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Lesson 01

Introduction to Computer Networks and
         Data Communications

   Data Communications and Computer
  Networks: A Business User's Approach
              Sixth Edition
After reading this chapter,
                      you should be able to:
•  Define the basic terminology of computer
   networks
•  Recognize the individual components of the big
   picture of computer networks
•  Outline the basic network layouts
•  Define the term convergence and describe
   how it applies to computer networks
•  Cite the reasons for using a network architecture
   and explain how they apply to current network
   systems
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   2
After reading this chapter,
           you should be able to (continued):
•  List the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite and
   describe the duties of each layer
•  List the layers of the OSI model and describe the
   duties of each layer
•  Compare the TCP/IP protocol suite and the OSI
   model and list their differences and similarities




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   3
Introduction

•  Who today has not used a computer network?
•  Mass transit, interstate highways, 24-hour
   bankers, grocery stores, cable television, cell
   phones, businesses and schools, and retail
   outlets support some form of computer network




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   4
The Language of Computer Networks

•  Computer network – an interconnection of
   computers and computing equipment using
   either wires or radio waves over small or large
   geographic areas
•  Local area network – networks that are small in
   geographic size spanning a room, floor, building,
   or campus
•  Metropolitan area network – networks that serve
   an area of 1 to 30 miles, approximately the size
   of a typical city
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   5
The Language of Computer Networks
                  (continued)
•  Wide area network – a large network that
   encompasses parts of states, multiple states,
   countries, and the world
•  Personal area network – a network of a few
   meters, between wireless devices such as
   PDAs, laptops, and similar devices
•  Voice network – a network that transmits only
   telephone signals (almost extinct)
•  Data network – a network that transmits voice
   and computer data (replacing voice networks)
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   6
The Language of Computer Networks
                  (continued)
•  Data communications – the transfer of digital or
   analog data using digital or analog signals
•  Telecommunications – the study of telephones
   and the systems that transmit telephone signals
   (becoming simply data communications)
•  Network management – the design, installation,
   and support of a network, including its hardware
   and software
•  Network cloud – a network (local or remote) that
   contains software, applications, and/or data
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   7
The Big Picture of Networks

•  Networks are composed of many devices,
   including:
     –  Workstations (computers, tablets, wireless
        phones, etc)
     –  Servers
     –  Network hubs and switches
     –  Routers (LAN to WAN and WAN to WAN)
     –  Telephone switching gear


Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   8
The Big Picture of Networks (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   9
Communications Networks – Basic Layouts

•    Microcomputer-to-local area network
•    Microcomputer-to-Internet
•    Local area network-to-local area network
•    Personal area network-to-workstation
•    Local area network-to-metropolitan area network




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   10
Communications Networks – Basic Layouts
              (continued)
•    Local area network-to-wide area network
•    Sensor-to-local area network
•    Satellite and microwave
•    Cell phones
•    Computer terminal / microcomputer-to-
     mainframe




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   11
Microcomputer-to-Local Area Network
                     Layout
•  Highly common throughout business and
   academic environments, and now homes
•  Typically a medium- to high-speed connection
•  Computer (device) requires a NIC (network
   interface card)
•  NIC connects to a hub-like device (switch)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   12
Microcomputer-to-Local Area Network
               Layout (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   13
Microcomputer-to-Internet Layout

•  Popular with home users and small businesses
•  For some, a dial-up modem is used to connect
   user s microcomputer to an Internet service
   provider
•  Technologies such as DSL and cable modems
   are replacing modems




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   14
Microcomputer-to-Internet Layout
                     (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   15
Local Area Network-to-Local Area Network
                  Layout
•  Found in systems that have two or more LANs
   and a need for them to intercommunicate
•  A bridge-like device (such as a switch) is
   typically used to interconnect LANs
•  Switch can filter frames




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   16
Local Area Network-to-Local Area Network
             Layout (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   17
Personal Area Network-to-Workstation
                     Layout
•  Interconnects wireless devices such as PDAs,
   laptops and notebooks, and music playback
   devices
•  Used over short distances such as a few meters




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   18
Personal Area Network-to-Workstation
               Layout (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   19
Local Area Network-to-Metropolitan Area
                Network Layout
•  Used to interconnect companies (usually their
   local area networks) to networks that encompass
   a city
•  High-speed networks with redundant circuits
•  Metro Ethernet is latest form of metropolitan LAN




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   20
Local Area Network-to-Metropolitan Area
          Network Layout (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   21
Local Area Network-to-Wide Area Network
                  Layout
•  One of the most common ways to interconnect a
   user on a LAN workstation to the Internet (a wide
   area network)
•  A router is the typical device that performs LAN
   to WAN connections
•  Routers are more complex devices than
   switches



Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   22
Local Area Network-to-Wide Area Network
             Layout (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   23
Wide Area Network-to-Wide Area Network
                 Layout
•  High-speed routers and switches are used to
   connect one wide area network to another
•  Thousands of wide area networks across North
   America, many interconnected via these routers
   and switches




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   24
Sensor-to-Local Area Network Layout

•  Not all local area networks deal with
   microcomputer workstations
•  Often found in industrial and laboratory
   environments
•  Assembly lines and robotic controls depend
   heavily on sensor-based local area networks




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   25
Sensor-to-Local Area Network Layout
                   (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   26
Satellite and Microwave Layout

•  Typically long distance wireless connections
•  Many types of applications including long
   distance telephone, television, radio, long-haul
   data transfers, and wireless data services
•  Typically expensive services but many
   companies offer competitive services and rates
•  Newer shorter-distance services such as Wi-Max



Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   27
Satellite and Microwave Layout (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   28
Cell Phone Layout

•  Constantly expanding market across the U.S.
   and world
•  Third generation services available in many
   areas and under many types of plans with fourth
   generation services starting to appear
•  Latest generation includes higher speed data
   transfers (100s to 1000s of kilobits per second)



Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   29
Cell Phone Layout (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   30
Terminal/Microcomputer-to-Mainframe
                Computer Layout
•  Predominant form in the 1960s and 1970s
•  Still used in many types of businesses for data
   entry and data retrieval
•  Few dumb terminals left today – most are
   microcomputers with terminal emulation card, a
   web browser and web interface, Telnet software,
   or a thin client



Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   31
Terminal/Microcomputer-to-Mainframe
          Computer Layout (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   32
One More Layout

•  An Additional Basic layout – telephone-to-
   network
     –  Telephone systems are ubiquitous and now carry
        more data than voice
     –  Common configuration – telephone connected to
        POTS
     –  Newer configuration (VoIP) – telephone-to-LAN
        via gateway or telephone to gateway via DSL/
        cable


Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   33
Network Architectures

•  A reference model that describes the layers of
   hardware and software necessary to transmit
   data between two points or for multiple devices /
   applications to interoperate
•  Reference models are necessary to increase
   likelihood that different components from
   different manufacturers will converse
•  Two models to learn: TCP/IP protocol suite and
   OSI model

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   34
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite




        Note: Some authors show only four layers, combining the two
        bottom layers.



Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   35
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)

•  Application layer
    –  Where the application using the network resides
    –  Common network applications include web browsing,
       e-mail, file transfers, and remote logins
•  Transport layer
    –  Performs a series of miscellaneous functions (at the
       end-points of the connection) necessary for
       presenting the data package properly to the sender or
       receiver



Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   36
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)
•  Network (Internet or internetwork or IP) layer
     –  Responsible for creating, maintaining and ending network
        connections
     –  Transfers data packet from node to node (e.g. router to router)
        within network
•  Network access (data link) layer
     –  Responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame
        with header, control and address information, and error detection
        code, then transmitting it between the workstation and the
        network
•  Physical layer
     –  Handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel
     –  Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation
        techniques
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   37
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   38
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
                  Model




                               Note: The fifth layer (Physical) is missing
                               in this figure.

Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   39
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
             Model (continued)
•  Application layer
     –  Equivalent to TCP/IP’s application layer
•  Presentation layer
   –  Responsible for “final presentation” of data
      (code conversions, compression, encryption)
•  Session layer
   –  Responsible for establishing “sessions”
      between users


Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   40
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
             Model (continued)
•  Transport layer
    –  Equivalent to TCP/IP’s transport layer
•  Network layer
    –  Equivalent to TCP/IP’s network layer
•  Data link layer
    –  Responsible for taking the data and
       transforming it into a frame with header,
       control and address information, and error
       detection code
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   41
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
             Model (continued)
•  Physical layer
     –  Handles the transmission of bits over a
        communications channel
     –  Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice,
        modulation techniques




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   42
Logical and Physical Connections

•  A logical connection is one that exists only in the
   software, while a physical connection is one that
   exists in the hardware
•  Note that in a network architecture, only the
   lowest layer contains the physical connection,
   while all higher layers contain logical
   connections




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   43
Logical and Physical Connections
                      (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   44
Logical and Physical Connections
                      (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   45
Network Layouts in Action




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   46
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action

•  Note the flow of data from user to Web browser
   and back
•  At each layer, information is either added or
   removed, depending on whether the data is
   leaving or arriving at a workstation
•  The adding of information over pre-existing
   information is termed encapsulation



Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   47
The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action
                    (continued)




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   48
Summary

•  Many services and products that we use every day
   employ computer networks and data communications in
   some way
•  Field of data communications and computer networks
   includes data networks, voice networks, wireless
   networks, local area networks, metropolitan area
   networks, wide area networks, and personal area
   networks




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   49
Summary (continued)
•  Application areas can be understood in terms of general
   network layouts:
     –    Microcomputer-to-local area network
     –    Microcomputer-to-Internet
     –    Local area network-to-local area network
     –    Personal area network-to-workstation
     –    Local area network-to-metropolitan area network
     –    Local area network-to-wide area network
     –    Wide area network-to-wide area network
     –    Sensor-to-local area network
     –    Satellite and microwave
     –    Cell phone
     –    Terminal/microcomputer-to-mainframe computer
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   50
Summary (continued)
•  Key concept in networking is convergence
•  A network architecture, or communications model,
   places network pieces in layers
     –  Layers define model for functions or services that need to
        be performed
•  The TCP/IP protocol suite is also known as the Internet
   model and is composed of five layers (some show four):
     –    Application layer
     –    Transport layer
     –    Network layer
     –    Network access layer
     –    Physical layer
Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   51
Summary (continued)

•  The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
   created the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
     –  OSI model is based on seven layers: application layer,
        presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network
        layer, data link layer, physical layer
•  A logical connection is a flow of ideas that occurs,
   without a direct physical connection, between the sender
   and receiver at a particular layer




Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition   52

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Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications

  • 1. Lesson 01 Introduction to Computer Networks and Data Communications Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach Sixth Edition
  • 2. After reading this chapter, you should be able to: •  Define the basic terminology of computer networks •  Recognize the individual components of the big picture of computer networks •  Outline the basic network layouts •  Define the term convergence and describe how it applies to computer networks •  Cite the reasons for using a network architecture and explain how they apply to current network systems Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 2
  • 3. After reading this chapter, you should be able to (continued): •  List the layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite and describe the duties of each layer •  List the layers of the OSI model and describe the duties of each layer •  Compare the TCP/IP protocol suite and the OSI model and list their differences and similarities Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 3
  • 4. Introduction •  Who today has not used a computer network? •  Mass transit, interstate highways, 24-hour bankers, grocery stores, cable television, cell phones, businesses and schools, and retail outlets support some form of computer network Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 4
  • 5. The Language of Computer Networks •  Computer network – an interconnection of computers and computing equipment using either wires or radio waves over small or large geographic areas •  Local area network – networks that are small in geographic size spanning a room, floor, building, or campus •  Metropolitan area network – networks that serve an area of 1 to 30 miles, approximately the size of a typical city Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 5
  • 6. The Language of Computer Networks (continued) •  Wide area network – a large network that encompasses parts of states, multiple states, countries, and the world •  Personal area network – a network of a few meters, between wireless devices such as PDAs, laptops, and similar devices •  Voice network – a network that transmits only telephone signals (almost extinct) •  Data network – a network that transmits voice and computer data (replacing voice networks) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 6
  • 7. The Language of Computer Networks (continued) •  Data communications – the transfer of digital or analog data using digital or analog signals •  Telecommunications – the study of telephones and the systems that transmit telephone signals (becoming simply data communications) •  Network management – the design, installation, and support of a network, including its hardware and software •  Network cloud – a network (local or remote) that contains software, applications, and/or data Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 7
  • 8. The Big Picture of Networks •  Networks are composed of many devices, including: –  Workstations (computers, tablets, wireless phones, etc) –  Servers –  Network hubs and switches –  Routers (LAN to WAN and WAN to WAN) –  Telephone switching gear Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 8
  • 9. The Big Picture of Networks (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 9
  • 10. Communications Networks – Basic Layouts •  Microcomputer-to-local area network •  Microcomputer-to-Internet •  Local area network-to-local area network •  Personal area network-to-workstation •  Local area network-to-metropolitan area network Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 10
  • 11. Communications Networks – Basic Layouts (continued) •  Local area network-to-wide area network •  Sensor-to-local area network •  Satellite and microwave •  Cell phones •  Computer terminal / microcomputer-to- mainframe Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 11
  • 12. Microcomputer-to-Local Area Network Layout •  Highly common throughout business and academic environments, and now homes •  Typically a medium- to high-speed connection •  Computer (device) requires a NIC (network interface card) •  NIC connects to a hub-like device (switch) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 12
  • 13. Microcomputer-to-Local Area Network Layout (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 13
  • 14. Microcomputer-to-Internet Layout •  Popular with home users and small businesses •  For some, a dial-up modem is used to connect user s microcomputer to an Internet service provider •  Technologies such as DSL and cable modems are replacing modems Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 14
  • 15. Microcomputer-to-Internet Layout (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 15
  • 16. Local Area Network-to-Local Area Network Layout •  Found in systems that have two or more LANs and a need for them to intercommunicate •  A bridge-like device (such as a switch) is typically used to interconnect LANs •  Switch can filter frames Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 16
  • 17. Local Area Network-to-Local Area Network Layout (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 17
  • 18. Personal Area Network-to-Workstation Layout •  Interconnects wireless devices such as PDAs, laptops and notebooks, and music playback devices •  Used over short distances such as a few meters Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 18
  • 19. Personal Area Network-to-Workstation Layout (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 19
  • 20. Local Area Network-to-Metropolitan Area Network Layout •  Used to interconnect companies (usually their local area networks) to networks that encompass a city •  High-speed networks with redundant circuits •  Metro Ethernet is latest form of metropolitan LAN Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 20
  • 21. Local Area Network-to-Metropolitan Area Network Layout (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 21
  • 22. Local Area Network-to-Wide Area Network Layout •  One of the most common ways to interconnect a user on a LAN workstation to the Internet (a wide area network) •  A router is the typical device that performs LAN to WAN connections •  Routers are more complex devices than switches Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 22
  • 23. Local Area Network-to-Wide Area Network Layout (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 23
  • 24. Wide Area Network-to-Wide Area Network Layout •  High-speed routers and switches are used to connect one wide area network to another •  Thousands of wide area networks across North America, many interconnected via these routers and switches Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 24
  • 25. Sensor-to-Local Area Network Layout •  Not all local area networks deal with microcomputer workstations •  Often found in industrial and laboratory environments •  Assembly lines and robotic controls depend heavily on sensor-based local area networks Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 25
  • 26. Sensor-to-Local Area Network Layout (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 26
  • 27. Satellite and Microwave Layout •  Typically long distance wireless connections •  Many types of applications including long distance telephone, television, radio, long-haul data transfers, and wireless data services •  Typically expensive services but many companies offer competitive services and rates •  Newer shorter-distance services such as Wi-Max Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 27
  • 28. Satellite and Microwave Layout (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 28
  • 29. Cell Phone Layout •  Constantly expanding market across the U.S. and world •  Third generation services available in many areas and under many types of plans with fourth generation services starting to appear •  Latest generation includes higher speed data transfers (100s to 1000s of kilobits per second) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 29
  • 30. Cell Phone Layout (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 30
  • 31. Terminal/Microcomputer-to-Mainframe Computer Layout •  Predominant form in the 1960s and 1970s •  Still used in many types of businesses for data entry and data retrieval •  Few dumb terminals left today – most are microcomputers with terminal emulation card, a web browser and web interface, Telnet software, or a thin client Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 31
  • 32. Terminal/Microcomputer-to-Mainframe Computer Layout (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 32
  • 33. One More Layout •  An Additional Basic layout – telephone-to- network –  Telephone systems are ubiquitous and now carry more data than voice –  Common configuration – telephone connected to POTS –  Newer configuration (VoIP) – telephone-to-LAN via gateway or telephone to gateway via DSL/ cable Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 33
  • 34. Network Architectures •  A reference model that describes the layers of hardware and software necessary to transmit data between two points or for multiple devices / applications to interoperate •  Reference models are necessary to increase likelihood that different components from different manufacturers will converse •  Two models to learn: TCP/IP protocol suite and OSI model Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 34
  • 35. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite Note: Some authors show only four layers, combining the two bottom layers. Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 35
  • 36. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued) •  Application layer –  Where the application using the network resides –  Common network applications include web browsing, e-mail, file transfers, and remote logins •  Transport layer –  Performs a series of miscellaneous functions (at the end-points of the connection) necessary for presenting the data package properly to the sender or receiver Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 36
  • 37. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued) •  Network (Internet or internetwork or IP) layer –  Responsible for creating, maintaining and ending network connections –  Transfers data packet from node to node (e.g. router to router) within network •  Network access (data link) layer –  Responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame with header, control and address information, and error detection code, then transmitting it between the workstation and the network •  Physical layer –  Handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel –  Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation techniques Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 37
  • 38. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 38
  • 39. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model Note: The fifth layer (Physical) is missing in this figure. Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 39
  • 40. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (continued) •  Application layer –  Equivalent to TCP/IP’s application layer •  Presentation layer –  Responsible for “final presentation” of data (code conversions, compression, encryption) •  Session layer –  Responsible for establishing “sessions” between users Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 40
  • 41. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (continued) •  Transport layer –  Equivalent to TCP/IP’s transport layer •  Network layer –  Equivalent to TCP/IP’s network layer •  Data link layer –  Responsible for taking the data and transforming it into a frame with header, control and address information, and error detection code Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 41
  • 42. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model (continued) •  Physical layer –  Handles the transmission of bits over a communications channel –  Includes voltage levels, connectors, media choice, modulation techniques Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 42
  • 43. Logical and Physical Connections •  A logical connection is one that exists only in the software, while a physical connection is one that exists in the hardware •  Note that in a network architecture, only the lowest layer contains the physical connection, while all higher layers contain logical connections Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 43
  • 44. Logical and Physical Connections (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 44
  • 45. Logical and Physical Connections (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 45
  • 46. Network Layouts in Action Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 46
  • 47. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action •  Note the flow of data from user to Web browser and back •  At each layer, information is either added or removed, depending on whether the data is leaving or arriving at a workstation •  The adding of information over pre-existing information is termed encapsulation Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 47
  • 48. The TCP/IP Protocol Suite in Action (continued) Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 48
  • 49. Summary •  Many services and products that we use every day employ computer networks and data communications in some way •  Field of data communications and computer networks includes data networks, voice networks, wireless networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks, and personal area networks Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 49
  • 50. Summary (continued) •  Application areas can be understood in terms of general network layouts: –  Microcomputer-to-local area network –  Microcomputer-to-Internet –  Local area network-to-local area network –  Personal area network-to-workstation –  Local area network-to-metropolitan area network –  Local area network-to-wide area network –  Wide area network-to-wide area network –  Sensor-to-local area network –  Satellite and microwave –  Cell phone –  Terminal/microcomputer-to-mainframe computer Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 50
  • 51. Summary (continued) •  Key concept in networking is convergence •  A network architecture, or communications model, places network pieces in layers –  Layers define model for functions or services that need to be performed •  The TCP/IP protocol suite is also known as the Internet model and is composed of five layers (some show four): –  Application layer –  Transport layer –  Network layer –  Network access layer –  Physical layer Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 51
  • 52. Summary (continued) •  The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model –  OSI model is based on seven layers: application layer, presentation layer, session layer, transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer •  A logical connection is a flow of ideas that occurs, without a direct physical connection, between the sender and receiver at a particular layer Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach, Sixth Edition 52