The diencephalon consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex and is critical for sensory processing. The hypothalamus regulates autonomic functions like temperature, hunger, and circadian rhythms. It also controls the pituitary gland and emotional responses. The epithalamus includes the pineal gland which regulates melatonin secretion and sleep cycles.

10. = ANT-MED (limbic) = ANT-LAT (EPS) = POST (sensory) = NON-SPECIFIC (relay)

11. = ANT-MED (limbic) = ANT-LAT (EPS) = POST (sensory) = NON-SPECIFIC (relay) VA/VL (GP+SN) Ant+MD (Papez) VPL (sensory--body) VPM (sensory--head) LGN (vision) MGN (hearing) Pulvinar (visual sensory association) Intralaminar CM (very diffuse to cerebral ctx, ends in layer I for cortical excitability) Reticular (GABA-ergic to thal)

12. Mamillary bodies Cingulate gyrus Prefrontal ctx

13. Area 6 Area 4 GP, SN (EPS) Area 4 + EPS GP, SN, cerebellum (EPS + dentatothalamic tract)

14. Areas 3,1,2 Sensory--body Sensory--face Vision Hearing Area 17 Areas 41,42 Integration of somesthetic, visual, & auditory Areas 18,19

28. Suprachiasmatic nuc (direct retinal input, circadian rhythms) Preoptic area (Medial Preoptic Nuc) (sexually dimorphic, regulates gonadotropic hormones) Ant Hypothal Nuc (dissipates heat, parasympathetic) Lat Nuc (appetite center, stim induces eating, destruction causes starvation) Ventromedial Nuc (satiety center, stim stops eating, destruction causes obesity & savage behavior) Dorsomedial Nuc (stim causes obesity & savage behavior) Arcuate Nuc (DOPA-ergic neurons inhib prolactin release) TUBERO- INFUNDIBULAR TRACT PVN & SON (produce oxytocin & ADH/vasopression, destruction causes DI) SUPRAOPTICO-HYPOPHYSIAL TRACT Magno cellular PVN Post Hypothal Nuc (conserves heat, sympathetic) P arvocellular PVN

37. HUNGER LACK OF FOOD REDUCED AVAILABILITY OF GLUCOSE CONTRACTIONS OF EMPTY STOMACH LOW TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS IN FAT CELLS GLUCOSE RECEPTORS IN HYPOTHALAMUS (Satiety center) MECHANO- RECEPTORS IN STOMACH PANCREAS HUNGER LONG TERM SHORT TERM

39. THIRST WATER DEFICIENCY OSMORECEPTORS IN SUPRAOPTIC AND SUPRA- VENTRICULAR NUCLEI OF HYPOTHALAMUS THIRST ADH SERETION BY PITUITARY WATER RETENTION BY KIDNEY