9. Hydrosphere All liquid and solid water on the Earth. Oceans Lakes Rivers Groundwater…and Polar and high altitude ice caps. Approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered with water. Only 3% of that water is fresh water.
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12. Biosphere All forms of life Single celled protozoans to plant life to people.
17. How do we communicate an exact location on earth’s surface to another person? What information do you need to locate a point on the earth’s surface? You need a coordinate system!
18. Coordinate System A system or group of defined imaginary lines forming a grid used for the determination or location of a point on the surface of an object. Two intersecting lines are needed to locate a point on a 2d surface. latitude/longitude system used to determine exact locations on the surface of the Earth
20. Latitude Angular distance north or south of the equator, measured from the center of the earth [the core]. They are Horizontal Lines running east-west, but, measure north-south. Measured in degrees, minutes, and second.
25. if you drive east or west along a line of latitude, the altitude of Polaris remains the same
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27. Longitude Angular distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured from the center of the earth [the core]. Vertical Lines running north-south through the poles, but, measure east-west. 180° east or west or the prime meridian is the largest longitude there is The prime meridian is 0 degrees and the International Date Line is 180 degrees.
36. As you travel N & S along a Meridian your time stays the same
37. Each degree is divided into 60 equal parts called minutes.
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41. Equator An imaginary horizontal line circling the Earth halfway between the north and south poles. It is a referenceline for latitude. 0° latitude
42. Prime Meridian Imaginary vertical line from the N pole to S pole that passes through Greenwich England Reference line for longitude 0° Longitude on the Earth.
43. Other Reference Points North Pole – The point at 90°North of the equator. Very top of earth South Pole – The point 90°South of the equator. Very bottom of earth
44. International Date Line 180° East or West of the Prime Meridian On the direct opposite side of the earth from the prime meridian. The Prime Meridian and the International Date form a vertical circle that cuts the earth in ½ vertically
45. East of the International Date Line is a day earlier with the same time. West of the International Date Line is a day later with the same time
46. Time Zones The Earth rotates from west to east at a rate of 15°/hour. Time zones are divided up by 1hour/15° Travel to the west and the time gets earlier and travel to the east and the time gets later.
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48. Time Zones + New Day - New Day Noon AM PM 10 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 10 0o 30o 60o 90o 180o 150o 120o 30o 60o 90o 180o 150o 120o (GMT) East West
49. If it is 3:00 PM for a person located on the tip of India, what time is it for people in the following locations? New York:______________ Alaska:________ Florida: _________________ Italy:___________________ California: ________________ 5 AM 12 AM 5 AM 11 AM 2 AM
52. Describing Earth’s Fields Field – a region which contains measurable quantities at every location. (i.e. elevation, temperature, pressure…) Field Value – the value of what is being measured. (i.e. temperature, elevation, pollution concentrations…) Magnitude – Value for a point on a field.
53. Field Values (cont.) Scalar Field – A field described in terms of magnitude alone (i.e. temp., pressure, humidity) Vector Field – A field described with both magnitude and direction (i.e. wind velocity, gravity, magnetic fields)
54. Isolines A line on a field map that connects all points of equal value. Note: ES0304
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56. Types of Isolines Contour Line – Isoline that connects points of equal elevations on a contour map. Isotherm - Isoline that connects points of equal temperature on a field map. Isobar – Isoline that connects points of equal pressure on a field map.
63. Important Field Map Terms Topographic map/Contour map – A map that uses contour lines to show elevation and landforms. Elevation– Height above mean(average) sea level. Contour interval – Vertical distance, or change in elevation, between adjacent or consecutive contour lines.
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65. Scale The ratio of a model to the object. (i.e. globe to earth) Use the scale on the map as the ruler to measure that map.
66. Angle of Declinationor Magnetic Declination The angle between true north (geographic north, north pole) and magnetic north. The angle of declination variesdepending on your position on the earth.
67. General Contour Map Rules Rule of ‘V’s – as contour lines cross a stream they bend uphill. The steeper the slope the closer the lines are to each other.
68. CONTOUR LINES BEND WHEN CROSS STREAMS UPSIDE DOWN V’S POINT UPSTREAM STREAMS FLOW DOWN
69. CLOSER CONTOUR LINES = STEEPER GRADIENT TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS WOULD BE VERY CLUTTERED IF ALL CONTOUR LINES WERE LABELED, SO ONLY HEAVIER LINES called an index contour SHOW LABELS
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73. Rules for Drawing Isolines: 1. Isolines connect points of equal value. 5 5 10 10 10 10 15 15
74. 2. Isolines are gentle, curving lines- no sharp corners. 5 5 10 10 10 10 15 15
75. 3. Isolines are always closed curves even though the map might only show part of it.
76. 4. Isolines NEVER cross- this would mean that one point has two different values. Ex: one spot has two temperatures? 60 ° 50 ° 40 ° 30 ° X 20° Z Y
95. 100m 90m 10km = 9m/km 10m 100m – 10m 10km = = 10km Gradient –a measure of how a field value changes with distance. Gradient = Change in field value Distance
97. A steep (high)gradient changes quickly and the isolines are close together. A gentle (low)gradient changes slowly and the lines are far apart. Steep area Gentle area 1km=1cm
98. Calculate the gradient of the slope along the line drawn in the diagram. Assume that elevations are given in feet. Show work including formula below: Steep area Gentle area 1km=1cm
99. Making Contours worksheets Worksheets can be printed from: http://www.rcmurphy.net/Medina%202005/documents/Contours123.doc
100. What is the pattern of the contour lines around a simple hill? Concentric circles getting smaller - hill
105. TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILES TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS SHOW THE ELEVATION OR VERTICAL DISTANCE ABOVE SEA LEVEL OF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH TOPOGRAPHIC PROFILE IS A SIDE VIEW OF AN AREA CUT ALONG A PARTICULAR LINE.
116. Next, decide what the HIGHEST and LOWEST elevation values are that line AB crosses on your topographic map and create a scale. You may wish to increase your scale by the contour interval on the map to make things easier. In this case, we are going up by 10’s, because our contour interval on the map is 10 meters.
125. This is what you might expect the “profile” or cross section view of line AB to look like! Notice how the line dips below 250m where it crosses Long Creek
126. Does it make sense? SURE! There is a creek flowing through this region. Think about where it would flow on your profile. We also recognize the V shaped contour lines that indicate the direction of water flow.
127. The contour lines point up the page (orange), but Long Creek flows down the page.
128. Contour lines point upstream. Stream flows from high elevation to low elevation. So a stream flows in the opposite direction the contours point.
129. Or… if you are lucky enough to be able to do your profile on the same page as the topographic map… You can use the: “Drop down a dotted line” method! Example
