1. NUCLEIC ACID Structure and Functions

3. Purine and Pyrimidine Purines and pyrimidines are nitrogen-containing heterocycles, cyclic compounds whose rings contain both carbon and other elements (hetero atoms).

4. Sources of the individual atoms in the purine ring.

5. Under physiologic conditions, the amino and oxo tautomers of purines,pyrimidine, and their derivatives predominate.

6. Nucleosides Nucleosides are derivatives of purines and pyrimidines that have a sugar linked to a ring nitrogen. The sugar is linked to the heterocyclic base via a β -N-glycosidic bond, almost always to N-1 of a pyrimidine or to N-9 of a purine.

7. Nucleotides RNA RNA DNA DNA

8. Mononucleotides are nucleosides with a phosphoryl group esterfied to a hydrosyl group of the sugar. 3’- and 5’ –nucleotides are nucleosides with a phosphoryl group on the 3’ – or 5’ –hydroxyl group of the Sugar. Nucleotides Nucleostides are present in all type of cells.

9. Ribonucleoside monophosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate.

10. Conversion of nucleoside mono phosphates to nucleoside di phosphates and tri phosphates.

11. Conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides.

13. Cyclic AMP and GMP Adenylate cyclase

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24. Dinucleotide

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