malihabad )
16-18
10-11
10. Distribution of produce from primary to terminal market
• Mangoes grown in different parts of the country are transported to the big cities for
marketing.
• The fruits produced in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu find markets in Nagpur, Bombay, and
Calcutta.
• The important wholesale mango markets in India are Calcutta, Delhi, Bombay, Madras,
Ahmedabad, Pune and Nagpur.
• Mangoes for these big markets are usually collected at the central places in all the mango-
growing areas, e.g., in Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow and Varanasi; in Gujarat, Gandevi, Gadat and
Amalsar talukas; and in Maharashtra, Ratnagiri and Vengurla.
• Delhi and Bombay are the most important markets for despatch of mangoes. At Delhi all the
mangoes are assembled at Sabzimandi, Ashoka market, and at Bombay at Crawford and
Byculla markets for distribution.
11. Price Graph
Price Graph of Mangoes in Metros
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Delhi Kolkata Pune Chennai Bangalore
Cities
Price(Rs.)
january
february
march
april
may
june
july
august
september
october
november
december
Fig.- 2
*The above graph shows the price (Rs./Qtl.) of mango throughout year in metro cities

13
12. Exports and export potential
A. Domestic strengths for exporting mango
Domestic strengths for exporting mango from India are listed below:
• India occupies top position in total production among mango growing countries of the world.
• India cultivates a wide variety of mangoes; some of them are very colourful and attractive
with par excellence edible quality.
• Mangoes are cultivated with sizeable production in almost all the states i.e. Andhra Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu etc.
• Transfer of technology for cultivation of mango is easy as in many states; farmers have
formed associations/cooperatives.
• In Maharashtra state mango growers are quite innovative.
• Agri Export Zones for facilitating exports have been established in almost all mango growing
areas.
• Packhouses on modern lines have been provided in all mango exporting regions i.e. in
Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg in Maharashtra and in Navsari and Borsad in Gujarat for Alphonso
variety; in Latur and Aurangabad for Kesar mango; in Saharanpur and Malihabad in U.P. for
Dashehari and Chausa mangoes.
• Facilities for facilitating mango exports like Post-harvest Management Centre have been
established at Malihabad and Saharanpur. Similarly a mango Export Facility Centre has been
established at Ratnagiri.
• Mango farmers of Alphonso and Kesar are already being trained in GLOBALGAP
requirements.
• Mango growers of Saharanpur have already branded their product as “NAWAB” mango.
• Facilities for Vapour Heat Treatment and irradiation for eliminating fruit fly have already
been set up.
• India is in advantageous position, as it is nearer to Middle East countries compared to
Australia, Kenya etc. main suppliers in Middle East.
B. Exports
Export of mango has increased from 38,003 tons in 2002-2003 to 79,060 tons 2006-2007, a
107% increase in the last five years. (Table 2.12 & Fig. 3). This is a phenomenal growth.
As per APEDA database of 2006-2007, major portion of exports (50,942 tons) has gone to
SAARC countries and only 24,545 tons have been exported to GCC countries. For EU countries
still lesser quantity i.e. 2658 tons has been exported.

14
Table 2.12: Export of mango for last five years
Source: APEDA Database, 2006-07
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
Quantityintons
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
Years
Export of mango for last five years
Fig. - 3
C. Export potential
Export potential of mangoes from India is discussed for different groups of countries as
mentioned below:
(i) GCC Countries
GCC countries imported 1, 44,042 tons during 2006 and there is 15% increase in demand
from the year 2003. India exported only 24,545 tons to GCC countries during 2006-2007. Out of
this, as much as 22,045 tons were exported to UAE. Next in order, 1323 tons were sent to Saudi
Arabia. However, there is tremendous scope for expanding exports to these countries, as India
produces finest quality mangoes.
According to comtrade database 2006, as much as 63,519 tons were imported by UAE,
48,330 tons by Saudi Arabia, 16,438 tons by Oman and 8900 tons by Kuwait, 3617 tons by
Bahrain and 3238 tons by Qatar.
Indian penetration to Saudi Arabian market and markets of Oman and Kuwait is negligible
and need to be accelerated by nurturing these markets.
Year Quantity(tons) Value(in Rs.Lakh)
2002-2003 38003 8419.4
2003-2004 60551 11051.9
2004-2005 53480 8961.0
2005-2006 69606 12811.1
2006-2007 79060 14193.9

15
India's total exports are substantial during March – April months and reduce significantly
during May onwards because of competition from Pakistan. India must explore reducing costs
Kesar variety of mango which is much more acceptable by increased productivity and make
available through reefer containers,. We must target at least 40,000 to 50,000 tons of exports to
GCC countries in next 4-5 years period of the total imports of 1,44,042 tons.
(ii) EU countries
EU countries import mangoes varying from 2, 50,000 tons to 3, 00,000 tons every year. There
is 31% increase in demand from the year 2003. However, during 2006-07, only 2519 tons were
exported from India. Out of this, maximum quantity was exported to UK (1883 tons). India is not
able to penetrate other EU countries in a significant way. The exports to EU countries so far, are
more or less consistent. The main reason for the absence of upsurge of export of mangoes to EU
is supply of mangoes by countries like Brazil, Peru, and Israel etc. at cheaper rates. Thus, India
must lower the cost of production by increasing productivity.
Apart from above, the other reason is that the EU market has become used to appreciate only
coloured mangoes. Consumers at times pay higher price for these coloured mangoes. Even
superior edible quality of Indian mangoes does not get much attention before coloured mangoes
like Tommy Atkins, Kent and Haden.
Realising this, Research Institutes in India have bred coloured varieties like Arka Anmol,
Arka Puneet, Pusa Arunima, Ambika etc. However, their commercial productivity, acceptability
in EU markets etc should be assessed on priority within definite time framework. The above
mentioned coloured varieties are not only attractive but have very good edible quality.
(iii) ASEAN countries
ASEAN countries are importing mangoes to the tune of 50,327tons (2006). Major importers
are Malaysia (23,521 tons), Singapore (16,027 tons). Vietnam (7212 tons), Indonesia (1103), and
Thailand (262 tons). However exports of mango from India to ASEAN countries are only 332
tons to Malaysia and 230 tons to Singapore and 20 tons to Vietnam during 2006-2007. This is
negligible as compared to what is potential; however, Thailand is able to supply mangoes at much
cheaper price to Malaysia and Singapore, the main importers.
Therefore, the strategy for India may be to make available cheaper mangoes like Totapuri
(Banglora) in Malaysian market on one hand and campaign for quality and having red blush
varieties like Suvarnrekha, Kesar and Alphonso varieties on the other hand for Singapore market.
Market for high quality mangoes will have to be nurtured. For competing with Thailand, variety
like Totapuri (Banglora) need to be explored and require to be exported from Eastern Port of
Andhra Pradesh to save on logistic costs. Side by side India must reduce the cost of production by
increasing the productivity. Perhaps with this strategy, we may target a volume of 6000-8000 tons
of mango in next 4-5 years.
(iv) Hong Kong
Hong Kong is a centre for trade for fruits and vegetables and imported up to 42,422 tons and
exported 19,988 tons of mangoes during the year 2006. The prices prevailing in Hong Kong
market are also quite high. However, India has exported only 49 tons during 2006.Therefore;
concerted campaign needs to be launched for our quality mangoes in this market.

16
(v) Pacific Rim countries and China
Pacific Rim countries comprise Australia, Japan, Korea etc. and potential for exports of
mangoes to these countries is given below:
(a) Australia
Australia imported only 810 tons during 2006. However, Australia has very strict
regulations for entry of Indian mangoes in their country. Australia has put mangoes from
India under Import Risk Analysis (IRA). By this, Australia is to identify and classify
potential quarantine risks and develop policies to manage them. Provisional IRA has been
released, but still one cannot export mangoes to Australia, till it is totally finalized.
At present, Indo-Australian agreement is under negotiation, and export of mangoes
should be covered in the agreement. There should be no difficulty, as India has already
standardized irradiation treatment for eliminating fruit fly, which is acceptable to Australia.
(b) South Korea
South Korea has imported 1235 tons of mangoes during 2006. At present South Korea
has high duties on imported mangoes, however, India is likely to finalize Free Trade
Agreement with Korea soon and it is hoped that export of mangoes to S. Korea will begin.
(c) Japan
According to comtrade database, Japan imported 12586 tons of mangoes in 2006.
Japan has a requirement of Vapour Heat Treatment (VHT) for eliminating fruit fly. India
has already established facilities for VHT treatment and exported 74 tons during 2006.
However, even then export of mangoes has not accelerated to Japan, which needs to be
taken up.
(d) China
China has only moderate import duties on export of mangoes to China under Asia
Pacific Trade Agreement. Some amount of mangoes has already been exported to China.
There is good scope of exporting mangoes to China, as it imported to the tune of 23,763
tons during 2006 (comtrade database). India is in a position to fulfill all the requirements of
importing country from plant protection, quarantine and hygienic angles.
(e) U.S.A and Canada
According to comtrade database, USA imported 2, 98,088 tons of mangoes and
Canada imported 42,161 tons during the year 2006. India did not export any mangoes to
U.S.A during 2006 but exported 75 tons to Canada during the year (2006).
MOU has been signed between USA and India for export of mangoes to USA. India
has already provided irradiation facilities at a number of locations. There should be no
further difficulty in exporting mangoes both to U.S.A. and Canada.
D. Measures for enhancing competitiveness for exporting mangoes
Following measures need to be adopted for enhancing competitiveness:

17
• Protocol for CA and MA storage for sea shipping needs to be perfected suiting to all
exportable varieties of mango, so that shelf life can be extended and we can compete with
Thailand in South East Asia.
• Similarly, if sea shipping protocol is perfected, India can stand competitively with
Australia, Kenya etc. for exporting to Middle East countries and can effectively enter EU
market.
• Main emphasis needs to be laid on cost reduction by increasing productivity per hectare
which is very low, so that India can compete with Pakistan and other countries which
supply mangoes at lower price.
13. Storage
Temperature : 13°C ± 0.5°C
Relative Humidity : 90 – 95 %
Storage Period : 3 - 7 weeks
Freezing Point : -1°C
Mango has sensitivity to refrigeration, freezing and ethylene exposure.
14. Documents required for exports
a) Documents related to goods
a) Invoice b) Packing List c) Certificate of origin
b) Documents related to shipment
a) Mate Receipt b) Shipping Bill c) Bill of handing d) Airway Bill
c) Documents related to Payment
a) Letter of Credit (L/C) b) Bill of Exchange
d) Documents related to quality of goods
a) Phytosanitary Certificate b) GLOBALGAP Certification c) Health Certificate
e) Organic Certification
- Certificate indicating material produce is based on organic farming.
f) Documents related to Foreign Exchange Regulations
GR Form: Documents required by RBI which assures to RBI that the exporter will realize the
proceeds of goods within 180 days from the date of Shipment.
g) Other Document
Bank Realization Certification (BRC): This is the advice given by Foreign Exchange Bank
after the realization of money from Importer.

18
15. Chain of events which happen up to shipment
FLOW DIAGRAM OF ESSENTIAL OPERATIONS OF MANGO EXPORTERS/PACKERS
Receipt of raw material at Packhouse
Desapping
Washing
Hot water & Fungicide treatment
Drying
Sorting & Grading
Weighment
Packing & Coding
Palletization
Storage (cold stores)
Container loading
Transportation
16. Price prevailing in international markets
The given below tables shows the annual average price range of mangoes in different
international markets. The table 2.13 shows the pricing trend in EU and Australian markets.
Table 2.13: Summary of prices for mangoes in potential markets for India
Annual Average price Range (2003-08)Country
Currency
USD/kg 1.23 to 2.13European Union
INR/kg 55.7 to 95.9
USD/kg 2.02Australia
INR/kg 91.0
Source: Comtrade Database

19
17. Cost Calculation from harvest to packhouse to port
Cost estimates for exports of mangoes from India (as per information collected during 2008)
(a) Procurement price*
Variety Approx. price (in Rs./kg)
Kesar : 35-40
Alphonso : 80-100
Banganpalli : 20-25
*Price of mangoes varies according to variety, month of procurement
(b) Charges for treatment, packing, transport, etc.(below in table)
Table 2.14: Charges for treatment, packing, transport, etc.
Source: Mango Growers Association, Aurangabad, Maharashtra.
(c) Sea freight charges*:
Freight rates for reefer container are as follows:
Reefer containers
(Rates in US dollars)
20’ 40’
(i) Dubai/Doha 1100 1600
(ii) Kuala Lampur/Singapore 600 900
(iii)UK/Amsterdam 1700 2700
* It varies from year to year /season to season, capacity of container and distance covered.
Particulars Rs/kg
Charges for precooling, cold storage and treatment (fungicide) 10.0
Transportation to packhouse 0.5
Packaging cost (labour grading and packing etc.) 12.0
Transport to port (location in Maharashtra to JNPT) 5.0
Total cost 27.50

20
CHAPTER- 3
GRAPES
1. Introduction
Grape (Vitis vinifera) is basically a subtropical crop. However, in India, grapes are cultivated
for their excellence also under tropical conditions. Grapes are cultivated in an area of 64.3
thousand ha with a total production 1,630.7 thousand tons and productivity of 25.4 tons/ha.
Because of special arbour training systems provided for grape cultivation in India, productivity is
highest among the grape growing countries of the world.
Maharashtra is a leading state in production of grapes in the whole country. With regard to
agricultural land under grape cultivation and grapes production, Nasik and Sangli districts are at
forefront in the state. Apart from these, grapes are also grown in the district of Ahmednagar,
Pune, Satara, Solapur and Osmanabad. Nowadays, grapes are produced in Latur district of
Marathwada also. However, Nasik and Sangli districts are ahead in the production of grapes in a
scientific manner.
Area under grapes in Maharashtra is 45.1 thousand ha and production is around 1,275
thousand tons of grapes annually. Total export of grapes from India is 85.5 thousand tons during
2006-07 valuing of Rs. 300.58 crores, out of which, nearly 80% is exported from Maharashtra.
World scenario
According to FAO data (2006), the leading grape producing countries in the world in terms of
production are Italy (8,554 thousand tons), USA (7,088 thousand tons) and France (6,790
thousand tons).
India’s high productivity in grape has made it to reach 12th
position in the world as far as
production (total world production 67,696 thousand tons) is concerned.
Table 3.1: Major producing countries of grapes in world (2006)
COUNTRY
(1)
AREA
(‘000ha)
(2)
PRODUCTION
(‘000 tons)
(3)
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
(4)
% SHARE OF
WORLD
PRODUCTION
(5)
Italy 755 8,554 11.3 12.6
U.S.A. 378 7,088 18.7 10.5
France 855 6,790 7.9 10.0
China 453 6,592 14.5 9.7
Spain 1,161 6,054 5.2 8.9
Turkey 530 3,850 7.3 5.7
Iran, Islamic
rep of
315 2,964 9.4 4.4
Argentina 212 2,830 13.4 4.2
Chile 178 2,250 12.6 3.3
Australia 153 2,027 13.2 3.0

21
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
South Africa 113 1,683 14.9 2.5
India 64 1,631 25.4 2.4
Others 2,222 15,468 7.0 2.3
World 7,385 67,696 9.1
Indian scenario
There is sizeable increase in acreage and production of grapes in India. In acreage, there is an
increase from 47.5 thousand ha in 2001-02 to 64.3 thousand ha in 2005-06.Similarly the
production has increased from 1,184.2 thousand tons in 2001-02 to 1,630.7 thousand tons in
2005-06.The details are given in table 3.2.
Table 3.2: Area, production, and productivity of grapes in India
YEAR AREA
( 000’ha)
PRODUCTION
( 000’tons)
PRODUCTIVITY
( tons/ha)
2001-02 47.5 1,184.2 24.9
2002-03 52.1 1,247.8 24.0
2003-04 57.8 1,474.8 25.5
2004-05 60.5 1,564.7 25.9
2005-06 64.3 1,630.7 25.4
2. Major producing states with production of last 3 years
Maximum grape production takes place in Maharashtra (1,275 thousand tons) state followed
by southern states like Karnataka (193.2 thousand tons), Tamil Nadu (84.8 thousand tons) and
Andhra Pradesh (40.3 thousand tons). In Punjab and Haryana it is grown to some extent i.e. 30.2
and 3.3 thousand tons respectively. The details are given below in table 3.3.
Table 3.3: Area, production and productivity of leading grapes growing states in India
AREA(000’ha) PRODUCTION
(000’tons)
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
STATE
(1)
2003-04
(2)
2004-05
(3)
2005-06
(4)
2003-04
(5)
2004-05
(6)
2005-06
(7)
2003-04
(8)
2004-05
(9)
2005-06
(10)
MAHARASHTRA 41.4 43.8 45.1 1,163.1 1,233.9 1,275.0 28.1 28.2 28.3
KARNATAKA 9.1 10.1 10.4 170.9 185.8 193.2 18.8 18.4 18.5
TAMIL NADU 2.5 2.5 2.6 59.9 69.7 84.8 24.0 28.2 32.6

22
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
ANDHRA
PRADESH
1.8 1.9 1.9 35.0 37.8 40.3 19.4 22.0 21.2
PUNJAB 1.2 1.2 1.1 33.7 32.3 30.2 28.1 27.0 27.0
HARYANA 0.9 0.1 0.1 8.5 1.4 3.3 9.4 10.5 33.0
MADHYA
PRADESH
0.1 0.1 0.1 2.3 2.4 2.6 23.0 25.0 25.0
OTHERS 0.8 0.9 2.9 1.4 1.4 1.2 2.5 1.9 0.9
Total 57.8 60.5 64.3 1,474.8 1,564.7 1,630.7 25.5 25.8 25.3
Table 3.4: Shows the varietal characteristics of commercially grown grapes
Name of the variety Description Berry diameter
Thompson Seedless Berries are oval to oblong in shape with
T.S.S.18-22o
Brix, acidity 0.5 to 0.7%.
16 mm to 18 mm
Sonaka
Berries are elongated, cylindrical and amber
coloured,T.S.S. around 22 o
Brix,acidity 0.4-
0.7%
16 mm to 19 mm
Sharad Seedless
Berries are oblong to elliptical in shape and
bluish black in colour with T.S.S. 18-21 o
Brix
and acidity 0.5-0.7%
18mm to 22 mm
Tas-e-Ganesh
Berries are ovoid shaped and green to amber in
colour with T.S.S. 20-22 o
Brix and acidity 0.5-
0.65%
15 mm 20mm
• Selection of improved varieties for cultivation
• Identification of exact nature of problems in difficult soils and providing solutions.
• Adoption of suitable training system and high planting density and canopy management
• Integrated nutrient and water management of vineyards
• Treatment with chemical growth regulants for quality improvement
• Weed management
• Integrated pest and disease management practices
5. Harvesting season of crop
Harvest season of grapes is depicted below (for 12 months)

23
-Lean Period -Peak Period
STATES JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Andhra Pradesh
Tamil Nadu
Punjab
Haryana
Fig.- 4
*The above graph showing harvest pattern in leading grape growing states.
6. Arrival pattern in the market
Grapes start coming to the market in middle of January and peak time of availability is during
Feburary-March.Availability season is extended further to April – May by keeping the produce in
cold stores. The details are given below in table 3.5.
Table 3.5: Details of arrival pattern of grapes in leading states
S.No. States Period Of Availability Peak Season
1. Maharashtra,Karnataka
and Andhra Pradesh
Middle of December - May February-March
2. Tamil Nadu** Mid of December – Mid of
April
February – March
3. Punjab and Haryana 1st
week of June to 3rd
week
of June
Mid June
** Grapes are also available in Tamil Nadu during May to July and September to
November months.
7.(a) Concentrated pockets
The details of concentrated pockets of grapes in different states are given below in table 3.6.
Table 3.6: Showing concentrated pockets grapes in India.
State Districts
Maharashtra Nasik,Sangli,Solapur,Pune,Ahmednagar,Satara,Osmanabad
Karnataka Belgaum,Bijapur,Bagalkot, Kolar, Bangalore
Tamil Nadu Theni,Coimbatore,Dindigul, Dharampuri
Punjab Bhatinda,Ferozpur,Muktsar,Sangrur
Andhra Pradesh Rangareddy,Mehboobnagar
Haryana Fatehabad,Sirsa,Hisar

24
7.(b) Catchment areas of market
Table 3.7: Showing the details of catchment areas of market of grapes in leading states
States Districts
(Market)
Blocks
Solapur Karmala,Barsi,Madha,Mohol,Mangalwedha,Sangole,Malsiras,Pand
harpur,Akalkot.
Nashik Kalvan,Peint,Igatpuri,Sinnar,Niphad,Yeola,Nandgaon,
Satana,Furgana,Dindori,Melgaon,
Sangli Atpadi,Khanapur,Islampur,Shirala,Valva,Tasgaon,Kavathe,
Mahankal,Jath, Miraj
Ahmednagar Srirampur,Sangamner,Akola,Rahusi,Nevasa,Parner,Pathardi,
Srigonda,Karjat
Pune Junnar,Ambegaon,Ghod,Rajgurunagar,Wadgaonsirur,Mulshi,
Welhe,Purandhar,Bhor,Baramati,Indapur,Daund,Saswad.
Maharashtra
Satara Mahabaleshwar,Khandala,Wai,Phaltan,Koregaon,Khata,Patan,
Karad,Vadug.
Bijapur Indi,Sindgi,Basavna Bagevadi,Muddebihal,Tikota.
Belgaum Athni,Arkali,Chikodi,Mukeri,Bailhongal,Ramdurg,Khauapur.
Bagalkot Jamkhandi,Mudhol,Hungund,Badami.
Kolar Bagepalli,Gauribidanur,Gudibanda,ChikBallapur,Mulbagal,
Malur,Bangarapet
Karnataka
Bangalore Amekal,Sonnenahalti,Kannur,Bagalur,Nagarur,Marangondahalli,Ha
ralur,Mantapa,Solurur,Chandapur.
Rangareddy Marpali,Vikarabad,Tandur,Pargi,Ibranimpatan,Shahabad,
Doma,Maisaram,Miryan,Nancherla.
Andhra
Pradesh
Mehbubnag
ar
Kollur,Keshampat,Mughalgidda,Karnul,Wanparti,Atmakur,Gadwall
,Alampur,Kolhapur,Achampet,Kondangol.
Theni Periyakulam, Andipatti, Uttammapalayam, Bodimayakkanur,
Kamban, Megamali, Vadugapatti,
Coimbatore Muttuppalaiyam,Avinashi,Tiruppur,Palladam,Udumallaippettai,
Pollachi,Valparai.
Tamil Nadu
Dindigul Palani,Kodaikkanal,Oddanchatran,Vedasandur,Naltam,
Nilakkotai,Palaiyan
Bhatinda Rampura Phul,Talwani Sabo,Bhagra,Jalal,Nathana,
Bandi,Jaisinghwala,Shergarh,Sangat,Malkana,Lahri,Teona.
Ferozpur Zira,Fazilla,Abohar,Jalalbad,Fatehgarh,Panjeke,Ladhuka,
Lakhawall,Ramsara,Wahabwala.
Punjab
Muktsar Kanianwali,Malaut,Baruwali,Sotha,Doda,Bhadar,AbulKharana,Bha
gu,Waring,Khera
Fatehabad Ratiya,Tohana,Badalgarh,Bhattu,Sampla,Pirthala,Samiyana,Khariha
jan,Bhattukalan
Sirsa Fatehpur,Dabwali,Ellenabad,Banwala,SalamKhera,Nathohar,Mangl
a,Jamal,Gushalyana.
Haryana
Hisar Bithmara,Adampur,Narnaund,Hansi,Budak,Mangal,
Umra,Sultanpur,Babal,Baria,Agroha,Kanoh,Khedar,Budak.

25
According to Agmark standards grapes are classified into following classes:
Table 3.8: Showing criteria for grade designation as per AGMARK standards
Grade
designation
Grade requirements Provision
concerning sizing
Grade tolerances
1 2 3 4
Extra class Grapes must be of superior quality.
The bunches must be typical of
variety in shape, development and
coloring and have no defects.
Berries must be firm, firmly attached
to the stalk, evenly spaced along the
stalk and have their bloom virtually
intact.
As per table ‘A’ 5% by weight of bunches
not satisfying the
requirements of the grade,
but meeting those of class
I grade or exceptionally
coming within the
tolerances of that grade.
Class I Grapes must be of good quality. The
bunches must be typical of variety in
shape, development and coloring.
Berries must be firm, firmly attached
to the stalk and, as far as possible,
have their bloom intact. They may,
however, be less evenly spaced
along the stalk than in the extra
class. Following slight defects may
be there, providing these do not
affect the general appearance of the
produce and keeping quality of the
package.
- a slight defect in shape.
- a slight defect in coloring
-do- 10% by weight of bunches
not satisfying the
but meeting those of class
II grade or exceptionally
coming within the
tolerance of that grade.
Class II The bunches may show defects in
shape, development and coloring
provided these do not impair the
essential characteristics of the
variety. The berries must be
sufficiently firm and sufficiently
attached. They may be less evenly
spaced along the stalk than Class I
grade. Following defects may be
there, provided these do not affect
the general appearance of the
produce and keeping quality of the
package.
-do- 10% by weight of bunches
not satisfying the
but meeting the minimum
requirements.

26
- defects in shape
- defects in coloring
- slight sun scorch affecting the
skin only,
- slight bruising,
- slight skin defects
PROVISION CONCERNING SIZING
Size is determined by the weight of bunches (in gms). The following minimum (in gms) requirements
per bunch are laid down for large and small berries grapes.
Table 3.9: Provision concerning size
Grade Large berries Small berries
Extra class 200 150
Class I 150 100
Class II 100 75
Size tolerance:
Extra Class, Class I, Class II: 10% by weight of bunches not satisfying the size requirements
for the grade, but meeting the size requirements for the grade immediately below.
9. Packaging and its details
(A) For exports:
Packaging is normally done in Corrugated or Solid Fibre board cartons. A layer of double
pad or protective liner is placed at the bottom of the carton to protect the grapes from
bruising and a polyethylene lining is placed over it.
The detailed specifications are given below in table 3.10 and table 3.11.
Table 3.10: Specification details for Corrugated Fiber Board (CFB) Boxes for packing
(2Kg box) {Dimension: 270X150X100 mm}
S.No. Specification Slide Type Ring *Flap
Tuck-In-Type
RSC(REGULAR
SLOTTED
CONTAINER)
Tray with LID
1. Material for
construction
3-ply CFB 3-ply CFB 3-ply CFB 3-ply CFB
2. Grammage (g/m
sq.)(outer to
inner)
*230X140X140 *230X140X140 *230X140X140 *230X140X140
3. Bursting
strength kg/cm
sq.
Min. 6.00 Min. 6.00 Min. 6.00 Min. 6.00

27
4. Puncture
resistance
inches/teat inch
Min.10.00 Min.10.00 Min.10.00 Min.10.00
5. Compression
strength Kg.
Min.225 Min.225 Min.225 Min.225
6. Cobb (30
minutes g/m sq.)
Min.130 Min.130 Min.130 Min.130
Source: Post- Harvest Manual for Export of Grapes, APEDA, New Delhi.
(5 Kg Box ) {Dimension: 480X300X100 mm}
S.No. Specification Slide
Type
Ring *Flap
Tuck-In-Type
RSC(REGULAR
SLOTTED
CONTAINER)
Tray with LID
1. Material for
construction
5-ply CFB 5-ply CFB 5-ply CFB 5-ply CFB
2. Grammage (g/m
sq.)(outer to inner)
*230X140
X140X140
*230X140
X140X140
*230X140
X140X140
*230X140
X140X140
3. Bursting strength
kg/cm sq.
Min. 10.00 Min. 10.00 Min. 10.00 Min. 10.00
4. Puncture resistance
inches/teat inch
Min..250 Min..250 Min..250 Min..250
5. Compression strength
Kg.
Min.350 Min.350 Min.350 Min.350
6. Cobb (30 minutes
g/m sq.)
Max.130 Max.130 Max.130 Max.130
*Outer ply of white duplex board
Source: Post- Harvest Manual for Export of Grapes, APEDA, New Delhi.
(B) For domestic markets:
For domestic markets also, grapes are packed in Corrugated Fibre Board boxes.
• Grapes grown in different parts of country are transported to the big cities for marketing.
• The fruits produced in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu find
market in Mumbai, Nagpur and Kolkata.
• The important whole sale markets of grapes in India are Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai,
Chennai, Bangalore, Nagpur, Pune and Ahmedabad. Grapes for these big markets are
usually collected at the central places in all grapes growing areas.
• From Mumbai port grapes are exported to the destination markets.

28
11. Price graph for grapes in metros
Price Graph of Grapes in Metros
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Delhi Pune Kolkata Chennai Bangalore
cities
Price(inRs./Qtl)
jan
feb
mar
apr
may
june
july
aug
sep
oct
nov
dec
Fig. - 5
*The above graph showing the price ( in Rs./Qtl.) of grapes in major cities
12. Export and export potential
A. Domestic strengths for exports of grapes
Domestic strengths for exporting grapes are enumerated in following paragraphs:-
Grapes in India are mainly cultivated in tropical region of the country where vines are
pruned twice. Fruit pruning can be adjusted to harvest the crop as per the demand of the
importing country.
Technology for production of Extra Class or Class I table grapes is available in the
country.
The grape growers of the country are very innovative and very much receptive to new
technologies and have registered with GLOBALGAP certification.
Yields of grapes in India are highest in the world.
Farmers of different regions have organized themselves by forming
association/cooperatives and thus transfer of technology is easy.
Agri Export Zones for enhancing exports of grapes have been established.
Farmers of Maharashtra state in cooperation with MSAMB have branded their product as
MAHA GRAPE.

29
The grape cultivators have research support from NRC for grapes, Pune, IIHR, Bangalore
and State Agricultural Universities.
Grape growers in cooperation with MSAMB and APEDA have set up modern
packhouses for handling and packing of grapes for exports.
APEDA has already set up a residue analysis laboratory at Pune for grape growing area
of Maharashtra in order to cater to phytosanitary requirements of importing countries.
Geographically India is at an advantageous position as compared to Chile, South Africa
and Israel for exporting grapes to South East Asian countries like Hong Kong, Singapore
etc.
B. Exports
There is a phenomenal rise in export of grapes from India, as only 25,567 tons were exported
during 2002-2003 which has increased to 85,562 tons in 2006-2007.(APEDA database).
Increase has been observed mainly in the last 2-3 years, because of the fact that India has met
the requirements of EU countries on minimization of pesticide residues (Table 3.12 & Fig. 6)
Table 3.12: Exports of grapes from India
Years Quantity (tons) Value (in Rs. Lakhs)
2002-2003 25567 10867.1
2003-2004 26469 10368.3
2004-2005 38898 12643.7
2005-2006 53908 21382.8
2006-2007 85562 30058.4
Source: APEDA Database, 2006-07

30
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
Quantity(tons)
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
Years
Export of grapes for last five years
Fig. - 6
C. Export potential
There is a tremendous potential of export of grapes from India. The detailed account of
potential of exports is given below:
(i) GCC Countries
As per APEDA database, nearly, 9677 tons of grapes were exported to GCC countries.
This is negligible compared to imports of 64,170 tons during 2006 (Comtrade database).
India exported only 8140 tons to UAE against total import of 21,240 tons (2006). Again to
Saudi Arabia, our exports were only 1115 tons compared to imports of 31,853 tons. Similarly
our exports to other GCC countries were minimal. Main competition of India is with South
Africa and Chile. There is no reason why we cannot penetrate more in GCC countries
especially in Saudi Arabia, when we have quality grapes, are meeting stringent quality control
requirements of importing countries and are offering grapes at competitive prices. Moreover,
India location wise is nearer to GCC countries. Thus, it should not be difficult to accelerate
exports of grapes to the tune of 40,000 to 50,000 tons to GCC countries in next 4-5 years.
(ii) European Union
Exports of grapes from India are maximum to European Union during 2006-2007. As
much as 34,186 tons were exported during the year. Largest importers were Netherlands
(19,020 tons) and UK (13,579 tons). It must be noted that India produces grapes mainly
during January to April months, where as countries like U.S.A, Argentina, Italy, Spain etc.
produce grapes during September to December months. Our competition, therefore, is with
countries like South Africa, Chile and Israel who supply grapes in the months when we
supply. These countries have exported up to 3, 42,896 tons during 2006 to a select few
European countries comprising U.K, Netherlands, France, Belgium, Italy and Spain.

31
Since India is meeting quality requirements including pesticide residues of all the
importing countries in EU and supplying grapes at competitive prices, there is no reason why
we cannot penetrate in the markets of Belgium, Germany, Spain and have larger share of
imports in Netherlands and UK. Thus, it should not be difficult to meet the targets of export of
20 to 25 % of total imports of EU i.e. 3, 42,896 tons of grapes in this season in next 4-5 years.
Russian Federation imports as much as 3, 20,677 tons in addition to imports of Ukraine
to the tune of 55,168 tons. Therefore, India must make concentrated efforts to accelerate
export of grapes to these countries also.
(iii) ASEAN countries
ASEAN countries import grapes to the tune of 1,04,477 tons. The demand for grapes
has increased by 50% from the year 2003. The main importers are Indonesia (26,366 tons),
Philippines (14,748 tons), Singapore (12,166 tons) and Vietnam (11,025 tons).
Main competitors with India for export of grapes to these countries are U.S.A, Australia,
China and South Africa. Out of total quantity of 1,04,477 tons, approx 40,000-50,000 tons are
supplied by U.S.A , 17,000 to 20,000 tons by Australia and 10,000- 11,000 tons by China and
South Africa each. However, supplies from U.S.A and China are during September to
December months and thus India’s competition is with South Africa, Chile and Australia.
India can easily compete with these countries, as India location wise is closer to ASEAN
countries compared to South Africa and Chile. Moreover, India is supplying grapes at
competitive prices.
At present, India has exported only 196 tons to Malaysia, 93 tons to Singapore, 78
tons to Thailand, 34 tons to Indonesia and 13 tons Vietnam during 2006. These export
volumes are negligible compared to the potential that exists. Moreover because of free trade
agreements with Thailand and Singapore (likely to be signed very soon), exports of grapes are
likely to accelerate, as even otherwise import duties of the order of 5-7% only are imposed by
Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia. Thus, in next 4-5 years time, target of export of 10,000-
15,000 is not difficult to meet as India is producing quality grapes and is able to meet quality
requirements. India must campaign aggressively and nurture these markets.
(iv) Hong Kong
Hong Kong is a trade hub and imported up to 91,517 tons and exported up to 46,868
tons during 2006. However, India exported only 156 tons during 2006.There is excellent
potential and also possibility of realizing higher prices in Hong Kong market. India must
make aggressive campaign and nurture the market.
(v) Pacific Rim countries and China
Pacific Rim countries comprising South Korea, Japan and Australia are also importing
grapes to the extent of 17,921, 9949 and 4759 tons respectively. At present India is not
exporting any quantity of grapes to these countries.
It is expected that with the signing of Free Trade Agreement with South Korea, export
of grapes should initiate. Similarly with China, grape export should be explored as China has
imported 46,021 tons of grapes during 2006. India and China are participants in Asia Pacific
Trade Agreement.

32
D. Measures for enhancing competitiveness for exporting grapes
Following measures need to be adopted for enhancing competitiveness for exporting grapes.
Competition of India is with countries like Chile, South Africa and Israel, which produce
quality grapes. Therefore, India must maintain superior quality free from pesticide residues
etc. for keeping up momentum of exports.
There is huge demand of grapes in Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia etc., India needs to
exploit this opportunity, by holding fruit shows, exhibitions and buyer- seller meets
frequently.
India needs to enhance its competitiveness by making grapes available during Ramzan
period in Middle East countries and in Malaysia, Indonesia etc, by altering pruning time for
fruiting.
India can further enhance its competitiveness by economizing on logistics by exporting
from eastern port to South East Asian countries and by intensifying production in Andhra
Pradesh.
Similarly, grapes can be made available during Christmas period by changing pruning time
for fruiting.
13. Storage
Temperature : 0 ± 0.5o
C
Relative Humidity : 93 ± 2 %
Storage period : 3-8 weeks
Freezing point : -1o
C
a) Documents related to goods: -
b) Documents related to shipment: -
c) Documents related to Payment: -

33
d) Documents related to quality of goods: -
a) Phytosanitary Certificate b) GLOBALGAP Certification c) Health Certificate
e) Organic Certification: -
- Certificate indicating material produce is based on organic farming.
f) Documents related to Foreign Exchange Regulations: -
GR Form: Documents required by RBI which assures to RBI that the exporter will realize
the proceeds of goods within 180 days from the date of Shipment.
g) Other Document:
Bank Realization Certification (BRC): This is the advice given by Foreign Exchange Bank
after the realization of money from Importer.
15. Chain of events happen up to shipment
Process flow chart in pack house
Receipt of raw material at pack house
Weighment and acceptance of produce
Trimming, sorting and grading
Weighment
Packing and coding
Pre-cooling
Sulphur dioxide padding
Palletization
Storage (cold stores)
Container loading
Transportation

34
16. Price prevailing in international market
The given below tables shows the annual average price range of grapes in different
international markets. The table 3.13 shows the pricing trend in EU markets.
Table 3.13: Summary of prices for grapes in potential markets for India
Annual Average price Range (2003-08)Country
Currency
INR/kg 57.0 to 105.76
Source: Comtrade Database
The cost involved in exporting grapes is as follows (as per information collected during
2008):
(a) Procurement price*:
Approx. price (Rs. /kg) : 25-35
*Price of grapes varies according to variety (coloured or white) and month of procurement
(b) Charges for testing, packing, transport, etc.(below in table):
Table 3.14: Charges for testing, packing, transport, etc.
S. No. Particulars Rs./kg
1. Residue testing, harvesting and transport charges (plot to pack house) 2.00
2. Pack house charges including labour, packing material, precooling,
container loading, Agmark etc.
19.70
3. Container Freight* (Junnar up to Mumbai), container forwarding and
document charges
1.99
Total 23.69
Source: NRC for Grapes, Pune

35
(c) Sea freight charges*:
Reefer containers
20’ 40’

36
CHAPTER - 4
POMEGRANATE
1. Introduction
Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is grown in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
The total area under cultivation of pomegranate in India is 116.4 thousand ha and production is
around 849.1 thousands tons.
Maharashtra is the leading producer of pomegranate followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh,
Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Ganesh, Bhagwa, Ruby, Arakta and Mridula are the different varieties of
pomegranates produced in Maharashtra. In India, pomegranate is commercially cultivated in Solapur,
Sangli, Nasik, Ahmednagar, Pune, Dhule, Aurangabad, Satara, Osmanabad and Latur districts of
Maharashtra; Bijapur, Belgaum and Bagalkot districts of Karnataka and to a smaller extent in
Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
World scenario
Although, no FAO data on acreage and production of pomegranate at world level is available,
however, it is estimated that approximately 1,439.1 thousand tons of pomegranate are produced. Out
of this, 849.1 thousand tons are produced in India, while around 120 thousand tons each is produced
in Spain and Iran, rest of the quantity i.e. 350 thousand tons is produced in Afghanistan, Pakistan,
Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, Lebanon, Israel, Chile, Peru, USA, etc.
Indian scenario
There is a sizeable increase in acreage and production of pomegranate in India. There is an
increase from 96.9 thousand ha in 2003-04 to 116.4 thousand ha in 2005-06; similarly, the production
has increased from 664.9 thousand tons to 849.1 thousand tons. The total production of pomegranate
is concentrated mainly in the Western Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat and to a
smaller extent in Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Himachal Pradesh.
Table 4.1: Showing the area, production and productivity of pomegranate in India
YEAR AREA
(000’ ha)
PRODUCTION
( 000’tons)
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
2003-2004 96.9 664.9 6.86
2004-2005 111.8 800.7 7.16
2005-2006 116.4 849.1 7.29
Maharashtra is the leading pomegranate producing state which has acreage of around 91
thousand ha followed by Karnataka state which has an area of 12.4 thousand ha. Then comes Andhra
Pradesh (area 7.7 thousand ha), followed by Gujarat and Tamil Nadu i.e. 3.8 and 0.4 thousand ha
respectively. Area, production and productivity of pomegranate in different states is given in table 4.2

37
Table 4.2: Area, production and productivity of leading pomegranate growing states in India
(000’tons)
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
STATE
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
MAHARASHTRA 84.3 88.5 91.0 533 568.2 593.6 6.3 6.4 6.5
KARNATAKA 11.2 12.0 12.4 116.9 133.2 138.6 10.4 11.1 11.2
ANDHRA
PRADESH
0 5.8 7.7 0 47.8 65.0 0 8.2 8.4
GUJARAT 0 4.1 3.8 0 38.4 38.2 0 9.4 10.1
TAMILNADU 0.5 0.4 0.4 12.9 11.1 11.1 25.8 27.8 25.0
RAJASTHAN 0.4 0.4 0.3 1.8 1.7 1.8 4.5 4.25 6.0
OTHERS 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.5 1.14
TOTAL 96.9 111.8 116.4 664.9 800.7 849.1 6.86 7.16 7.29
Table 4.3: Showing the varietal characteristics of commercially grown pomegranates
Variety Characteristics
Ganesh This variety has pinkish yellow to reddish yellow rind colour, having light pink
arils and soft seeds. Fruit weighs between 225-250 gms with medium T.S.S.
Mridula Fruit has bright red skin colour and weighs between 230-270 gms. The seeds are
soft and high T.S.S.
Ruby The fruit skin is red in colour and weighs between 225-275 gms. The grains are
soft, having high T.S.S.
Arakta Fruits are dark red in colour with soft seeds and with high T.S.S.
Bhagwa The fruit is glossy red in colour with soft seeds and high T.S.S.
• Using disease free and quality plant material of improved cultivars.
• Adoption of high planting density.
• Proper canopy management.
• Integrated nutrient and water management.
• Keeping proper load of fruits on the tree
• Timely control of pests and diseases by adopting IPM practices.

38
Harvest season of pomegranate is depicted below (in 12 months). Because of adopting a
number of bahar treatments, pomegranate in Maharashtra and Gujarat states is available
throughout the year
-Lean Period -Peak Period - Throughout Year
Maharashtra
Karnataka
Andhra
Pradesh
Gujarat
Fig. - 7
*The above graph showing harvest pattern in leading pomegranate growing states.
6. Arrival pattern in market
Pomegranates are available almost throughout the year. With the adoption of bahar treatment
it’s harvest can be tailored according to demand.
Table 4.4: Details of arrival pattern of pomegranate according to bahar treatment
S.No. Bahar Flowering Time Period of Harvest
1. Mrig June-August November-March
2. Hasta October- November February-May
3. Ambe January-February June - August
7 (a). Concentrated pockets
The details of concentrated pockets of pomegranate in different states are given below in table
4.5. In Andhra Pradesh pomegranate cultivation has started mainly in Anantpur district.
Table 4.5: Showing concentrated pockets of pomegranate in India.
State Districts
Maharashtra Solapur, Nasik, Sangli, Ahmadnagar, Pune , Satara
Karnataka Bijapur, Bagalkot, Belgaum
Gujarat Bhavnagar, Ahmedabad, Sabar Kantha
Andhra Pradesh Anantpur

39
7 (b). Catchment areas of market
Table 4.6: Showing the details of catchment areas of markets of pomegranate in leading states
Table 4.7: Details of grade designation and sizing of pomegranate as per AGMARK standard
Grade
designation
Grade requirements Grade tolerances
1 2 3
Extra class Pomegranate in this class must be of superior
quality. They must have the shape,
development and colouring that are typical of
the variety and/or commercial type. They must
be free of defects, with the exception of very
slight superficial defects, provided these do not
affect the general appearance of the produce,
the quality, the keeping quality and presentation
in the package.
pomegranates not satisfying
the requirements of the
grade, but meeting those of
class I grade or,
exceptionally, coming
within the tolerances of that
grade.
States Districts
(Market)
Blocks
Solapur Karmala,Barsi, Madha, Mohol, Mangalwedha,Singole, Malsiras,
Pandharpur, Akalkot.
Nasik Kalvan, Peint, Igatpuri, Sinnar, Niphad, Yeola, Nandgaon, Satana
Furgana, Dindori, Melgaon
Sangli Atpadi,Khanapur,Islampur,Shirala,Valva,Tasgaon,Kavathe,Mahankal,Ja
th, Miraj
Ahmednagar Srirampur,Sangamner,Akola,Rahuri,Nevasa,Parner,Pathardi,Srigonda,K
j tPune Junnar,Ambegaon,Ghod,Rajgurunagar,Wadgaon, Sirur, Mulshi, Welhe,
Purandhar, Bhor,Baramati,Indapur,Daund,Saswad
Maharashtra
Satara Mahabaleshwar,Khandala,Wai,Phaltan,Koregaon,Khata,Patan,Karad,Va
dug.
Bijapur Indi, Sindgi, Basavna Bagevadi,Muddebihal,Tikota.
Belgaum Athni, Arkali, Chikodi, Mukeri, Bailhongal, Ramdurg
Karnataka
Bagalkot Jamkhandi,Mudhol,Hungund,Badami.
Andhra
Pradesh
Anantpur Guntakal, Gooty, Rayalacheruve, Uravakonda, Kanekallu, Rayadurg,
Kalyandurg, Kambadur, Manakasira,Nallamada.
Bhavnagar Botad, Gadhda, Valbhipur, Umrala, Mandir, Gariadhar, Palitana, Talaja,
Chogha,Vaibhipur.
Ahmedabad Mandal, Rampura, Samand, Bavia, Dholka, Dhandhkulla, Ranapur.
Gujarat
Sabar- Kantha Vijarnagar,Khedbrahma,Vadali,Idar,Bhiloda,Talod,Dhansura,Bayad,M
alpur, Meghraj,Bhiloda

40
Class I Pomegranates in this class must be of good
quality. They must be characteristics of the
variety and/or commercial type. The following
slight defects may be allowed, provided these
do not affect the general appearance of the
produce, the quality, the keeping quality and
presentation in the package.
- a slight defect in shape.
- a slight defect in colouring;
- slight skin defects(i.e. scratches,scars,scraps
and blemishes) not exceeding 5% of the
total surface area.
10% by number or weight
of pomegranates not
satisfying the requirements
of the class, but meeting
those of class II or,
exceptionally, coming
within the tolerances of that
grade.
Class II This class includes pomegranates which do not
qualify for inclusion in higher classes, but
satisfy the minimum requirements. Following
defects may be there provided the
pomegranates retain their essential
characteristics as regard the quality, the keeping
quality and presentation:
- defects in shape;
- defects in colouring
- skin defects(i.e., scratches ,scars, scrapes
and blemishes), not exceeding 10% of the
total surface area
10% by number or weight
of pomegranates not
satisfying the requirements
of the grade, but meeting
the minimum requirements.
PROVISION CONCERNING SIZING
Size is determined by the weight or maximum diameter of the equatorial section of the fruit,
in accordance with the following table:
Table 4.8: Details of sizing in pomegranate fruits
Size Code Weight in grams (minimum) Diameter in mm (minimum)
A 400 90
B 350 80
C 300 70
D 250 60
E 200 50
(A) For export market
Usually for packing pomegranates for export purposes, a cardboard corrugated fibreboard
box of 4.0 or 5.0 kg capacity is used. The dimensions of such boxes depending upon the capacity
are:

41
i. For 4Kg box - 375 x 275 x 100 mm ii. For 5 Kg box- 480 x 300 x 100 mm
The details specifications are given below in the table 4.9.
pomegranates for exports
*Outer ply of white duplex board
Source: Post- Harvest Manual for Export of Pomegranates, APEDA, New Delhi.
(B) For domestic markets
For domestic markets also, the pomegranate is packed in Corrugated Fiber Board boxes,
according to their weight.
Pomegranates grown in different parts of country are transported to the big cities for marketing.
The fruits produced in Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu find market in
Mumbai, Nagpur and Kolkata.
The important whole sale markets of pomegranate in India are Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai,
Bangalore, Nagpur, Pune and Ahmedabad. Pomegranates for these big markets are usually
collected at the central places in all pomegranate growing areas.
From Mumbai and Kolkata ports the pomegranate is exported to the destination markets.
Specification Ring & Flap Tuck in type RSC (regular slotted
container)
Slide type
1. Material of
Construction
5 Ply CFB 3 Ply CFB 5 Ply CFB
2. Grammage gm/m2
(outer to inner)
*230X140X
140X140X140
*230X140X
140X140X140
*230X140X
140X140X1
40
3. Bursting strength
kg/cm2
Min 10 Min 10 Min 10
4. Puncture resistance,
inches/tear inch
Min 250 Min 250 Min 250
5. Compression
strength, kgf
Min 350 Min 350 Min 350
6. Cobb (30 min g/m2
) Max 130 Max 130 Max 130

42
11. Price graph of pomegranate in metros
Fig.- 8
*The above graph showing the price (in Rs./Qtl.) of pomegranate in major cities
12. Export and export potential
A. Domestic strengths for export
Domestic strengths for exporting pomegranate are given in the following points:-
• India is the largest producer of pomegranates in the world.
• India produces finest varieties of pomegranate having soft seeds, very less acids and
very attractive colour of the fruits and grains.
• With adoption of different “bahars”, India can supply pomegranates almost throughout
the year.
• Maximum cultivation of pomegranate is in states of Maharashtra and North Western
Karnataka which are very close to the western port of Mumbai for exporting to Gulf and
European countries.
• Quality of pomegranate is much superior to Spain and Iran in edible quality and
attractiveness.
• Agri Export Zone for enhancing exports of pomegranate has been established in
Maharashtra state.
• There is strong research support for scientific cultivation of pomegranate like National
Research Center for Pomegranate, Solapur, MPKV, Rahuri in Maharashtra and IIHR,
Bangalore in Karnataka state.
• Pomegranate co-operative societies from Maharashtra state have formed an apex co-
operative namely MAHA ANAR.
• Bhagwa variety has high acceptance in European market.
• Pomegranate export facility center is being set up/has been set up in Baramati area with
mechanical handling system.
Delhi Kolkata Chennai Bangalore
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
Price Graph of Pomegranate in Metros
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
august
September
October
November
December
Cities
Price(Rs/Qtl)

43
• Farmers have been trained for export quality production and have registered with
GLOBALGAP certification.
• MSAMB has recently obtained brand name i.e. “MAHAPOM”.
B. Exports
Export of pomegranate has upsurged from 6303 tons in 2002-2003 to 21,670 tons in 2006-
2007 (Table 4.10 & Fig 9). This is more than 300% increase in exports from India. Actually
there is tremendous potential for exports of pomegranate from India. This is evident from the
fact that Spain exports about 75% of its estimated production of 1,20,000 tons, whereas Iran
exports about 20% of its estimated production of 1,20,000 tons and India exports only 2.55%
(21,670 tons) of its total production of 8,49,100 tons . This is inspite of the fact that India is
largest producer of pomegranates in the world. Moreover, India produces finest edible quality
pomegranates which are available almost throughout the year.
Table 4.10: Export of pomegranates in the last five years
Years Quantity (tons) Value (in Rs. Lakhs)
2002-2003 6303 1434.5
2003-2004 10315 2109.0
2004-2005 14039 2988.7
2005-2006 19652 5670.1
2006-2007 21670 7957.3
Source: APEDA Database, 2006-07.
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Quantityintons
2002-2003
2003-2004
2004-2005
2005-2006
2006-2007
Year
Export of pomegranates in last five years
Fig. - 9
C. Export potential
Export potential is discussed for different regions in the following paragraphs:

44
(i) GCC Countries
India exported only 11,924 tons of pomegranates to Gulf countries during 2006-2007.
Although, no data is available on exact quantity of imports from other countries like Spain
and Iran, however, because of nearness, Iran and Lebanon are the main suppliers of
pomegranates to Gulf countries. Supplies from Iran and Lebanon are from September to
December months and start tapering from January month onwards.But in case of India,
production of pomegranate is at peak from December to March months and continues up to
April to June months with the help of Hast Bahar and Ambe Bahar crops. Thus, India can
export pomegranate to Gulf Countries from January to June months without any competition
from Iran and other countries. Even otherwise India is supplying pomegranates at competitive
prices compared to Iran.
(ii) European Union
Exports from India to EU including Russia during 2006-2007 were 6342 tons as per
APEDA database. There is 50% increase compared to exports of 4011 tons during 2005-
2006. No data on imports of pomegranates from FAO or Comtrade database is available. In
EU countries main supplier/exporter is Spain and supplies from this country prevail during
September to December months and start tapering from January onwards.Like GCC
countries, India with the help of Hast Bahar and Ambe Bahar crops can supply from January
onwards up to July months and thus can dominate the market during these months without
any competition from Spain, as only limited quantities are available from Chile, Peru etc.
(iii) ASEAN Countries
Exports of pomegranates is slowly increasing to ASEAN countries as there were
exports of 125 tons to Malaysia, 89 tons to Singapore, 36 tons to Thailand and only 17 tons
to Indonesia during 2006-07. There is no competition from any country; however aggressive
campaign about its therapeutical properties needs to be made by holding fruit shows and
nurturing the markets. Moreover Free Trade Agreements already signed with Thailand and to
be signed soon with Singapore should further accelerate exports.
(iv) Pacific Rim countries and China
Exports to these countries are very negligible as only 40 tons were exported to Japan
and 36 tons to China (2006-07). These countries need to be made aware about therapeutic
qualities of this fruit by holding fruit shows etc. Moreover, Free Trade Agreement with
South Korea (which is likely to be signed soon) and Asia Pacific Trade Agreement with
China, is likely to further provide opportunities for export of pomegranates. If there is
requirement of irradiation for eliminating fruit fly, this can also be done, as facilities for
same have been created in India.
(v) U.S.A. and Canada
India exported 275 tons of pomegranates to Canada and 46 tons to U.S.A. during
2006.Exports of pomegranates to Canada should be further accelerated as there is
tremendous scope for exports to this country.

45
D. Measures for enhancing competitiveness for export
Following measures if adopted are likely to enhance competitiveness of Indian
pomegranates in foreign markets:
• Competition of India with regard to export of pomegranates is with Spain and Iran, which
are nearer to European countries who import maximum quantity.Our efforts needs to be
towards lowering production cost by increasing productivity.
• For exporting to South East Asian countries, and to economize on cost of transport, it is
suggested that special production areas for export need to be developed in Anantpur area
in Andhra Pradesh and drier areas of Tamil Nadu, so that exports can be done from
eastern ports.
• Packhouse facilities need to be established in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh pomegranate
growing areas also.
• India has already embarked upon building up quality and branding its product in order to
compete with Spain and Iran. The Brand needs to be popularized aggressively.
• Pomegranate supplies from Spain and Iran to Europe taper from January onwards and
therefore, supplies from India need to be concentrated during February to July months
with the help of Hast and Ambe bahar when there will be no competition from Spain.
• Efforts need to be made to popularize pomegranates in Canada, U.S.A., South American
countries etc by holding fruit fairs, exhibitions etc, as there is good price realization also
from these countries.
• Similarly, efforts need to be accelerated in popularizing pomegranates in Australia, Korea,
Japan, etc.
13. Storage
Temperature : 5-7°C
Relative Humidity : 90-95%
Storage Period : 2-3 months
a) Documents related to goods
b) Documents related to shipment
c) Documents related to Payment
d) Documents related to quality of goods
a) Phytosanitary Certificate b) GLOBALGAP Certification c) Health
Certificate

46
e) Organic Certification
Certificate indicating material produce is based on organic farming.
f) Documents related to Foreign Exchange Regulations
GR Form: Documents required by RBI which assures to RBI that the exporter will realize
the proceeds of goods within 180 days from the date of Shipment.
g) Other Document
Bank Realization Certification (BRC):- This is the advice given by Foreign Exchange
Bank after the realization of money from Importer.
15. Chain of events happen upto shipment
Flow diagram of essential operations of pomegranate Exporters/Packers
Production
Monitoring pesticide/fungicide application program
Inspection at farm level or final field survey
Harvesting by hand and cutting stem properly
Transport to packhouse
Receipt at packhouse
Rejection of unwanted fruits
Washing with a disinfectant and then with clean water
Removal of excess water
Treatment with fungicide and wax
Drying
Sizing
Grading for quality
Nose cleaning
Packed into cardboard boxes
Precooling
Palletisation
Storage in cold store
Container loading
Transportation to port

47
16. Price prevailing in international market
The given below tables shows the annual average price range of pomegranates in different
international markets. The table 4.11 shows the pricing trend in EU markets.
Table 4.11: Summary of prices for pomegranate in potential markets for India
Annual Average price Range (2008)Country
Currency
INR/kg 113.4 to183.6
Source: ITC Market News Service, Talkingretail.com, Freshplaza.com,
Pomegranet.info
Showing the cost involved in exporting pomegranate (as per information collected during
2008)
(a) Procurement price*:
Variety Approx. price (in Rs./kg)
Bhagwa : 40-60
*Price of pomegranates varies according to variety like Bhagwa, Arakta or Ganesh
(b) Charges for harvesting, packing, transport ,etc.(below in table):
Table 4.12: Charges for harvesting, packing, transport ,etc.
Source: MSAMB, Maharashtra.
Particulars 20’ container
(Rs/kg)
40’container
(Rs/kg)
Packing cost 5.2 5.2
Precooling + Cold storage 3.0 3.0
Inland transportation
charges
3.5 1.7
Labour cost 1.0 1.0
Total 12.7 10.9

48
(c ) Sea freight charges*:
Reefer containers
20’ 40’

49
CHAPTER - 5
PINEAPPLE
1. Introduction
Pineapple (Ananas comosus) is an important fruit of India. Pineapple is cultivated in an area
of 85.4 thousand ha and total production is 1,353.1thousand tons. It is abundantly grown in
almost entire North East region, West Bengal, Kerala, Karnataka, Bihar, Goa and Maharashtra
states.
World scenario
The major pineapple growing countries in the world are Brazil, Thailand, Philippines, Costa
Rica, China and India. The total area under pineapple cultivation in the world is 896 thousand ha
with production around 18,043 thousand tons.
Table 5.1: Area, production and productivity of pineapple in the world (2006)
COUNTRY AREA
(‘000 ha)
PRODUCTION
(‘000 tons)
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
% SHARE OF
WORLD
PRODUCTION
Brazil 62 2,292 37.1 12.7
Thailand 98 2,183 22.2 12.1
Philippines 49 1,788 36.3 9.9
Costa Rica 27 1,605 59.9 8.9
China 76 1,442 19.0 8.0
India 85 1,353 15.8 7.5
Indonesia 80 925 11.6 5.1
Nigeria 121 917 7.6 5.1
Kenya 14 600 42.0 3.3
Mexico 15 552 36.2 3.1
Others 268 4,386 16.4 24.3
World 896 18,043 20.14
Indian scenario
There is sizeable increase in acreage and production of pineapple in India. In acreage, there is
an increase from 77.2 thousand ha in 2001-02 to 85.4 thousand ha in 2005-06.Similarly the
production has increased from 1,182.1 thousand tons in 2001-02 to 1,353.1 thousand tons in
2005-06.The details are given in table 5.2.

50
Table 5.2: Area, production and productivity of pineapple in India
YEAR AREA( 000’ha) PRODUCTION(000’tons) PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
2001-02 77.2 1,182.1 15.3
2002-03 79.8 1,171.7 14.7
2003-04 80.9 1,234.2 15.3
2004-05 82.8 1,278.9 15.4
2005-06 85.4 1,353.1 15.8
Source: Indian Horticulture Database,2006
The total area under pineapple production in India is 85.4 thousand ha and the production is
1,353.1thousand tons. Maximum area under pineapple cultivation is in Assam (14.6 thousand ha),
where productivity is of medium scale. Total production is higher in West Bengal, where
productivity is also high. Productivity is much lower in Karnataka, Kerala and Meghalaya states
(table 5.3)
Table 5.3: Area, production and productivity of leading pineapple growing states in India
(000’tons)
PRODUCTIVITY
(tons/ha)
STATE
2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06
West
Bengal
11.7 12.9 13.4 320.6 349.8 379.2 27.4 27.2 28.3
Assam 14.2 12.8 14.6 220.7 198.6 241.0 15.5 15.5 16.5
Manipur 10.6 10.6 2.6 88.6 88.6 134.5 8.4 8.4 51.7
Kerala 11.5 12.7 12.8 95.0 101.9 109.3 8.3 8.0 8.6
Bihar 4.2 4.2 4.2 104.6 122.5 108.0 24.9 29.1 25.5
Tripura 4.1 5.0 5.2 93.5 105.1 106.4 22.8 21.1 20.5
Karnataka 2.4 2.5 10.6 118.2 129.4 88.6 49.3 51.8 8.4
Meghalaya 9.5 9.5 9.5 91.7 91.7 83.7 9.7 9.7 8.8
Others 12.7 12.6 12.6 101.3 91.3 102.4 7.98 7.25 8.13
Total 80.9 82.8 85.4 1,234.2 1,278.9 1,353.1 15.26 15.45 15.84

51
Table 5.4: Shows the varietal characteristics of commercially grown pineapples
• Adoption of high density planting.
• Using different types of planting material and planting at different times of year
• Management of nutrients
• Interculture, weed control etc
• Integrated management of pests and diseases
• Inducing of flowering
• Making fruits available throughout the year
-Lean Period -Peak Period
Fig. - 10
*The above graph showing harvest pattern in leading pineapple growing states.
6. Arrival pattern in the market
Availability of pineapple in Delhi market is during June to November months and lasts up
to February month. In major pineapple producing states comprising Meghalaya, Assam, West
Bengal, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura etc. season of availability is from July to December
months. The details are given below in table 5.5.
S.No. Varities Characteristics
1 Kew or Giant Kew Fruit is big in size, deep yellow to coppery yellow
in colour, eyes are broad and flat, flesh colour is
pale yellow to yellow, with T.S.S. of 12-14o
brix.
2 Queen or Common Queen Fruit is small in size, golden yellow in colour,
eyes are small and raised, flesh colour is deep
golden yellow, with T.S.S. of 15-16o
brix.
3 Mauritius Fruit is medium in size, yellow and red in colour,
West Bengal
Assam
Manipur
Bihar
Tripura
Karnataka

52
Table 5.5: Details of arrival pattern of pineapple in leading states
S.No. States Period Of Availability
1. West Bengal July- December
2. Assam July- December
3. Manipur July- December
4. Tripura July- December
7. (a) Concentrated pockets
The details of concentrated pockets of pineapples in different states are given below in table
5.6.
Table 5.6: Showing concentrated pockets of pineapple in India
7.(b) Catchment areas of market
Details have been given in following table:
Table 5.7: Showing the details of catchment areas of market of pineapple in leading
States
State Districts
West Bengal Darjeeling,Jalpaiguri,Dakshin Dinajpur,Uttar Dinajpur,Koch bihar
Assam Karbi-Anglong,Nagaon,Cachar,N.C.Hills
Manipur Senapati,Thoubal,Charchandpur, Bishnupur,East Imphal
Bihar Purania,Kishanganj,Saharsa,Madhepura
Tripura West Tripura,North Tripura,Dhalai Tripura.
Karnataka Shimoga,Kodagu,Uttar Kannada,Dakshin Kannada,Udupi.
States Districts
(Market)
Blocks
Darjeeling Takdah,Pedory,Thode,Sivok,Mirik,Matigara,
Baghdogra,Ragtong,Sukna,Batasi.
Jalpaiguri Damdin,Ramshai,Goyerkata,Neora Nadi,Mainaguri.
Dakshin
Dinajpur
Kushmandi,Bansihari,Gangarampur,Balurghat,Hilli,Harsura,
Patiram,Badalpur.
Uttar Dinajpur Daspara,Ramganj,Dhantola,Panjipara,Kanki,Karandighi
West
Bengal
Coochbehar Natabari Hat,Jamaldaha
Hat,Haldibari,Sitalkuchi,Tufanganj,Bhainkuchi,Dinhata.
Karbi-Anglong Phang Chogaon,Kaliani,Jengpata,Erelang
Kramsa,Tumpung,Dengaon,Burakek,Howang,Dhansipi,Char
ka Heri,Lung Ding,Khainduli,Mynser.
Assam
Nagaon Koliabor,Dhing,Samaguri,Raha,Jamunamukh,Murajhar,

53
Lanka,Lumding.
Silchar Jalapur,Kaksin,Barakhola,Udarbard,Kumbhir,Raja
Bazaar,Banskandi,Lakhipur,Sonaimukh,Dullachara,Palanghat
,Dwarband,Silkuri.
N C Hills Lungding,Langker,Thaijuari,Langlut,Garampani,Labang,Mal
angpa,Baladhan,Hungruni,Laisong,Darangiba,Lang Ting
Senapati Kang Jang,Wilong,Tadubi,Gaziphema,Maram,
Karog,Saikul,Laphuilak
Thoubal Yairipok,Wangjing,Wabagai,Kakchig.
Charchandpur Hanglep,Songsan,Tinaong,Senvon,Hanship
,Molnom,Thinghat,Mulanil,Hangtam.
Bishnupur Ningthoukhong,Moirang,Thanga,Kumbi,Shuganu.
Manipur
East Imphal Jirbam
Purnia Amour,Qasba,Banmankhi,Barhara,Kothi,Dhamdaha,
Bhawanipur,Rupauli.
Kishenganj Dighalbank,Bahadurganj,Kochadhamin,Pothia,Thakurganj.
Saharsa Mariches,Nauhata,Mahishi,Chapram,Salkhua,Sonbarsa
Raj,Sour Bazaar.
Bihar
Madhepura Kumarkhad,Singheshwar,Sankararpur,Murliganj
,Alamnagar,Chausa, Puraini
North Tripura Dharmanagar,Unakot,Fatikrai,Kumarghat,Vanghmuri,Phuldu
rgsai,Sakhan.
West Tripura Khowal,Sidhai,Kalyanpur,Ranirbazaar,Jambal
,Bisalgarh,Barjula, Sonamura,Kathalia,Khowal,Teliamura.
Tripura
Dhalai Tripura Kamalpur,Halhari,Salema,Kanchanpur,Bahudurpura,Sakhn,R
abiraipara.
Shimoga Telagadda,Thelagundi,Sagar,Shikharpur,Sagar,
Tirthahalli,Hosanagara,Karur,Basavani
Kodagu Kodlipet,Virarajendrapet,Kuttandi,Hakattur,Madikeri,
Parana,Perur,Teralu,Kantur.
Uttar Kannada Maliyal,Mundgod,Yellapur,Sirsi,Siddapur,Bhatkal,Ankola.
Dakshin
Kannada
Sullia,Puttur,Bantwal,Neithangady,Mani,
Naraui,Kedal,Muchli,Kolucheru.
Karnataka
Udupi Kundapura,Kokkaroni,Karkal,Goligudelej,Chittur,Harmanuu,
Kokkaroni,Shivapura,Kodlamale,Yermal

54
According to Agmark standards pineapples are classified into following classes:
Table 5.8: Showing criteria for grade designation as per Agmark standards
Grade
designation
Grade requirements Total soluble
solids in Brix
degrees
(Minimum)
Grade
tolerances
1 2 3 4
Extra class Pineapples must be of superior quality. They
must be characteristic of variety and/or
commercial type. They must be free of
defects. Very slight superficial defects may
be there, provided these do not affect
general appearance of the produce, the
quality, the keeping quality and presentation
in the package. The crown, if present, shall
be simple and straight with no sprouts and
shall be between 50 and 150% of the length of
the fruit with trimmed or untrimmed* crowns.
12 5% by number
or weight of
Pineapples not
satisfying the
requirements of
the grade, but
meeting of
those of Class I
grade or,
exceptionally
coming within
the tolerances
of that grade.
Class I Pineapples must be of good quality. They
must be characteristics of the variety and/or
commercial type. The following slight
defects however, may be allowed, provided
these do not affect the general appearance of
the produce, the quality, the keeping quality
and presentation in the package.
- slight defects in shape
- slight defects in colouring; including
sunspots;
- slight skin defects (i.e. scratches, scars,
scraps and blemishes) not exceeding 4% of
the total surface area.
The defects must not, in any case, affect the
pulp of the fruit
The crown, if present shall be simple and
12 10% by number
or weight of
Pineapples not
satisfying the
requirements of
the grade, but
meeting those
of class II grade
or
exceptionally,
coming within
the tolerance of
that grade.

55
straight and slightly curved with no sprouts,
and shall be between 50 and 150% of the
length of the fruit for pineapples with trimmed
or untrimmed crowns.
Class II Pineapples which do not qualify for inclusion
in the higher grades but satisfy the minimum
requirements.
The following defects may be allowed,
provided the pineapples retain their essential
characteristics as regards the general
appearance, quality, the keeping quality and
presentation
- defects in shape,
- defects in colouring; including sunspots;
- skin defects(scratches, scars, bruises and
blemishes) not exceeding 8% of the total
surface area.
The defects must not, in any case, affect the
pulp of the fruit.
The crown, if present, shall be simple or
double and straight or slightly curved, with no
sprouts.
12 10% by number
or weight of
Pineapples not
satisfying the
requirements of
the grade but
meeting the
minimum
requirements.
PROVISION CONCERNING SIZE
Size is determined by the average weight of the fruit with a minimum weight of 700 g. except
for small size varieties (such as victoria and queen) which can have a minimum weight of 250 g. in
accordance with the following table:
Table 5.9: Details of sizing in pineapple fruits
Average Weight (+/-12%)
(in grams)Size Code
With crown Without crown
A 2750 2280
B 2300 1910
C 1900 1580
D 1600 1330

56
E 1400 1160
F 1200 1000
G 1000 830
H 700 560
I <700 <560
Size tolerance
For all classes 10% by number or weight of pineapple corresponding to the size immediately
above and/or below that indicated on the package.
(A) For exports
Packaging is normally done in corrugated or solid fibre board cartons. The container
shall comprise of the inter-locking type preferably having a water-proof coating to prevent damage
due to high humidity in cold stores.
The detailed specifications of CFB boxes are given below in table 5.10
pineapples
Mode of transport Sea Sea Sea Sea Air
Size of fruit* A B B+C D 1.75-2 kg
Crown Reduced Reduced Reduced Reduced Large
Orientation Vert. Vert. Vert. Vert. Vert.
No. of fruits 8 12 12 20 6
Packing pattern 4X2 4X3 4X3 5X4 3X2
Construction 10 10 10 6 6
Internal length 535 535 535 535 415
Internal width 290 395 375 430 275
Internal height 280 250 220 195 375
Hand holes yes yes yes yes yes
Ventilation holes One ventilation hole opposite each fruit
Short/long sides 335X90 230X90 230X70 140X35
Top and bottom
Inserts
Materials
Partitions
Corrugated Fibre board
Number of flutes
Box 1 1 1 1 2
partitions 1 1 1 1 1
Substance @
Lower part/total 300-350 300-350 300-350 300-350 150-225
Upper part 200-225 200-225 200-225
Partitions 300-350 300-350 300-350 300-350 225-250

57
Source: Post- Harvest Manual for Export of Pineapples, APEDA, New Delhi
All dimensions stated are in millimeters.
* A = 1500 gm and over
B = 1100 gm to 1500 gm
C = 800 gm to 1100 gm
D = Less than 800 gm
Baby = Approx 550 gm
Substance @ indications are in gm/m2
(B) For domestic markets
For domestic markets, pineapples are packed in gunny bags.
• Pineapple grown in different parts of the country is transported to the big cities for
marketing.
• Pineapple grown in North Bengal (Jalpaiguri) finds markets in Kolkata then shipped to
Delhi, NCR, Lucknow, Mumbai and Pune.
• Pineapple grown in Kerala is consumed in Kerala and nearby markets of Southern states.
11. Price Graph of pineapples in metros
price graph of pineapple in metros
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
D
e
lhi
K
olka
ta
M
um
bai
C
h
enna
i
B
anga
lore
cities
prices(Rs/Qtl.)
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
august
September
October
November
December
Fig. – 11
*The above graph showing the price (in Rs./Qtl.) of pineapple in major cities

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