Nara Chandrababu Naidu's Visionary Policies For Andhra Pradesh's Development
Citizen and the state: From Government to Governance
1. CITIZENS AND THE STATE:
FROM GOVERNMENT TO
GOVERNANCE
Dr. Andrew Wilkins
Email: andrew.wilkins@roehampton.ac.uk
Twitter: @andewilkins
2. STRUCTURE
What is government?
What is governance?
What is governmentality?
Group discussion. Think about the ideas and
perspectives explored and their (non-)application
to your area of research interest.
3. FROM ABSTRACT TO CONCRETE
The term governance risks becoming a ‘stipulative
definition’ (Rhodes 1997), giving new meaning to old
jargon
Concepts of ‘governance’ and ‘governmentality’ often
appear too abstract (e.g. grounded in a lot of theorizing,
‘epochal’ analysis) to the point of becoming analytically
redundant for the purpose of studying really existing
‘reality’
To compensate concrete examples from education policy
history will be provided.
4. GOVERNMENT
• ‘The practice of politics, policy and administration within
the state-form’ (Clarke and Ozga 2012, p.1)
Powers include:
Legislative
Executive
Statutory
5. GOVERNMENT
...however
Government power is LIMITED
HM Judges, Local Authorities and the Charity Commission:
all legally independent (subject to law) of the government.
…therefore
Power is not concentred but dispersed, ‘rhizomatic’
6. GOVERNMENT
Functional view of government
Equating power (only) with the executive, statutory and
legislative core of government echoes a ‘modernist liberal
democratic narrative of government’ (Colebatch 2009, p.
62)
We have still not cut off the king’s head (Foucault 1986)
7. GOVERNANCE
The shift from government to governance – governing
without government
Governance signifies the co-
production of services by a
plurality of actors and
organizations (government
and non-government).
8. GOVERNANCE
Key concepts:
‘cooperation’ or ‘co-governance’: the delivery of services
based on the interorganizational structure of relations
between institutions and actors, including public-private
partnerships, networks, regimes and co-management.
• Example: Schools permitted to ‘opt out’ of the locally
controlled system and become grant-maintained (1988
ERA), that is, administratively self-governing.
Encouraged to raise money from industry and/or charity.
9. GOVERNANCE
Competition AND cooperation
‘They [neoliberal reforms] fragmented the systems for
delivering public services and created pressures for
organizations to cooperate with one another to deliver
services’ (Rhodes 2007, p. 1245).
…hence ‘coopetition’: a neologism coined by
Brandenburger and Nalebuff to describe competition +
cooperation
10. GOVERNANCE
Key concepts
‘Policy networks’: ‘refers to sets of formal and informal
institutional linkages between governmental and other
actors shared around interests in public policy making and
implementation’ (Rhodes 2007, p. 1244)
Example 1: EducationInvestor Summit
http://www.educationinvestor.co.uk/summit.aspx
Example 2: Academies Show, London
http://www.academiesshow.co.uk/
13. GOVERNANCE
Key examples of ‘governance’ in British education reform
1988 onwards – ‘governing at a distance’
Greater parental involvement in schools, statutory rights
for parents to be elected as school governors
Increased emphasis on parental choice, parents as
consumers of education provision, schools as providers
Introduction of league tables and Ofsted in 1990s, e.g.
performance indicators, audit, target setting, inspection
Creation of academies and free schools, e.g. independent
state-funded schools
14. GOVERNANCE: SUMMARY
Government and non-government actors and institutions
Intersecting and blurring of roles and responsibilities
Power interdependence in relationships between actors and
institutions
Governing through self-organizing networks
‘steer and guide’ rather than command as a tool for governing
(Stoker 1998)
16. GOVERNANCE: RECENTRALISATION?
‘Roll back’ AND ‘roll out’ (Peck 2012)
…e.g. steering and framing governing at a distance through
inspection, audit, performance indicators, league tables,
target setting, public-private accountabilities, etc.
Underestimated power of government?
…e.g. ‘the centre can unilaterally change the rules of the
game’ (Rhodes 2007, p. 1253),
17. GOVERNANCE: PROBLEMS
‘Institutionalist’ view of governance particular to political
science perspectives - operates with a ‘‘thin’ conception of
the social’ (Clarke and Ozga 2012, p. 2)
‘Governance’ risks becoming a ‘stipulative definition’
(Rhodes 1997)…so case study and ethnographic
approaches are necessary/desirable
How ‘new’ is governance?
18. GOVERNMENTALITY
The ‘art of government’ (Foucault), developed through his
lectures on biopolitics (circa 1978-79)
Neoliberal governmentalities
…not to be confused with laissez-faire (e.g. anti-statism)
but are characterized by ‘permanent vigilance, activity, and
intervention’ (Foucault 2008, p. 132), e.g. ‘roll out’
19. GOVERNMENTALITY
Foucault’s early writings on discipline and punishment:
Punishment as public spectacle: method for reaffirming
the power of the sovereign
1830-48: physical spectacle of torture and punishment
was replaced by the birth of the prison
Panoptic effect of prison structures created self-
disciplining, self-governing subjects (‘Visibility is a trap’,
Foucault 1977, p. 200)
20. GOVERNMENTALITY
Self-governance
…the capacity and willingness of subjects (citizens, consumers,
workers) to be self-governing and practice self-care outside the
purview of the government.
Hence the neologism ‘governmentalisation’ (Foucault)
…‘the function of producing, breathing life into, and increasing
freedom, of introducing additional freedom through additional
control and intervention’ (Foucault 2008, p. 67)
21. GOVERNMENTALITY
Neoliberalism ‘runs from the market to the state, and
which plays out through new practices of regulatory
intervention and surveillance’ (Gane 2012, p. 614)
Reversal of the Panopticon
The market does not seek legitimacy from the state to
exist. Rather the reverse is true. The state must justify
itself to the market.
22. GOVERNMENTALITY: PROBLEMS
‘the difficulty of combining the heterogeneity of micro-political
analyses with a tendency towards ‘epochal’ analysis of liberal
governmentality and its phases/forms’
‘the separation of liberal governmentality from its constitutive
colonial conditions’
‘assuming the ‘success’ of governmental projects in practice’
(Clarke and Ozga 2012, p. 2)
23. CONTROL SOCIETIES
‘ultrarapid forms of apparently free-floating control’
(Deleuze 1995, p. 178)
control operates through a modulation or modality, and
NOT a mould, a fixed space or institution
Consider social media, communication and entertainment
networks: digital, responsive means of ‘capturing’ people
through the medium of capitalism, ‘communicative
capitalism’ (Dean 2009)
24. PANOPTICON TO SYNOPTICON
Synopticon
…new fluid and transient forms of sociality or
individualisation through which freedoms and
responsibilities are devolved from the state to individuals
(Bauman 2000)