1. Workshop
«Forest Fires: Fuel mapping in the Mediterranean countries»
LIFE10 ENV/GR/617 ArcFUEL
Use of new technologies in forest fire protection plans and fuel mapping
in the Forest Research Institute of Thessaloniki”
Pavlos Konstantinidis
FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF THESSALONIKI
Wednesday, 18 December 2013

2. FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
The mission of the Forest Research
Institute is to contribute through research
to the understanding, restoration, and
sustainable management of terrestrial
ecosystems such as forests and
rangelands and to maintain and enhance
plant and wildlife resources for the benefit
of people and the nature.

3. NATO Science for Stability Program

4. ΝΑΤΟ
SCIENCE FOR STABILITY
EFESTUS
FOREST
RESEARCH
INSTITUTE
WILDFIRES
LABORATORY
SITHON
ATHOS
SEIH-SOU
HYMITTOS

5. EFAISTOS Project - Improvement and validation of behaviour models of forest fires
(Environment and climate Programm, DG XII)

6. EFAISTOS Project - Improvement and validation of behaviour models of forest fires
(Environment and climate Programm, DG XII)
FUEL
STATIC 22. HALEPENSIS
LOADS, MTON/HA
-----------------1 HR
4.10
10 HR
1.10
100 HR
0.30
LIVE HERB
0.00
LIVE WOODY
7.70
ENVIRONMENTAL
DATA
-------------------1 HR FM
8.
10 HR FM
9.
100 HR FM
10.
LIVE HERB FM
70.
LIVE WOODY FM
70.
SLOPE, %
30.
TREATMENT
BY: KDK
S/V RATIOS, 1/CM
----------------COMPONENT
1 HR
100.
LIVE HERB
0.
LIVE WOODY
70.
(unit)
SIGMA
83.
OTHER
---------------------------Control
DEPTH, CM
106.64
Shrub
S
HEAT CONTENT, J/G Removal
20000. R & Thinning
EXT MOISTURE, %
30.
PACKING RATIO
0.00242
PR/OPR
0.44
FIRE BEHAVIOR RESULTS
PRE
POS
PRE
POS
---------------------------------------------FIRE
MIDFLAME WIND,TKM/H
T
VARIABLE
0.
10.
20.
----------------------SHRUBS1 6.
5.0
ROS (M/MIN)
51.
155.
FL (METERS)
2.
5.
9.
(t/ha)
2.8a
0.6b
1.8d
IR (KWATTS/SQMT)
1273.
1273.
1273. 5.7c
H/A (KJ/SQMT)
11641.
11641.
11641.
FLI (KWATTS/MT)
9926.
30136.
SMALL 1240.
WOODY2
S
S-S & Thinning
PRE
POST
7.7e
0.2f
1.6
4.2a
6.9a
1.3b
5.1c
1.9d
5.4e
3.5
2.5a
7.8b
2.5c
7.5d
2.5e
6.8f
121.5
105.3
8.8b
100.5c
19.2d
115.6
8.3f
(t/ha)
LITTER3
(t/ha)
DEPTH4
(cm)
a
e

7. ATHOS: Spatial analysis of the impact of fire - human - environment vegetation
of Athos and Sithonia Peninsula. «Δ» 95 Iv/16

8. Table III Standard errors (SE), Wald statistics (Wald) and significance levels (Sig.)
for coefficients (B) of variables included in the logistic regression equation;
significance levels are calculated using the score statistics (Score) for variables not in
the equation
VARIABLE
B
SE
Wald
Score
Sig.
0.011
0.918
HUMAN IMPACT
Distance to Roads
Density of Livestock
-0.010
0.005
4.328
0.037
CLIMATE
0.308
Summer Mean Air Temperature
1.037
Summer Mean Relative Humidity
1.054
Annual Precipitation
0.905
0.305
0.341
GEOMORPHOLOGY
Elevation
Slope
-0.494
0.238
4.328
0.037
0.111
0.042
6.875
0.009
Aspect
5.582
Geology
1.193
0.694
0.551
LAND USE
Vegetation Cover
--
--
12.444
0.006

10. "Installing Monitoring System on Advances in the suburban forest of Thessaloniki"
s
ss
nsii
pen
epe
ae
hall
P.h
ll P.
ura
tura
Nat
Na
N.
sis
ol e
l P.halepen
Natura
ad
er
pla
nt e
d

12. 12/96
9/96
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
696
Ν ότος
396
12/96
9/96
696
396
20
0
12/95
40
20
12/95
60
40
995
80
60
995
100
80
695
120
100
695
140
120
395
140
395
1294
12/96
9/96
696
Β ορράς
1294
12/96
9/96
696
396
396
12/95
995
695
395
1294
160
12/95
995
695
395
1294
Quercus coccifera
160
Α νατολή
0
Δύση
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

13. 5
6
12/9
12/9
6
9/96
9/96
5
696
12/9
995
695
696
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
396
Δύση
396
5
Ν ότος
12/9
6
395
1294
12/9
9/96
696
Β ορράς
995
695
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
395
6
5
396
12/9
995
695
395
1294
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1294
12/9
9/96
696
396
12/9
995
695
395
1294
Pistacia lentiscus
Α να τολή
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0

14. Pinus nigra
Eucalyptus sp.
Cedrus atlantica
Cedrus libani Quercus pubescens
Q.coccifera
4
Q.ilex
Ar. unedoQ.pedunculata
C.deodara
Prunus dulcis
P.halepensis
Thuja plicata
Q.aegilops
C.arizonica
Ab.cephalonica
C.sempervirens
Ligustrum vulgare
P.brutia
Thuja plicata
P.ponderosa
Pinus sp.
P.nigra
Eucalyptus sp.
Cupressus sp.
Πρανές: Δασική νησίδα
C.deodara
C.deodara

16. Description of the SITHON system

18. The wireless connections were implemented using only
Protocol Wi-Fi - 801.11a in the frequency range 5,1 - 5,8 GHz.
Εφαρμογή Επίγειων Μ εθόδων Τηλεανίχνευσης
Στόχοι:
•
Εικοσιτετράωρη παρακολούθηση ολόκληρης της έκτασης της δασικής αυτής περιοχής .
•
Διακριτική εποπτεία του συνόλου της δασικής έκτασης εξασφαλίζοντας αδιάλειπτη και απρόσκοπτη
παρακολούθηση.
•
Αμεσότατο εντοπισμό, πιθανής εστίας φωτιάς, για άμεση ενημέρωση της δύναμης πυρόσβεσης.
•
Ακριβής προσδιορισμός της πιθανής εστίας φωτιάς, με μείωση του χρόνου πρώτης προσβολής.
Ημερομηνία έναρξης
1-7-2003
ολοκλήρωσης
Περιγραφή παραδοτέων
Δίκτυο επίγειας τηλεανίχνευσης στη Σιθωνία, η οποία θα
1.
παραμείνει και μετά το τέλος του προγράμματος σε επιχειρησιακή
δράση από τους τοπικούς φορείς πυροπροστασίας.
2.
Διαδικασία εκπαίδευσης σε θέματα ασύρματων δικτύων και
χρήσης νέων τεχνολογιών από το προσωπικό που είναι
επιφορτισμένο με την ανίχνευση των δασικών πυρκαγιών.
3.
Γνώση της αξιοπιστίας, της οικονομικότητας και της
αποτελεσματικότητας της επίγειας τηλεανίχνευσης με τη χρήση
οπτικών εικονοληπτών.
Ημερομηνία 31-12-2006
ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ,
Τ-ΝΕΤ, ΟΛΥΜΠΙΟΣ,
Ο-TECH, ΤΟ
ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ,
Τ-ΝΕΤ,
Παραδόθηκε
ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΠΑ,
ΑΠΘ
Παραδόθηκε
εν μέρει
Παραδόθηκε

19. Self-supporting monitoring (camera) tower
Type Franklin, with a full equipment load transmission lightning and
earthing grid.
Rotation: 350 degrees horizontally and 100 degrees on the vertical
axis.
Position accuracy: 5 / 100 degree. Memorisation accuracy: 1/1,000
degree. Movement: automatic and manual.
Air temperature, wind speed, wind direction, relative humidity and
barometric pressure. TCP/IP data transfer protocol. RJ45 port.
Point to Point / Backbone Bridge
External O.D.U. Wireless Bridge: Bi-directional amplifier transceivers
(both transmission and reception) with low power emission (limit of
100
miliwatt).
One-crystal silicon solar panels, dry type batteries, automation load
control and energy efficiency with remote management, converter /
inverter DC 24 V - AC 220 V. Autonomy of 72 h.
Metal construction, standard size 19 in. in size at least 16 U, with
a glass
door, thermostat and fans.

20. The solutions provided by SITHON.
Use of modern technology in order to create a complete system that:
reduce the time of localization
evaluate the exact fire localization,
improve the time of first intervention,
taking prompt and accurate decisions by the coordinator.
We improved the detection time and combined it with:
the reduction of the time of first intervention to increase its efficacity.
The reduction of the intervention time :
to obtain reliable information directly from the Coordinating Center of firefighting, which moved in
real time to fighting ground and air forces.
Such information contribute to:
1.determining the fastest way to be adopted by the fighting ground units
2.Determining priority actions that protect sensitive areas (fuel reservoirs, camps,
archeological sites, etc.)
3.determining the fuel type (phrygana, shrublands or forests, fuel quantity, degree of
canopy cover, density)
4.Identification of dangerous locations for the fighting forces, identification of the
nearest artificial and natural water reservoirs, etc.

21. Application Areas of SITHON

22. fuel mapping

23. Each forest is a factory producing combustible
biomass.
Which will eventually burned by n
anthropogenic causes

24. inventory method
extensive sampling

25. Fuel
types

26. Επιστημονικός Υπεύθυνος εργασίας : Γεώργιος Τσιουρλής
Δρ.
Είδος έρευνας
Τίτλος ενότητας
εργασίας
Βασική έρευνα
Φορείς εκτέλεσης
Ενότητα
εργασίας Aρ.:
2
ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ / Εργαστήριο Οικολογίας, ΤΟ
Χαρτογράφηση της καύσιμης ύλης και αξιολόγηση του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς.
Στόχοι
Μελέτη της ποιοτικής και ποσοτικής κατανομής της βλάστησης, της καύσιμης ύλης και της αξιολόγησης
του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς με τις επί μέρους δράσεις:
Χαρτογράφηση και αξιολόγηση των δασών και δασικών εκτάσεων σχετικά με τον κίνδυνο πυρκαγιάς
Εκτίμηση και χαρτογράφηση της καύσιμης ύλης
Αξιολόγηση τουΟΙΚΟΤΟΠΟΣ /
των
Species: κινδύνου πυρκαγιάςCODE οικοσυστημάτων της περιοχής έρευνας
Fuel
ΧΡΗΣΗ ΓΗΣ
Pinus halepensis
1
types
Pinus nigra
2
Ημερομηνία έναρξης
1/7/2003
Ημερομηνία ολοκλήρωσης 30/6/2005
Αείφυλλα σκληρόφυλλα
3
Class
%
Φρύγανα
4
Εδαφοκάλυψης
Ποολίβαδα
5
Περιγραφή παραδοτέων
1
0 – 10 % 6
Φυλλοβόλα
1 Χάρτες φυτοκοινωνιών (τύπος οικοτόπων, φυτοκάλυψη, ηλικία και άλλα
2
Καλλιέργειες δένδρων 11 – 25 %7
δομικά στοιχεία) και αναφορά αξιολόγησης των φυτοκοινωνιών σχετικά με τον ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΤΟ
Παραδόθηκε
.
Αμπέλια
3
26 – 40 %8
κίνδυνο πυρκαγιάς
Αροτριαίες καλλιέργειες 41 – 55 %9
4
Αστικές περιοχές
10
2 Χάρτης καύσιμης ύλης και αναφορά αποτελεσμάτων και συμπερασμάτων
5
56 - 70 %
ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΤΟ
Παραδόθηκε
Αντιπυρικές
11
.
της έρευνας της βιομάζας και νεκρομάζας
6
71 – 100 %
Άγονα
12
3 Χάρτης και αναφορά αξιολόγησης του κινδύνου πυρκαγιάς της περιοχής
Παραδόθηκε
Παραρεμάτια
13
ΕΘΙΑΓΕ/ΙΔΕΘ, ΤΟ
έρευνας.
.
Λοιπές εγκαταστάσεις
14
P. nigra – P. halepensis
21

31. LiDAR
(Light Detection and Ranging)

32. A "type fuel" is defined as a typical combination of characteristic elements of fuel as the type,
size, shape, quantity and continuity, having certain behavior of fire under specific conditions of
ignition (Anderson 1982, Merrill and Alexander 1987).
A "fuel model" is called a mathematical representation of fuel with all the variables that
characterize the fuel material and are essential for the estimation of the main characteristics of
fire behavior such as spread rate and thermal intensity of the front (Deeming 1975).
Thirteen standards fuel models (NFFL - National Forest Fire Laboratory, BEHAVE, Albini 1976,
Burgan and Rothermel 1984) have been developed for the estimation of the fire behavior in
local conditions. Each model is a small database that determines the potential fire behavior
(Anderson 1982).
More recently, in an attempt to address some of the limitations posed by the thirteen standards
fuel models 40 other standards models were created (Scott and Burgan 2005). The new models
were developed in order to increase the prediction accuracy of the intensity of surface fire, risk
assessment and crown fire behavior.

33. Species: ΟΙΚΟΤΟΠΟΣ / ΧΡΗΣΗ ΓΗΣ
CODE
Pinus halepensis forests
1
Pinus nigra forests
2
Evergreen sclerophylous shrubs
3
Gariggues -Phrygana
4
Grassland
5
Deciduous forests
Crops trees
6
Vines
Arable crops
Urban areas
Burnt areas
Barren lands
Riparian forests
Other facilities
7
8
Class
% Land cover
9
1
0 – 10 %
2
11 – 25 %
3
26 – 40 %
4
41 – 55 %
13
5
56 - 70 %
14
71 –
Mixed forests (P. nigra6– P. halepensis) 100 %
10
11
12
21

34. Sensor Web Fire Shield

35. Symbol
Vegetation type / Land use
Coverage
PH 1
Pine forests
10 - 40%
PH 2
Pine forests
41-70%
PH 3
Pine forests
71-100%
SHR 1
Mediterranean shrublands
10 - 40%
SHR 2
Mediterranean shrublands
41-70%
SHR 3
Mediterranean shrublands
71-100%
GAR 1
Phrygana and garrigue
10 - 40%
GAR 2
Phrygana and garrigue
41-70%
GAR 3
Phrygana and garrigue
71-100%
REF
Reforestations
BURNT
Burnt areas
OLEO
Olive groves
CUL
Cultivations
Infr
Infrastructures
BAR
Bare soil

37. Parameter
Degree
Degree of ignition of species
Pine forests
3
Mediterranean shrublands
2
Phrygana – garrigues
1
Slope
< 15%
1
16-30%
2
> 31%
3
Aspect
S
3
SW, SE
2
E, W
1
N, NE, NW
-
Elevation
0 – 600 m
3
> 600 m
1
Risk zones of human activity
from
the
urban
environment,
mountain plants, leisure
500 m
from highways
100 m
from roads in the forest
50 m

38. Natural and
anthropogenic
factors

39. Orientation

40. Inclination

41. Geology

42. annual
rainfall

43. Burnt area and
vegetation

44. Maximum temperature
of the summer months

45. Mean temperature of
the summer months

46. Rainfall of summer
period

47. Mean annual
humidity

48. Mean annual
humidity of summer

49. Vegetation and
grazing

50. 3D map of the area
and historic of fires

51. •
Dead leaves
•
Logging residues
•
Grasses
•
Shrubs – phryganic species
•
Dead trees in forest

52. Aerial fuel: It includes all the alive or
dry material located on the crowns of
trees, in the upper understory of
forests, such as branches and leaves
or needles of trees, dead standing
trees, high shrubs and other forms of
biomass found in the canopy.
Surface fuel: It includes alive or dead
material on the surface of the ground
or near it (up to two meters), as
humus, litter, grasses – herbaceous
vegetation, shrubs, young trees, dead
trunks in decomposition, twigs and
branches on the ground and stumps
Subsurface fuel: It includes all the
material below the surface of soil,
as deep humus, roots and
decomposed trunks and branches.

53. Light fuel

54. Heavy fuel

55. The time lag (TL) is an expression
of the rate at which a given fuel
reaches the equilibrium moisture
content. The lag interval is defined
as the time required that the dead
fuel to lose about 63% of the
difference between the initial
moisture content and the moisture
content at equilibrium at constant
humidity and air temperature.
The duration of these periods is the
main characteristic of fuel. The
time lag is usually expressed in
hours (hr).
The average time of the time lag varies
depending on the size and other characteristics
of the fuel. The National Fire-Danger Rating
System of the USA has categorized the reaction
of moisture content in classes of time lag of:
1 -, 10 -, 100 - and 1000-hr.
For the facility of the scientific community the
time lag (TL) has been corresponding with the
diameter of the fuel as follows:
•
•
•
•
1-hr
10-hr
100-hr
1000-hr
= 0,00 – 0,63 cm
= 0,64 – 2,50 cm
= 2,51 – 7,62 cm
= 7,62 – 22,8 cm

56. Fuel compaction
The compactness of the substrate of fuel is
determined by the packing ratio. The packing ratio
is defined as the percentage of volume of the fuel
consisting of fuel, while the remaining percentage
is the air that is in the gaps between the parts of
fuel.
.
Horizontal and vertical distribution - continuity
The structure of the various types of vegetation
influences the amount of heat energy that is
available for combustion. Both vertical and
horizontal distribution of fuel strongly influences fire
behavior.
Grassland vegetation and shrubs have vertically
while material on ground such as dead trunks or
branches, horizontally distribution.
Size and shape
The ratio surface-area-to volume of fuel (SA/V)
also plays an important role in the flammability of
fuel. Fuels with a high ratio SA/V, as litter of pine
needles, foliage and alive twigs of shrubs, ignite
more easily than those who have little fuel ratio

57. Estimation and mapping of fuel in a study area
:
Fuel categories
Fuel category
Twigs 0-0,5 cm (needles / leaves - live and dead twigs)
Dead branches (0-7,5 cm) / dead shrubs
Litter
Dead branches on soil
Fuel 1-Η timelag
Twigs 0,6-2,5 cm - Fuel 10-Η timelag
Branches 2,6-7,5 cm - Fuel 100-Η timelag)
Total fuel

58. Ecosystem - Species
Location. Reference - Project
Pine forests
Sithonia and Athos Peninsula. Project
SITHON. Project ATHOS
Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis)
Srawberry tree (Arbutus unedo)
Heather (Erica manipuliflora)
Garrigues
Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera)
Mediterranean shrublands
Wild olive (Olea europaea var. sylvestris)
Phoenician juniper (Juniperus phoenicea)
Lagadas County. Projects GeoRange and
DeSurvey.
Naxos, Crete. Tsiourlis 1990, 1992.
Projects “Maquis and phrygana”, DeMon,
“Desertification in Crete” and Modem.
Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera)
Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus)
Phrygana
Thorny burnet (Sarcopoterium spinosum)
Thyme (Thymus capitatus)
Broom (Genista acanthoclada)
Rock roses (Cistus spp.)
Heather (Erica manipuliflora)
Greek
spiny
acanthothamnos)
spurge
(Euphorbia
Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera)
Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus)
Wlid olive (Olea europaea var. sylvestris)
Jerusalem sages (Phlomis spp.)
Spiny broom (Calycotome villosa)
Naxos, Crete. Tsiourlis 1985, 1986, 1990,
1998; Roeder et al., 2001; Τσιουρλής και
Κασαπίδης, 1998; Tsiourlis and Kasapidis,
1999. Projects “Maquis and phrygana”,
“Desertification in Crete”,
DeMon and
Modem.

59. Equations presenting the estimation of fuel load of the ecosystems of Hymettus Mt.
PINE FORESTS
Fuel 1-Η timelag
y = 0,1247 x1,444
R2 = 0,5236
Fuel 10-Η timelag
y = 0,0257 x1,5371
R2 = 0,4355
Fuel 100-Η timelag
y = 0,0002 x2,4956
R2 = 0,463
Total fuel
y = 0,1108 x1,5636
R2 = 0,5214
Fuel 1-Η timelag
y = 7,2929 e0,0218x
R2 = 0,7323
Fuel10-Η timelag
y = 2,1382 e0,0221x
R2 = 0,771
Fuel 100-Η timelag
y = 0,1525 x + 1,3177 R2 = 0,1796
Total fuel
y = 12,407 e0,0208x
R2 = 0,6176
Fuel 1-Η timelag
y = 0,0143 x1,642
R2 = 0,9322
Fuel 10-Η timelag
y = 0,0073 x1,6324
R2 = 0,9333
Total fuel
y = 0,0216 x1,6388
R2 = 0,9326
MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLANDS
PHRYGANA – GARRIGUES
X = coverage (%)
Y = fuel (t/ha)

60. Figure: The estimation of fuel loads (1
H timelag)
Figure: The estimation of fuel loads
(100 H timelag)
Figure 11: The estimation of fuel loads
(10 H timelag
Figure: The estimation of fuel loads
(1000 H timelag)

61. Fuel load per category of time lag of the coverage categories (and mean point of
each class) used in vegetation mapping
FUEL LOADS OF IMITTOS Mt.
PINE FORESTS
Category / Coverage (t/ha)
Fuel 1-Η timelag
Fuel 10-Η timelag
Fuel 100-Η timelag)
Total fuel
MEDITERRANEAN SHRUBLANDS
Category / Coverage (t/ha)
Fuel 1-Η timelag
Fuel 10-Η timelag
Fuel 100-Η timelag
Total fuel
PHRYGANA – GARRIGUES
Category / Coverage (t/ha)
Fuel 1-Η timelag
11-40%
Μean 25%
41-70%
Μean 55%
71-100%
Μean 85%
13,0
3,6
0,6
17,3
40,6
12,2
4,4
57,2
76,2
23,7
13,1
113,0
11-40%
Μean 25%
41-70%
Μean 55%
71-100%
Μean 85%
12,6
3,7
5,1
21,4
24,2
7,2
9,7
41,1
46,5
14,0
14,3
74,8
11-40%
Μean 25%
41-70%
Μean 55%
71-100%
Μean 85%
2,8
10,3
21,1

62. Fuel risk scale (1-10) according to the soil cover (t/ha) of ecosystems of
Imittos Mt.
Fuel risk scale (1 to 10) / 11-40%
coverage (t/ha)
Μean
25%
1 to 3
PINE FORESTS
MEDITERRANEAN
SHRUBLANDS
PHRYGANA – GARRIGUES
41-70%
Μean
55%
4 to 7
71-100%
Μean 85%
2
6
9
1 to 3
3 to 5
6 to 8
2
0-1
4
1-2
7
2 to 4
1
2
3
8 to 10

63. the classification of vegetation / land use of the mapping and their
correspondence with the main fuel models used in the project.
Correspondence of vegetation types / land use of mapping with the basic fuel models of
BEHAVE
Symbol
PH
SHR
GAR
REF
BURNT
OLEO
CUL
Infr
BAR
Vegetation type / Land use
Pine forests
Mediterranean shrublands
Phrygana - garrigues
Reforestations
Burnt
Olives groves
Cultivations
Infrastructures
Bare soil
Fuel Model
10
4
6
6
6
8
1
-