A report on the CME on “Sleep, consciousness and meditation: neurophysiological correlates” held 27 Nov 2014 at Pondicherry, India. It was organised by the Department of Physiology & Centre for Yoga Therapy, Education and Research (CYTER) MAHATMA GANDHI MEDICAL COLLEGE & RESEARCH INSTITUTE (SRI BALAJI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY, PUDUCHERRY)

1. REPORT ON CME ON “SLEEP, CONSCIOUSNESS AND
MEDITATION: NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES” 2014
A CME on “Sleep, consciousness and meditation: neurophysiological correlates” was held at
MGMC&RI, Pondicherry on 27th November 2014. This event was organized by Department
of Physiology and Centre for Yoga Therapy, Education and Research (CYTER), MGMC&RI,
Pondicherry. More than 300 medical and paramedical professionals and students as well as
Yoga practitioners and enthusiasts took part in the day-long event that updated knowledge
of participants in the fields of sleep, consciousness and meditation and introduced them to
the practices leading to meditation.
The CME was inaugurated by Prof KR Sethuraman, Vice-Chancellor, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth
in the presence of Prof N Ananthakrishnan (Dean PG Studies and research) and Prof S
Krishnan, (Dean Administration).
In his inspiring lead talk, Prof KR Sethuraman said, “To an uninformed person, ‘Conscious
Sleep’ seems to be a funny oxymoron. However, ‘Yoga Nidra’ or ‘Yogic Sleep’ is a state of
deep relaxation in which one leaves the waking state, go past the dreaming state, and enter
into the deep sleep state, while remaining fully awake and alert. This state of awareness is
extremely beneficial, both for releasing stress, and for the joy of spiritual experiences.” He
reminded the audience of work done at the Menninger Foundation in USA in 1971 that
provided scientific evidence of the existence of a fourth state of unified, transcendental
consciousness, which lies at the transition between sensory and sleep, consciousness. He
stressed need for adequate amounts of sleep as also the voluntary control of internal states
with therapeutic potential in many fields of human endeavor including integrated
healthcare.”
Prof N Ananthakrishnan (Dean PG Studies and Research) felicitated the occasion and
stressed on the importance of integrating Indian Systems of Medicine (AYUSH) with
modern health care as detailed in the national health plans as well as the necessity of young
medicos to be exposed to Yoga as recommended by the MCI. To this extent Sri Balaji
Vidyapeeth has set up the SBV AIM HIGH under which the CYTER and CMTER are
functioning at MGMCRI. Prof S Krishnan, (Dean Administration) in his presidential address
explained the importance of meditation in daily life and wished the event all success.
A practice session on meditation was conducted by Smt. Meena Ramanathan, the
Coordinator- cum - Yoga therapist of CYTER and all participants were exposed to various
techniques enhancing contemplative aspects when mind is drawn inwards.

2. In his invited talk on neural correlates of consciousness, Prof Harsha Halahalli from the K.S.
Hegde Medical Academy reminded us of the statement by David Chalmers that, “there is
nothing that we know more intimately than conscious experience, but there is nothing that is
harder to explain.” He discussed different features of consciousness studied in
neurobiological research such as the ‘functions’ of consciousness and the phenomenological
experience or conscious ‘experience’. He elaborated on the neural correlates of consciousness
that are the basic brain systems whose activity correlates directly with the states of conscious
experience as this is regarded as a starting point to investigate the harder problems of the
neurobiology of conscious experience. He brought to light the newer neuroimaging methods
along with neurophysiological approaches that are being used to investigate the NCC of the
contents of consciousness.
Prof Ravindra PN from the Gadag Institute of Medical Sciences, Karnataka gave a
presentation on the neurophysiological correlates of sleep and meditation. He mentioned
that both meditation and sleep bring about a positive regulatory effect on body and mind
thereby influencing various physiological functions and behavioral states. Though the
mechanisms of sleep and meditation are both through efferent and sensory attenuation thus
inducing a state of hypometabolism, however it is a natural and spontaneous phenomenon
in sleep, whereas during meditation it is a cognitive skill. Behaviorally, both sleep and
meditation appear to be a passive like state, but physiologically they are highly dynamic
with multidimensional interactions of neuronal, humoral, autonomic and cognitive
mechanisms.
Prof Madanmohan, the Professor and Head, Department of Physiology and Director CYTER
of MGMCRI gave an enlightening presentation on the neurophysiological basis of conscious
behavior. He explained how the limbic system and hypothalamus influence our behavior
and how damage to amygdala results in episodes of limbic rage. There is extensive
development of cerebral cortex (encephalization) in human brain and the prefrontal cortex is
responsible for discrimination and judgment. Encephalization implies that our innate animal
behavior is subject to physiological, psychological and social modulation. Different parts of
the brain are inter-related. Human behavior should be modulated by higher brain areas and
higher morals and not limited to limbic and animal behavior. “We humans have free will”
said he and “hence responsibility.” Practice of desirable behavior needs constant repetition
so that the transmission through relevant neural pathways is facilitated. As demonstrated by
Pavlov (classical conditioning) and Skinner (operant conditioning), learning involves

3. repetition. Hence, conscious desirable behavior should be practiced repeatedly so that it
becomes an automatic response.
Yogacharya Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani, the Deputy Director, CYTER gave a detailed
presentation on the therapeutic potential of meditation. He explained how many eastern
healing traditions have slowly and steadily percolated the health care system worldwide.
This is especially true of mind–body therapies that focus on the health promotive intrinsic
connections that exist between the human brain, mind, body, and individual behaviour. This
includes techniques of meditation (mantra meditation, mindfulness meditation, and others),
and the holistic lifestyle of Yoga. He detailed the documented health promoting benefits of
mind-body practices on all systems of the human body and concluded that the eastern
mind-body techniques seem to affect every cell bringing about better neuro-effector
communication, enhancing optimum functioning of all organ-systems while increasing
resistance against stress. In fact scientific research in recent times has shown that the
physiological, psychological and biochemical effects of Yoga and meditation are of an anti-stress
nature thus making them a potent antidote to the omnipresent stress pandemic.
The final session was a special talk by Dr V Ambarish from the M S Ramaiah Medical
College, Bangalore on meditation and immunomodulation. He stressed on how meditation
promotes mind and body relaxation, builds internal energy/life force (prana), develops
compassion, love, patience, generosity, forgiveness and enables us to enjoy an indestructible
sense of well-being while engaging in daily activity. He highlighted outcomes of a few
interesting studies addressing the effect of meditation on immunomodulation. These
included those reports on how meditative practices brought about immune changes at both
cellular and molecular level.
An open forum with all CME faculties was held before the CME concluded with the
valedictory session that honoured members of the Departments of Physiology and CYTER
for their active and enthusiastic assistance that made the event a grand success.
The following are the recommendations of the CME:
1. The CME puts on record its appreciation for the visionary efforts of the Chairman,
management and authorities of Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth for their foresightedness in
creating a Centre for Yoga Therapy, Education and Research (CYTER) at Mahatma
Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute. This is truly innovative and is
applauded by all concerned.

4. 2. Scientific studies provide evidence of the preventive, rehabilitative and
complementary role of Yoga and specifically meditation in management of various
stress induced, lifestyle disorders and hence it should be introduced in all medical
institutions as part of an integrative approach for the benefit of patients.
3. It is desirable that modern medical professionals be exposed to the scientific and
therapeutic aspects of Yoga and this may be done by awareness programmes,
workshops and seminars.
4. Yoga and meditation should be introduced to undergraduate medical and
paramedical students as recommended by MCI and this should be done in the first
year itself.
Modern medical advancements provide the rationale for the integration of various traditional healing
techniques including Yoga to promote healing, health, and longevity. It is imperative that advances in
medicine include the holistic approach of Yoga to face the current challenges in health care. Under the
dynamic leadership of Shri MK Rajagopalan, authorities of SBVU had set up CYTER in 2010 and
many activities have been going on since then. More than 7000 patients have benefited from a
scientifically sound Yoga therapy programme is imparted through the Yoga Therapy OPD that is
functioning daily from 9 am to 1pm. Consultations are offered by Dr. Ananda Balayogi Bhavanani,
Deputy Director and Mrs Meena Ramanathan, Coordinator and Yoga Therapist and qualified Yoga
instructors are imparting the schedules. Individualized and group Yoga therapy sessions are being
conducted for various medical conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, musculoskeletal and
psychiatric disorders with excellent feedback from participants. Numerous research studies have been
completed under guidance of Dr. Madanmohan, Professor and Head, Department of Physiology and
Director CYTER and 30 papers have been published.