2. Introduction
Inheritance is a way of creating a new class by
starting with an existing class and adding new
members.
The technique of building new classes from
the existing classes is called inheritance.
The new class can replace or extend the
functionality of the existing class.
The old class remains as it was.
2
3. Cont…
Base Class :
The existing class is called the.
Also known as parent class or super-class.
Derived class:
Class that inherits data members and member
functions from a previously defined base class.
Also known as child class or subclass.
It has capabilities of the base class and can add
refinements and extensions of its own.
3
4. Cont…
We can program without inheritance (a
hierarchy) as we have done so far. That is
known as object based programming.
Programming using inheritance is known as
object oriented programming.
4
5. Cont…
Some real-world relationships/hierarchies
using inheritance:
mammal a class from Living things.
People a class derived from Mammal.
Man and woman classes derived from People.
Indian People class derived from People.
5
6. Cont…
Benefit of Inheritance:
It provides the feature of code reusability.
Once a base class is written and debug then further
it can be used anywhere in the program with some
other features.
It save time and increases program reliability.
We would like to model a real-world hierarchy
in our program in a natural way.
6
7. Cont…
We can have multiple classes with some
attributes common to them. We would like to
avoid problems of inconsistencies between the
common attributes.
7
8. Inheritance Syntax
// Existing class
class <Base_class>
{
};
// new class
class <Derived_class> :
<visibility_mode> <Base_class>
{
};
8
9. Example
// Existing class
Inheritance Class
class Base
{
Diagram
}; Base Class
// Derived class
class Derived : public Base
{ Derived Class
};
9
10. Base Class Access Specification
It determines how private, protected, and
public members of base class can be
accessed by derived classes.
10
11. Base Class Access Modes
C++ supports three inheritance modes, also
called base class access modes or visibility
modes :
public inheritance
protected inheritance
private inheritance
11
12. Cont…
Public
Derived objects are accessible by the base class
objects.
Private
Derived objects are inaccessible by the base class.
Protected
Derived classes and friends can access protected
members of the base class.
(will be discussed later)
12
13. Cont…
class child : public Parent
{ };
class Child : protected Parent
{ };
class Child : private Parent
{ };
13
14. Cont…
Note :
Private members of base class can never be
inherited by derived class.
14
15. Cont… : Public Mode
In Public mode is used to derive the new class
publicly from the base class.
The protected members of base class become
the protected members of derived class.
The public members of base class become the
public members of derived class.
15
16. Cont… : Protected Mode
The protected and public members of base
class become the protected members of the
derived class.
Can be further inherited by another derived class
(in multilevel inheritance).
16
17. Cont… : Private mode
The protected and public members of base
class become the private members of derived
class.
Now these members can not be further inherited.
17
18. Protected and private members
Protected members are similar to private
members except that
Private members can never be inherited but
protected members can be inherited.
Protected members are accessible by the member
functions within its class and any class immediately
derived from it.
It cannot be accessed by the functions outside these two
classes.
18
19. Cont…
The friend functions and the member function
of a class that is a friend of the class can have
direct access to both the private and protected
data.
19
20. Base class
Private
protected
Derived class public Derived class
Protected mode Private mode
Private Private
protected Derived Class protected
Public mode
public public
Private
protected
public
20
21. Examples : Private mode
Class A Class B : private A
{ {
Private : Private :
int i; int a;
void fun1() { } void fun4() {}
Protected : Protected :
int j; int b;
void fun2() { } void fun5() { }
Public : Public :
int k; int c;
void fun3() { } void fun6() { }
}; };
21
22. Cont…
Members of class B:
Private members:
Member variables : A, j, k
Member functions: fun4, fun2, fun3
Protected members:
Member variables : b
Member functions : fun5
Public members:
Member variables : c
Member functions : fun6
22
23. Examples : Protected mode
Class A Class B : protected A
{ {
Private : Private :
int i; int a;
void fun1() { } void fun4() { }
Protected : Protected :
int j; int b;
void fun2() { } void fun5() { }
Public : Public :
int k; int c;
void fun3() { } void fun6() { }
}; };
23
24. Cont…
Members of class B:
Private members:
Member variables : A
Member functions: fun4
Protected members:
Member variables : b, j, k
Member functions : fun5, fun2, fun3
Public members:
Member variables : c
Member functions : fun6
24
25. Examples : Public mode
Class A Class B : public A
{ {
Private : Private :
int i; int a;
void fun1() { } void fun4() { }
Protected : Protected :
int j; int b;
void fun2() { } void fun5() { }
Public : Public :
int k; int c;
void fun3() { } void fun6() { }
}; };
25
26. Cont…
Members of class B:
Private members:
Member variables : a
Member functions: fun4
Protected members:
Member variables : b, j
Member functions : fun5, fun2
Public members:
Member variables : c, k
Member functions : fun6, fun3
26
27. Types of Inheritance
Single level inheritance
Multiple level inheritance
Multilevel inheritance
Hierarchical inheritance
Hybrid inheritance
27
28. Single level inheritance
It consists of a single base class and a single
derived class.
A Base Class
B Derived class
28
29. Multiple level inheritance
It consists of a derived class with more than
one base class.
A B Base Class
C Derived class
29
30. Multilevel inheritance
It consists of derived class of a base class,
which behaves as a base class for its another
derived class.
A Base Class
B Derived class of A and
Base class of C
C Derived class of B
30
31. Cont…
Multilevel inheritance also leads to direct base class
and indirect base class.
Direct base class
Explicitly listed derived class’ header with the colon (:)
notation when that derived class is declared.
class HourlyWorker : public Employee
Employee is a direct base class of HourlyWorker
Indirect base class
Inherited from two or more levels up the class hierarchy
class MinuteWorker : public HourlyWorker
Employee is an indirect base class of MinuteWorker 31
32. Hierarchical inheritance
It consists of more than one class that are
derived from a single base class.
A Base Class
C B Derived class
32
33. Hybrid inheritance
It can be a mixture of any two other levels of
inheritance.
A
A
B
B C
C E
D
F
33
34. Some examples of base and derived
classes
An Inheritance hierarchy for university community
members:
34
36. Accessibility
When objects of derived class access the
base class members automatically then it is
called accessibility.
36
37. Calling functions from derived class:
When a function name with the object of
derived class is called,
Compiler searches in the derived class.
If found, it executes.
Otherwise, searches in the base class.
If found in the base class, executes.
Otherwise, generates error.
37
38. Cont…: Example 1
Class A Void main()
{ {
}; B ob;
Ob.display (); //calls
Class B : public A function of class B
{ }
Public :
void display()
{ }
};
38
39. Cont…: Example 2
Class A Void main()
{ {
Public : B ob;
void display() Ob.display (); //calls
{ } function of class A
}; }
Class B : public A
{
};
39
40. Cont…
If both derived and base class contains the
functions with the same name:
Priority is to the function of derived class.
Known as function Overriding.
Priority can be changed as per the requirements.
40
41. Cont…: Example 3
Class A Class B : public A
{ {
Public : Public :
void display() void display()
{ } { }
}; };
41
42. Cont…
Void main()
{
B ob;
Ob.display(); //calls function of class B
}
42
43. Cont…
To forcefully call the member functions of
base class even when already present in
derive class, use
Base_class_name :: function_name ();
43
44. Cont…: Example 4
Class A Class B : public A
{ {
Public : Public :
void display() void display()
{ } { }
}; };
44
46. Exercise
Write a program to create a base class “Data” which
has two private member int a and int b and has one
protected member char op. The class has some
public methods as further requirements.
Create a derived class “Calculator” from the base
class “Data”. The derived class has one private
member float result.
Consider appropriate method in the derived class and
perform the activity of calculator (add, subtract,
multiply, divide) and display the result.
Use public derivation.
Use private derivation.
46
47. Example of Multilevel Inheritance:
Class Person Class Employee : public Person
{ {
Char *name; Int emp_id;
Int age; Int salary;
Public: Public:
void getdata() { } void getemp() { }
void display () { } void dispemp () { }
}; };
47
49. Cont…
Base class is Person, derived by Employee
class.
Employee class is the intermediate base
class of Faculty (a derived class).
This chain is known as inheritance path:
Person Employee Faculty
49
50. Cont…
Faculty class has the accessibility to all the
methods of Employee and Person classes.
Accessibility depends upon the visibility of
base classes.
50
52. Class SportsStudent : public Student, public
SportsPerson
{
Public:
void get ()
{
getdata();
getResult();
Void main()
}
{
void disp ()
SportsStudent s;
{
s.getdata();
display();
s.display ();
dispResult();
}
} 52
53. Cont…
SportsStudent is the derived class, inherited
from two base classes – Student and
SportsPerson.
SportsStudent can access all the functions of
both base classes.
There can be more than two base classes.
53
54. Cont…: Ambiguity resolution in
Inheritance
Ambiguity : If both derived and base class
contains the function with same name, which
function should be accessed?
Solution is Use the scope of the required class
with the function name.
54
55. Cont… : In Single inheritance
Class A Class B : public A
{ {
Public : Public :
Void display() Void display()
{ {
cout<<“Base class”; cout<<“Derived
} class”;
}; }
};
55
56. Void main()
{
B ob;
Ob.display(); //ambiguity
}
Derived class B has two functions with “display”
name – one is its own defined display() and another
one is inherited from base class A.
56
57. Cont…
In this case, the function of derived class
overrides the inherited function.
So, display() of derived class will be
executed.
57
58. Cont…
If requirement is to execute the display() of
base class then:
use scope of base class with function name, like:
Ob.A::display(); // to call base class function
Ob.B::display(); // to call derived class function
Ob.display(); // by default calls the derived class
function
58
59. Cont… : In Multiple inheritance
Class A Class B
{ {
Public : Public :
Void display() Void display()
{ {
cout<<“Base class cout<<“Base class
A”; B”;
} }
}; };
59
60. Class C : public A, public B Void main()
{ {
Public : B ob;
Void display() Ob.display(); //ambiguity
{ }
cout<<“Derived
class”;
}
}; Derived class C has three functions with “display”
name –
1. its own defined display()
2. Display() inherited from base class A.
3. Display() inherited from base class B.
60
61. Cont…
Solution is same as for single inheritance.
Use scope of the required class.
Example:
Ob.display(); //overrides the display() of A and B – so
default is of class C
Ob.A::display(); //display() of A
Ob.B::display(); //display() of B
Ob.C::display(); // display () of C
61
62. Virtual Base classes
Due to the use of more than one inheritance levels,
there may be a situation where a child class can have
functions of one base class more than once.
Person
For example :
A multipath inheritance:
Faculty Student
Performance
62
63. Cont…
In the above example, the Performance class
inherits both the Faculty and Student class,
where these class are inherited from Person
class.
If person class contains any method, like
displayPerson(), that will be inherited by both
Student and Faculty and at last by
Performance.
63
64. Cont…
At performance, there will be two copies of
displayPerson() method. This is the
ambiguity.
Solution to this ambiguity is : Virtual base
classes.
64
65. Cont…
The duplication of inherited members due to these
multiple paths can be avoided by making the
common base class (ancestor class) as virtual base
class while declaring the direct or intermediate base
classes.
65
66. Cont… : Example
Class Person
{
Public :
Void displayPerson()
{ }
};
Class Student : virtual public Person
{
};
66
67. Class Faculty : public virtual Person
{
};
Class Performance : public Student, public Faculty
{
};
Void main()
{
Performance p;
p.displayPerson();
}
67
68. Cont…
In case of virtual base class, C++ takes necessary
care to see that only one copy of that class is
inherited, regardless of how many inheritance paths
exists between the virtual base class and a derived
class.
The keywords virtual and accessibility mode (like
public) may be used in either order.
68
69. Abstract Classes
An abstract class is one that is not used to
create objects.
It is designed to act as a base class only.
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70. Constructors in Inheritance
If default constructor is used, firstly compiler
searches for a constructor in derived class.
If it finds, it uses that;
Else it searches in base class and uses the
constructor of base class.
In case of default constructor, if we do not
define default constructor in the derived class
and there is one defined in the base, the
compiler will define one default constructor for
us.
70
71. Cont…
Note:
As soon as user provides a constructor for a
class, C++ will not provide its own one.
That’s why the base class sub-object, needs that
base class constructor to be defined by the user.
71
72. Cont…
As long as no base class constructor takes any
arguments, the derived class need not have a
constructor function.
If any base class contains a constructor with one or
more arguments, then it is mandatory for the derived
class to have a constructor and pass the arguments to
the base class constructors.
The argument to the derived constructor will have all
the arguments needed for all base classes plus few for
itself.
72
73. Cont…
If both the derived and base classes contain
constructors, the base constructor is executed first and
then the constructor in the derived class is executed.
73
74. Cont… : Example
Class A Class B : public A
{ {
Int I; Int j;
Public : Public :
A() B() : A() // constructor 1
{ i=0; } { j=0; }
A (int a) B (int x) : A (x) //constructor 2
{ i=a; } { j=x; }
}; B (int x, int y) : A (y)
//constructor 3
{ j=x; }
};
74
75. Cont…
Void main()
{
B ob; //calls constructor 1 – initializes i to 0 then j to 0
B ob2 (4); //calls constructor 2 – passes 4 to i first then to j
B ob3 (5,8) ; //calls constructor 3 – passes 8 to i first then
initializes j with value 5.
}
In case class B does not contain any constructor, the base class
constructors will be called but not in the case of parameterized
constructors.
75
76. Cont…
If we have defined derived class like:
class D: public A, public B, public C
{ };
the constructor for class A is called first, then
constructor for class B and C and then the body of the
constructor of class D is executed.
In other words, in case of multiple inheritance, the
base classes are constructed in the order in which
they appear in the declaration of the derived class.
76
77. Cont…
The call to the base class constructors is to be
defined outside the body of the constructor, in
the member initialization list.
Here this list is called inheritance list.
They cannot be called in the derived class.
77
78. Cont…
If one of the classes in the base class list is
virtual, then its constructor is called before
others.
If there are more such virtual base classes,
then their constructors are executed in order of
their appearance in the inheritance list.
78
79. Cont…
In mulitlevel inheritance, the constructors are executed
in the order of inheritance.
For example :
In multilevel inheritance, the constructor of first, the grand base
class is executed first, then the constructor of intermediate
base class and then the constructor of derived class are
executed, that is as per the hierarchy.
79
80. Destructor in inheritance
The destructor of the base classes are called
exactly in reverse order of their initialization
when the derived object is destroyed.
80
