1. REVISION
VARIETY

2. INFECTION CONTROL
 What does this symbol mean?

3. INFECTION CONTROL
INTERNATIONAL
SYMBOL FOR
BIO HAZARD

4. Infection control
 Define “aerosol”

5. Infection control
A fine mist of tiny
air-borne particles
that may contain
bacteria, viruses
& fungi.
Dispersed by air
currents, may be
inhaled or
contaminate work
surfaces.

6. Infection control
 Vacuum steam steriliser
 29 Minute cycle for Wrapped
instruments

7. Infection control
 Biofilm
 What is it?
 Where would it be found in the dental
surgery?

8. Infection control
 Biofilm is a naturally occurring slime
producing bacteria and fungi which
form into complex communities on wet
surfaces
 Biofilms form in the water mains and
on the walls of small bore plastic
tubing in dental units

9. Infection control
 Define “contamination”

10. Infection control
 Contamination is the introduction of
micro-organisms to sterile or non-
sterile instruments, equipment or living
things

11. infection control
 How would you describe the word
“decontamination”

12. Infection control
 Decontamination is the processes
required to make a re-useable dental
instrument fit for use on another
patient
 This will include cleaning, inspection
for cleanliness, sterilisation or
disinfection if sterilisation is not
possible

13. Infection control
 Draw the symbol for single use items

14. Infection control
Single use item

15. anatomy

16. The Heart
 The heart and the blood vessels are part of
the ___________ system
 Blood _________ carry blood away from the
heart
 Veins carry blood to the ______ from the
rest of the body. The blood circulates,
carrying oxygen and nutrients

17. anatomy
 The heart and the blood vessels are part of
the CIRCULATORY system
 Blood VESSELS carry blood AWAY from
the heart
 Veins carry blood TO the HEART from the
rest of the body. The blood circulates,
carrying oxygen and nutrients

18. Circulatory system

19. anatomy
 There are _____ separate chambers
in the heart
 Two _____ and two ______

20. anatomy
 There are FOUR separate chambers
in the heart
 Two ATRIA and two VENTRICLES

21. anatomy
 How is oxygen
transported around
the body?
 What percentage of
oxygen is in an
expired breath?

22. anatomy
 Erythrocytes
transport oxygen
around the body
 (RED BLOOD
CELLS)

23. anatomy
 Constituents of blood are:
 RED BLOOD CELLS, ALSO KNOWN
AS…..?
 THROMBOCYTES, ALSO KNOWN AS
……?
 LEUCOCYTES ALSO KNOWN AS ………?
 PLASMA …………..associated with the
defence mechanism, also known as ……..?

24. anatomy
 Constituents of blood are:
 RED BLOOD CELLS, ALSO
KNOWN AS erythrocytes
 THROMBOCYTES, ALSO
KNOWN AS blood platelets
 LEUCOCYTES ALSO
KNOWN AS white blood
cells defend against
infection
 PLASMA - associated with
the defence mechanism,
also known as BLOOD
CLOTTING AND ANTI BODY
PRODUCTION

25. anatomy
 Expired air contains
16% oxygen and
4% carbon dioxide
 Inspired air
contains 20%
oxygen required for
metabolism

26. anatomy
 The atria receive blood returning to the heart and
the ventricles pump the blood out from the heart.
 Each of these chambers has a one way valve to
ensure that the blood flow is always in one
direction.
 With each beat, the right ventricle pumps de-
oxygenated blood to the lungs while the left
ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the
body.
 This happens approximately every 2.5 BILLION
times in an average life time.

27. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
 This is the second most commonest
disease affecting the oral cavity
 The first being dental caries
 “periodontal disease” covers a group
of diseases which affect the supporting
structures of the teeth
 THE PERIODONTUM

28. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
 The gingivae
 The periodontal ligament
 The alveolar bone
PERIODONTITIS IS THE MAIN CAUSE OF
TOOTH LOSS IN ADULTS

29. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
 THE SOLE CAUSE OF
PERIODONTAL DISEASE IS THE
PRESENCE AND ACCUMULATION
OF DENTAL PLAQUE AROUND THE
GINGIVAL MARGINS OF THE TEETH
 WHAT IS DENTAL PLAQUE?

30. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
 PLAQUE- is a combination of saliva
and oral bacteria which form a sticky
film on the surface of the tooth and
allows food debris to become
incorporated into its structure
 It tends to form initially at the gingival
margin because this area is not self-
cleansed by salivary flow or by the
tongue and soft tissue movements

31. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease

32. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease

33. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease

34. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
 Bacteria within plaque use food debris to
nourish themselves and allow the bacteria
to colonise and grow
 Bacteria produce TOXIC BY-PRODUCTS
as they digest food
 These irritate the gingivae and cause
inflammation
 (CHRONIC GINGIVITIS)

35. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
 The inflamed gingivae become red and swell to
form a FALSE POCKET around the neck of the
tooth
 False pockets allow more plaque to develop as self
cleansing becomes impossible
 Plaque now extends below the gingival margin
 The continued action of saliva on plaque allows
inorganic ions to be incorporated into the plaque
structure
 CALCULUS is now formed

36. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
 Calculus formation above the gum margin is
called SUPRA GINGIVAL CALCULUS it is
yellow in colour
 Calculus formation below the gum margin is
called SUB GINGIVAL CALCULUS it is
brow/black in colour due to the blood
pigments
 Its surface is rough allowing more plaque to
form over it and irritating the gingivae further

37. Oral diseases –
periodontal disease
 The abrasion of the calculus and the
chemical action of the toxins cause
PAINLESS micro-ulceration of the
gingivae, leading to bleeding to touch
or dental probing
 The visible appearance and bleeding
on probing of the gingivae are the
classic diagnostic signs of CHRONIC
GINGIVITIS

38. Events leading to periodontitis
 Non-treatment of chronic gingivitis allows TOXINS
to build up and eventually enter the underlying
gingival tissues through the MICRO-ULCERATION
areas
 TOXINS destroy the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
 TRUE POCKETS form
 The attachment is lost from the neck of the tooth
and down the root of the tooth
 Further plaque MINERALISES causing irritation and
more toxin infiltration
 The tooth is now mobile as the alveolar bone is
destroyed leading to tooth loss.

43. Periodontal abscess

44. Removable Prosthetics
 Why do we provide patients with
removable prosthetics?

45. Removable Prosthetics
 Prevents masticatory forces on remaining
teeth
 Prevent overeruption of opposing teeth
 Prevents tilting of adjacent teeth
 Prevents soft tissue trauma due to
mastication
 Prevents digestion problems
 Allows adequate mastication
 Provides good aesthetics especially anterior
teeth

46. Removable Prosthetics
 What are the retention factors in
removable prosthetics?

47. Removable Prosthetics
 Saliva – a film of saliva developing between
the denture and the patients soft tissues
 A post dam along the back border of the
denture
 An accurate design and fit of denture to
allow the film to develop adequately
 Use of natural undercuts such as the
alveolar ridges or natural teeth
 Use of clasps around natural teeth to
increase retention

48. Removable Prosthetics

49. Removable Prosthetics
denture construction
 1st imps – taken in either edendtulous stock
tray or dentate stock tray using alginate
 Lab – models cast in plaster, special trays
made from shellac, wax occlusal rims are
made
 2nd appt – final imps in special trays using
alginate, bite registration
 Lab – final models cast, articulator used to
show movement then construct wax try ins
shade chosen by dental team and patient

50. Removable Prosthetics
denture construction
 3rd Appt – try in of accuracy of occlusion, shade and
fit. Any adjustments can be made at this stage,
major adjustment would require a re-try
 Lab – try in and models are flasked, wax removed
with boiling water to leave the teeth in position, filled
with acrylic, clasps added at this point if necessary,
clean and polish dent for fit
 Fit – inserted & checked for comfort, accuracry and
retention & appearance. Instructions given on their
wear, final adjustments made with straight
handpiece and acrylic trimming bur, articulating
paper, miller forceps

51. List the information required
for the dental technician to
construct a removable
prosthetic at each stage

52. Chrome cobalt partial dentures
 Used as the base of the denture
 Complicated design & longer to construct
 More expensive
 Much thinner palatal coverage is possible
allows more tolerance for pts with gag reflex
 Less likely to break
 Skeleton design gives minimal coverage
 hygienic

53. Removable Prosthetics

54. Fixed prosthetics
 Why would we provide a patient with a
crown?

55. Fixed prosthetics
 Heavily restored tooth
 Repeated failure of restoration
 Root filled tooth tends to become
brittle
 Aesthetics
 Shape change to make a more
retentive abutment tooth for a
removable prosthetic

56. Fixed prosthetics
Bridgework:
Name the variety of bridges available for
patients giving a reason for providing a
patient with a specific type

57. Bridge types
 Maryland
 Cantelever
 Spring cantelever
 Fixed fixed
 Semi fixed

58. State the reasons for providing
a temporary crown

59. State the reasons for providing
a temporary crown
 Maintain space  Prevent over
eruption
 Prevent sensitivity
 Prevent food
packing
 Prevent gingival
overgrowth
 Aesthetics
 Prevent damage to
prep

60. radiography
 Why are x-rays taken in dentistry?

61. RadiographyX-rays are taken to:
 Detect caries  Detect
supernumary
 Detect bone level
 Diagnose cysts,
tumours, jaw
 Detect
overhangs/perforati fractures
ons
 Orthodontic
 Determine tooth treatment planning
structure prior to
xtn  Aid in endodontic tx

62. Radiography – name this type
of film

63. Radiography - ceph being
taken

64. Radiography-developing
machine

65. Intra-oral unit

66. Extra-oral unit OPG

68. Why would this type of film be
taken?

69. Why would this type of film be
taken?

70. Why would this type of film be
taken?

71. Why would this type of film be
taken?

72. Name the components of an
intra-oral film packet

73. Name the components of an
intra-oral film packet
 Front of plastic envelope
 Black paper
 X-ray film
 Black paper
 Lead foil
 Back of plastic envelope

74. Intra-oral film
 A celluloid film coated with light-sensitive bromide
salts in an emulsion
 This is surrounded in black paper to protect it from
unwanted light
 Enclosed in a waterproof envelope one side of the
film is a lead foil which prevents the emulsion coat
being exposed twice by absorbing scatter during the
exposure
 When exposed the crystals form a hidden image
 The film must be processed to develop the image

75. In pairs discuss some faults which
may occur during processing
 What temperature should the
chemicals reach to ensure clarity of
the film?
 For manual development of x-rays
draw the tanks and label them

76. Temp = 18-22 degrees Celsius
 Faults:
 Too dark – overdeveloping  Faint image – under
 Fogged film – developing, temp too low or
Daylight exposure time too short or dev too
 Blank film – placement in weak
fixer before developer  Blank spot – contamination
 Partly blank film – not fully with splashes of fixer
immersed in developer
 Brown or green stains –
 Scratches or fingerprints –
incomplete fix
bad handling
 Black line across film –
being folded during
process

77. Local anaesthetic

78. In pairs:
 Discuss the  Discuss the
different types of different types of
LA available in the syringes, needles
dental surgery and injection types
 Discuss the nerves
 Name the reasons anaesthetised to
for using the carry out treatment
different types througout the
mouth

79. In groups
 Compile 15
questions and
answers on specific
topics we have
covered previously
 When completed,
deliver to the rest
of the class to
answer

80. the end