Cascao Hydropolitics Twm Mena 2008(2 November)

Hydropolitics in the MENA Region Ana Elisa Cascão King’s College of London Presentation to TWM 2008 MENA 2nd-3rd November 2008 2nd November

STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],EXERCISE 1: Assessing power relations in transboundary basins EXERCISE 2: IWL and the Nile Basin case EXERCISE 3: If I was a donor…

INTRODUCTION MENA REGION: Transboundary water resources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],MAPS

North Africa Transboundary River Basins DRA BASIN Morocco Algeria DAOURA BASIN Morocco Algeria GUIR BASIN Algeria Morocco OUED BON BASIN Morocco Algeria MEDJERDA BASIN Tunisia Algeria TAFNA BASIN Algeria Morocco NIGER BASIN Algeria +10 riparians LAKE CHAD BASIN Chad Algeria Sudan Libya +5 riparians NILE BASIN Egypt Sudan Ethiopia +7 riparians 

Middle East Transboundary River Basins JORDAN BASIN Jordan Israel Syria West Bank Lebanon TIGRIS-EUPHRATES BASIN Iraq Turkey Iran Syria CORUH BASIN Turkey Georgia ASI/ORONTES BASIN Turkey Syria Lebanon Wadi Al Izziyah BASIN Lebanon Israel An Nahr Al Kabir BASIN Syria Lebanon Nahr Al Kabir BASIN Syria Turkey 

North Africa Transboundary Aquifers 

Middle East Transboundary Aquifers 

Several water bodies, but not much water quantity 

Fundamentals ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1 NEXUS WATER AND POLITICS 2 INTERNATIONAL WATER LAW 3 HYDROPOLITICAL COOPERATION

1 – Linkages Water  Politics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],EXERCISE 1: Assessing power relations in transboundary basins

WATER as a multifaceted resource ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Global Political Economy Regional Political Economy National Political Economies TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS

Water – Dependency and Interdependency ,[object Object],[object Object],Dependency on water resources originating outside the country  World Bank, 2007

Sharing transboundary water resources ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Sovereignty Law Allocation Knowledge Information Development Agriculture Hydropower Regime Conflict Cooperation Virtual water Economy Benefits  see UNDP 2006

WATER AND POLITICS – Framework of Hydro-Hegemony ( Zeitoun and Warner 2006 ) Often asymmetric Geography Material power Bargaining power Ideational power 4 PILLARS OF POWER 

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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],EXERCISE 1: Assessing power relations in transboundary basins RIPARIAN A RIPARIAN B RIPARIAN C Geography Geography Geography Material power Material power Material power Bargaining power Bargaining power Bargaining power Ideational power Ideational power Ideational power

EGYPT (HH) SUDAN ETHIOPIA Geography Geography Geography Material power Material power Material power Bargaining power Bargaining power Bargaining power Ideational power Ideational power Ideational power Adapted from Zeitoun and Warner, 2006 TURKEY (HH) Bargaining power Ideational power SYRIA Geography Material power Bargaining power Ideational power IRAQ Geography Material power Bargaining power Ideational power Nile Basin Tigris-Euphrates Basin Geography Material power Some examples of HYDRO-HEGEMONY in the MENA region

BARGANING POWER - in interstate relations and negotiations WHO CONTROLS THE NEGOTIATIONS? WHO CONTROLS THE AGREEMENTS? WHO CONTROLS THE NUMBERS? WHO CONTROLS THE AGENDA? WHO CONTROLS THE LEGITIMACY? WHO PLAYS BETTER WITH INTERNATIONAL LAW? WHO HAS ACCESS TO INVESTMENT?

IDEATIONAL POWER - Power to influence perceptions Asymmetric Knowledge Sanctioned Discourse Incentives Playing with time Silent Co-option Ambiguity Diplomacy/ Cooperation

POWER RELATIONS, CONFLICT & COOPERATION CO-EXIST Wolf et al 2003 Hydropolitical Power Relations are hidden 3 HYDROPOLITICAL COOPERATION Hydropolitical Power Relations must be unravelled Cascão 2007  

WATER SECURITISATION ,[object Object],[object Object],Water elevated to an issue of high politics Power asymmetries = Hydropolitical asymmetries Water as a national security issue Difficulties on Institutional/legal developments & cooperation  

By the end of the 1st session, participants should be aware : * Existing transboundary water resources in the MENA region and * Linkages between water, politics, power and security

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Cascao Hydropolitics Twm Mena 2008(2 November)

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