Computer languages can be categorized as either low-level or high-level. Low-level languages like machine language and assembly language provide little abstraction from computer hardware and use numeric codes that are directly understandable by computers. High-level languages allow problems to be solved using terminology more familiar to humans and are easier for programmers to use. Examples include C, C++, Java, and JavaScript. Operating systems act as an interface between application software, hardware, and users, performing functions like memory management, task scheduling, and file handling.

2. COMPUTER LANGUAGES
• A computer languages are the languages by
which a user command a computer to work
on the algorithm which a user has written to
get an output.
TWO TYPES OF COMPUTER LANGUAGES
• Low-level languages
• High-level languages

3. Computer Languages
Low Level Languages High Level Languages
Machine Languages Assembly languages

4. Low Level Language
A low-level programming language is
a programming language that provides little or no
abstraction from a computer's instruction set
architecture. It consists of numeric codes i.e 0 & 1.
These codes are easily understandable to computer
but difficult to human.. A lower level language is
used in two generations of computer.
•First generation
•Second generation

5. First generation languages (1GL)
Represent the very early, primitive
computer languages that consisted
entirely of 1's and 0's - the actual
language that the computer
understands (machine language).

6. Second generation languages (2GL)
Represent a step up from the first
generation languages. Allow for
the use of symbolic names
instead of just numbers. Second
generation languages are known
as assembly languages. Code
written in an assembly language
is converted into machine
language (1GL).

7. CHARACTERSTICS OF LOW LEVEL
LANGUAGES
• Direct memory management
• Little-to-no abstraction from the hardware
• Register access
• Statements usually have an obvious
correspondence with clock cycles
• Superb performance

8. Advantages
•Computational Speed is very fast.
•Directly understandable by computer.
Disadvantages
•Development of a program in machine language is very
time consuming.
•Error correction is tedious process.

9. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGES
• High-level programming languages allow the
specification of a problem solution in terms closer to
those used by human beings. These languages were
designed to make programming far easier, less error-
prone and to remove the programmer from having to
know the details of the internal structure of a
particular computer. This language is used in third
generation.

10. Third generation languages (3GL)
With the languages introduced by the
third generation of computer
programming, words and commands
(instead of just symbols and
numbers) were being used. These
languages therefore, had syntax that
was much easier to understand. Third
generation languages are known as
"high level languages" and include C,
C++, Java, and Javascript, among
others.

11. 11
The Evolution of Programming
Languages
The Evolution of Programming Languages

12. TYPES
• C++
• VISUAL BASIC
• JAVA
• JAVASCRIPT

13. CHARACTERSTICS
• Interpreted
• Dynamic constructs (open classes, message-
style methods, etc)
• Poor performance
• Concise code
• Flexible syntax (good for internal DSLs)

14. Advantages
•These are simple to adopt due to their english like
structure of statements.
•They are easy to maintain and debug.
Disadvantages
•The Program written in high level language are less efficient
as they take more execution time.
•The compiler also consumes some memory as it is required
for the translation process.

16. 16
Systems Software
• Systems software: coordinates the activities
and functions of hardware and programs
• Computer system platform: combination of a
hardware configuration and systems software

17. 17
Supporting Individual, Group, and
Organizational Goals

18. 18
Installing and Removing Software
for PCs
• Before you can use software, it must be
installed on a computer
• Software for personal computers typically
comes on CDs or is downloaded from the Web
• Most operating systems have an add/remove
program feature for removing software
– Does not work with all software
– Does not always remove all elements of the
software

19. 19
Systems Software
• Systems software
– Controls operations of computer hardware
– Supports application programs’ problem-solving
capabilities
• Types of systems software
– Operating systems
– Utility programs
– Middleware

20. 20
Operating Systems
• Operating system (OS): set of programs that
controls the computer hardware and acts as
an interface with application programs
• Kernel: ties all components of the OS
together and regulates other programs

21. 21
Application Software
• Application software: helps users solve
particular problems
• In most cases, application software resides on
the computer’s hard disk
• Application software can also be stored on
CDs, DVDs, and flash or keychain storage
devices

22. 22
Operating Systems (continued)
• Various combinations of OSs, computers, and
users
– Single computer with a single user
– Single computer with multiple users
– Multiple computers
– Special-purpose computers

23. 23
Operating Systems (continued)
• Activities performed by the operating system
– Perform common computer hardware functions
– Provide a user interface and input/output
management
– Provide a degree of hardware independence
– Manage system memory
– Manage processing tasks
– Provide networking capability
– Control access to system resources
– Manage files

24. 24
Operating Systems (continued)
The Role of Systems Software
The role of Systems Software –interface between users,
application software and hardware

25. 25
Operating Systems (continued)
• OS acts as an intermediary between
application and hardware
• OS converts basic request into a set of details
instruction that the hardware requires
• Common hardware functions (e.g.)
1. Get input from keyboard or some other input
device
2. Retrieve data from disks
3. Store data on disks
4. Display information on a monitor or printer

26. 26
Operating Systems Functions
1. User interface and input/output
management
– User interface: allows individuals to access and
command the computer system
– Command-based user interface: requires that
text commands be given to the computer to
perform basic activities
– Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and
menus displayed on screen to send commands to
the computer system

27. 27
Operating Systems Functions
(continued)
2. Hardware independence
– Application program interface (API): allows
applications to make use of the operating system
3. Memory management
– Control how memory is accessed and maximize
available memory and storage

28. 28
Operating Systems Functions
(continued)
Application Program Interface Links Application Software to the
Operating System

29. 29
4. Processing tasks
– Multitasking: more than one program can run at
the same time
– Time-sharing: allows more than one person to
use a computer system at the same time
– Scalability: ability of the computer to handle an
increasing number of concurrent users smoothly
5. Networking capability
– Features and capabilities of the OS that aid users
in connecting to a computer network
Operating Systems (continued)

30. 30
Operating Systems (continued)
6. Access to system resources and security
– Protection against unauthorized access
– Logins and passwords
7. File management
– Ensures that files in secondary storage are
available when needed and that they are
protected from access by unauthorized users

31. 31
Current Operating Systems
Popular Operating Systems Cross All Three Spheres of Influence

32. 32
Current Operating Systems
(continued)
• Microsoft PC operating systems
– PC-DOS and MS-DOS: early, command-driven OSs
– Windows XP: greatly improved stability and
security over previous versions of Windows
– Windows XP N: for European market
– Windows XP Professional X64: for computers with
newer 64-bit capabilities
– Windows XP Media Center Edition: incorporates
additional multimedia features
– Vista: latest version of Windows

33. 33
Current Operating Systems
(continued)
• Apple operating systems
– Often provide cutting edge tools in graphics and
music not available from Microsoft
– Mac OS X
• Jaguar (OS X.2)
• Panther (OS X.3)
• Tiger (OS X.4): support for 64-bit computing,
Dashboard, Spotlight, etc.

34. Principles of Information
Systems, Eighth Edition
34
Current Operating Systems
(continued)
• Linux
– Developed by Linus Torvalds in 1991
– Open-source product
– Only the kernel of an OS
– Several distributions available with
capabilities/applications that form a complete OS
• Examples: Red Hat Linux, Caldera OpenLinux

35. 35
Workgroup Operating Systems
• Windows Server
• UNIX
• NetWare
• Red Hat Linux
• Mac OS X Server

36. 36
Enterprise Operating Systems
• z/OS
• MPE/iX
• HP-UX
• Linux

37. 37
Operating Systems for Small
Computers, Embedded Computers,
and Special-Purpose Devices
• Palm OS
• Windows Embedded
• Windows Mobile

38. 38
Utility Programs
• Help to perform maintenance or correct
problems with a computer sistem
• Common types of utility programs:
– Hardware utilities
– Virus-detection and recovery utilities
– File-compression utilities
– Spam and pop-up blocker utilities

39. 39
Utility Programs (continued)
• Network and Internet utilities
• Server and mainframe utilities
• Other utilities
– Manages and protects corporate documents
– Helps people with visual disabilities use the
Internet
– Monitors employees
– Searches for files and documents

40. 40
Application Software
• Primary function is to apply the power of the
computer to give individuals, workgroups, and
the entire enterprise the ability to solve
problems and perform specific tasks
• Application programs interact with systems
software; systems software then directs
computer hardware to perform the necessary
tasks

41. 41
Overview of Application Software
(continued)
Types of Application Software

42. 42
Workgroup Application Software
(continued)
Ernst & Young’s “Three Cs” Rule for Groupware

43. 43
Enterprise Application Software
(continued)
Examples of Enterprise Application Software

44. 44
Application Software for
Information, Decision Support, and
Specialized Purposes
• Specialized application software for
information, decision support, and other
purposes is available in every industry
• Examples
– Genetic researchers use software to visualize and
analyze the human genome
– Music executives use decision support software
to help pick the next hit
– Decision support software is used to increase the

45. 45
The Evolution of Programming
Languages
How a Compiler Works

46. 46
The Evolution of Programming
Languages (continued)
Reusable Code in Object-Oriented Programming