The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eye and ear. It describes the structures of the orbit, including the bones that make up its walls. It details the layers of the eyeball - fibrous, vascular and sensory layers - and identifies structures within each layer. These include the sclera, cornea, iris, choroid, ciliary body and retina. It also outlines the chambers of the eye and the extraocular muscles. For the ear, it identifies the external, middle and inner ear structures, such as the auricle, tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles, cochlea and vestibular system. It provides a brief overview of the nerves, blood supply and functions associated with

1. Anatomy of The Eye And Ear By: Dr. Mohammed Faez MSU

2. Orbit Cavity or socket of the skull which houses the eye Protects and stabilizes the eye Serves as attachment site for extrinsic muscles

3. Orbit Orbital Margins – bases which open in the face (4 borders) Supraorbital margin – frontal bone Infraorbitalmargin – zygomatic and maxilla bones Lateral margin – zygomatic and frontal bones Yellow – Frontal Bone Blue – Zygomatic Bone Purple – Maxilla Bone

4. Orbit Anterior aspect or roof Frontal Bone Posterior aspect Sphenoid Bone Medial aspect Lacrimal, ethmoid, maxillary, and sphenoid bones Lateral aspect Zygomatic and sphenoid bones Orbit is thickest Yellow – Frontal Bone Blue – Zygomatic Bone Purple – Maxilla Bone

5. Orbit Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone Lacrimal Bone Sphenoid Bone Zygomatic Bone Maxilla Bone

6. Orbit Optic Canal Foramen which the optic nerve passes to reach the brain Optic Nerve Cranial nerve II Transmits visual information from the retina to the brain Superior Orbital Fissure Opening between lesser and greater wings of sphenoid bone Allows cranial nerves, arteries, and veins to communicate with eye

8. Surface Anatomy of The Eye Major features of the eye include the sclera, cornea, iris, and pupil. The cornea is continuous with the sclera and is the clear circular region of the external covering of the eye through which the pupil and iris are visible. The sclera is not transparent and is normally white.

9. Surface Anatomy of The Eye The upper and lower eyelids of each eye enclose between them the palpebral fissure. The eyelids come together at the medial and lateral palpebral commissures on either side of each eye.

10. Surface Anatomy of The Eye At the medial side of the palpebral fissure and lateral to the medial palpebral commissure is a small triangular soft tissue structure (the lacrimal lake). The elevated mound of tissue on the medial side of the lacrimal lake is the lacrimal caruncle, and the lateral margin overlying the sclera is the lacrimal fold.

11. Surface Anatomy of The Eye

12. The lacrimal apparatus The lacrimal apparatus consists of the lacrimal gland and the system of ducts and channels The lacrimal gland is associated with the upper eyelid and is in a small depression in the lateral roof of the orbit just posterior to the orbital margin. The multiple small ducts of the gland open into the upper margin of the conjunctival sac, which is the thin gap between the deep surface of the eyelid and the cornea.

13. The lacrimal apparatus

14. The lacrimal apparatus Each punctum is on a small raised mound of tissue (a lacrimal papilla), and is the opening of a small canal (lacrimal canaliculus) that connects with the lacrimal sac. The lacrimal sac is in the lacrimal fossa on the medial side of the orbit. From the lacrimal sac, tears drain via the nasolacrimal duct into the nasal cavity.

15. Anatomy of the eye Eyeball The globe-shaped eyeball occupies the anterior part of the orbit. Its rounded shape is disrupted anteriorly, where it bulges outward. This outward projection represents 1/6 of the total area of the eyeball

16. Anatomy of the eye

17. Walls of the eyeball The eye is made up of three tunics or layers of material. The outer fibrous layer The middle vascular layer The innersensory layer

18. The Fibrous Layer (Tunic) The fibrous tunic is made up of the opaque white sclera and transparent cornea. Sclera is the tough layer which covers most of the eye and is seen anteriorly as the white of the eye. The transparent cornea in the front.

19. Fibrous Tunic

20. The Vascular Layer (Tunic) The middle tunic or layer is the vascular tunic or uvea which is pigmented. Structures which make up the vascular tunic include: the posterior choroid, the ciliary body , the anterior iris.

23. The Lens It is a transparent body located behind the iris. It is suspended by ligaments (called zonule fibers) attached to the anterior portion of the ciliary body. The contraction or relaxation of these ligaments as a consequence of ciliary muscle actions, changes the shape of the lens, a process called accommodation that allows us to form a sharp image on the retina.

24. The sensory layer (Tunic) The innermost tunic making up the eye is an out pocketing of the brain referred to as the sensory tunic. The specific name given to the sensory tunic is the retina.

25. The sensory layer (Tunic)

26. Chambers of The Eye The eye has three chambers: Anterior chamber Posterior chamber Vitreous Chamber

27. The Anterior Chamber The anterior chamber is between cornea and iris.

28. ThePosteriorchamber The Posterior chamber is between iris and zonule fibers and lens. Anterior and posterior chambers are filled with aqueous humor.

29. Vitreous Chamber The largest chamber of the eye, between the lens and the retina filled with the amorphous and somewhat gelatinous material of the vitreous body.

30. External Ocular Muscles Medial Rectus Lateral Rectus Inferior Rectus Superior Rectus Inferior Oblique Superior Oblique

31. External Ocular Muscles Medial Rectus Strongest of the extra-ocular muscles Most mass of EOMs Most anterior insertion (extra leverage) Action – Adduction (eyes move towards the nose)

32. External Ocular Muscles Lateral Rectus Action - Abduction

33. External Ocular Muscles Superior Rectus Action – elevation, upward rotation Rotation – angles nasally toward site of origin Tendon of the Superior Oblique muscle passes underneath the SR

34. External Ocular Muscles Inferior Rectus Action – depression, downward rotation, adduction

35. External Ocular Muscles Superior Oblique Keeps the eyeballs level as the head tilts Longest of the EOMs Passes through a “pully” called the trochlea Redirects the action Action: Abduction of globe Depression of globe Rotation of globe

36. External Ocular Muscles Inferior Oblique Passes underneath the inferior rectus Action: Elevation of globe Adduction of globe Rotation of globe Keeps the eyeballs level as the head tilts

38. External Ocular Muscles

39. Blood Supply of The Eye The eye receives its arterial blood supply from the ophthalmic artery Most of the veins from the eye accompany the arteries and drain into the cavernous sinus by way of the ophthalmic veins.

40. General sensory innervation of the eye Sensory fibers from the cornea and uvea reach the nasociliary nerve of the ophthalmic nerve.

41. Anatomy of The Ear

42. Ear The ear is the organ of hearing and balance. It has three parts: external ear middle ear internal ear

45. External Ear The external ear consists of two parts: auricle (pinna) external acoustic meatus

47. Auricle The auricle is on the side of the head and assists in capturing sound. It consists of cartilage covered with skin. Helix isthe large outside rim of the auricle. concha of auricle is the hollow center of the auricle.

48. Auricle Tragus isJust anterior to the opening of the external acoustic meatus Antitragusisopposite the tragus, and above the fleshy lobule Antihelixis a smaller curved rim, parallel and anterior to the helix .

49. Innervation of The Auricle Outer more superficial surfaces of the auricle are supplied by the great auricular and lesser occipital nerves from the cervical plexus and the auriculotemporal branch of the mandibular nerve [V3]. Deeper parts of the auricle are supplied by branches from the facial nerve[vii] and the vagus nerve [x].

50. Blood Supply of The Auricle The external carotid artery supplies the posterior auricular artery The superficial temporal artery supplies anterior auricular branches The occipital artery. Venous drainage is through vessels following the arteries.

51. External Acoustic Meatus The external acoustic meatus extends from the deepest part of the concha to the tympanic membrane (eardrum), a distance of approximately 1 inch (2.5 cm). Its walls consist of cartilage and bone. The lateral one-third is formed from cartilaginous The medial two-thirds is a bony tunnel in the temporal bone.

52. External Acoustic Meatus It does not follow a straight course. From the external opening it passes upwards in an anterior direction, then turns slightly posteriorly still passing in an upwards direction, and finally, turns again in an anterior direction with a slight descent.

53. Sensory innervation of the external acoustic meatus From several of the cranial nerves The major sensory input travels through branches of the auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular nerve [V3], The auricular branch of the vagus nerve [X]. Minor sensory inputs may travel through branches of the facial nerve [vii].

54. Tympanic Membrane It separates the external acoustic meatus from the middle ear. It is at an angle, sloping medially from top to bottom and posteriorly to anteriorly. Its lateral surface faces inferiorly and anteriorly.

55. Innervation of The Tympanic Membrane sensory innervation of the skin on the outer surface of the tympanic membrane is primarily by the trigeminal nerve [V] with additional participation of the facial [VII] and vagus [X] nerves; sensory innervation of the mucous membrane on the inner surface of the tympanic membrane is carried entirely by the glossopharyngeal [IX] nerve.

56. Middle ear The middle ear is an air-filled, mucous membrane-lined space in the temporal bone between the tympanic membrane laterally and the lateral wall of the internal ear medially.

57. Middle ear It is consisting of two parts: the tympanic cavity immediately adjacent to the tympanic membrane; the epitympanic recess superiorly.

58. Boundaries of Middle ear The middle ear has a roof and a floor, and anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral walls. Tegmental wall The tegmental wall (roof) of the middle ear consists of a thin layer of bone, which separates the middle ear from the middle cranial fossa. Jugular wall The jugular wall (floor) of the middle ear consists of a thin layer of bone that separates it from the internal jugular vein. Occasionally, the floor is thickened by the presence of mastoid air cells.

59. Boundaries of Middle ear Membranous wall The membranous (lateral) wall of the middle ear consists almost entirely of the tympanic membrane and the bony lateral wall of the epitympanic recess. Mastoid wall The mastoid (posterior) wall of the middle ear is only partially complete. The lower part of this wall consists of a bony partition between the tympanic cavity and mastoid air cells. Superiorly, the epitympanic recess is continuous with the aditus to the mastoid antrum.

60. Boundaries of Middle ear Anterior wall partially complete. The lower part consists of a thin layer of bone that separates the tympanic cavity from the internal carotid artery. Superiorly, the wall is deficient due to the presence of: a large opening for the entrance of the pharyngotympanic tube into the middle ear; a smaller opening for the canal containing the tensor tympani muscle.

61. Boundaries of Middle ear Labyrinthine wall The labyrinthine (medial) wall of the middle ear is also the lateral wall of the internal ear. A prominent structure on this wall is a rounded bulge (the promontory) produced by the basal coil of the cochlea.

62. MiddleEar

63. Mastoid Antrum It is a cavity continuous with collections of air-filled spaces (the mastoid cells), throughout the mastoid part of the temporal bone, including the mastoid process. The mastoid antrum is separated from the middle cranial fossa above by only the thin tegmen tympani.

64. Pharyngotympanic Tube It connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane. Its opening in the middle ear is on the anterior wall, and extends forward, medially, and downward to enter the nasopharynx just posterior to the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity.

65. Pharyngotympanic Tube It consists of two parts: a bony part (the one-third nearest the middle ear); a cartilaginous part (the remaining two-thirds).

66. Auditory Ossicles The bones of the middle ear consist of the malleus, incus, and stapes.

67. Malleus The malleus is the largest of the auditory ossicles and is attached to the tympanic membrane. It consistes of : head of malleus, neck of malleus, anterior and lateral processes, handle of malleus Its posterior surface articulates with the incus.

68. Incus It is the second bone of auditory ossicles. It consists of the body of incus, and long and short limbs

69. Stapes It is the most medial bone in the osseous chain. It is attached to the oval window. It consists of the head of stapes, anterior and posterior limbs, and the base of stapes

72. Blood Supply of Middle Ear The two largest branches are the tympanic branch of the maxillary artery and the mastoid branch of the occipital or posterior auricular arteries. Smaller branches come from the middle meningeal artery, the ascending pharyngeal artery, the artery of the pterygoid canal, and tympanic branches from the internal carotid artery. Venous drainage of the middle ear returns to the pterygoid plexus of veins and the superior petrosal sinus.

73. Internal Ear It consists of a series of bony cavities (the bony labyrinth) and membranous ducts and sacs (the membranous labyrinth) within these cavities. All these structures are in the petrous part of the temporal bone between the middle ear laterally and the internal acoustic meatus medially.

74. Internal Ear The cochlear duct is the organ of hearing. The semicircular ducts, utricle, and saccule are the organs of balance. The nerve responsible for these functions is the vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII], which divides into vestibular (balance) and cochlear (hearing) parts after entering the internal acoustic meatus.

75. The Bony Labyrinth The bony labyrinth consists of the vestibule, three semicircular canals, and the cochlea. These bony cavities are lined with periosteum and contain a clear fluid (the perilymph).

76. The Membranous Labyrinth The membranous labyrinth consists of the semicircular ducts, the cochlear duct, and two sacs (the utricle and the saccule). These membranous spaces are filled with endolymph.

77. The vestibule It is the central part of the bony labyrinth. It contains the oval window in its lateral wall. It communicates anteriorly with the cochlea and posterosuperiorly with the semicircular canals.

78. Semicircular canals They are projecting in a posterosuperior direction from the vestibule They consist of anterior, posterior, and lateral semicircular canals. Each of these canals forms two-thirds of a circle connected at both ends to the vestibule and with one end dilated to form the ampulla. The canals are oriented so that each canal is at right angles to the other two.

79. Cochlea It is projecting in an anterior direction from the vestibule is the cochlea. It is a bony structure that twists on itself two and one-half to two and three-quarter times around a central column of bone (the modiolus). This arrangement produces a cone-shaped structure with a base of cochlea that faces posteromedially and an apex that faces anterolaterally.

80. Membranous Labyrinth The membranous labyrinth is a continuous system of ducts and sacs within the bony labyrinth. It is filled with endolymph and separated from the periosteum that covers the walls of the bony labyrinth by perilymph.

81. Membranous Labyrinth It is consisting of two sacs (the utricle and the saccule) and four ducts (the three semicircular ducts and the cochlear duct). The membranous labyrinth has balance and hearing functions.

82. Membranous Labyrinth The general organization of the parts of the membranous labyrinth places: the cochlear duct within the cochlea of the bony labyrinth, anteriorly; the three semicircular ducts within the three semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth, posteriorly; the saccule and utricle within the vestibule of the bony labyrinth, in the middle.

84. Innervation of Internal Ear The vestibulocochlear nerve [VIII] carries special afferent fibers for hearing (the cochlear component) and balance (the vestibular component). Inside the temporal bone, the vestibulocochlear nerve divides to form: the cochlear nerve, the vestibular nerve.

85. Read about Blood supply to internal ear. Course of facial nerve [VII] in the temporal bone.

86. Thank You