1. System
Circulatory

2. Circulatory system
-is an organ system that passes nutrients,
gases, hormones, blood cells to and from cells
in the body
Circulation
-the movement of blood within the body.

3. A good circulation is essential to life. The
cells making up the different tissues of the
body need oxygen and food to maintain life.
The oxygen and food are delivered to the
cells by the blood, which also distributes
hormones and other substances throughout
the body.

4. The kidneys, lungs, sweat glands and liver
eliminate carbon dioxide and other waste
products from the body either by excretion
or by changing wastes into harmless
substances

5. Circulatory system increases the flow of blood
to meet increased energy demands during
exercise and regulates body temperature. In
addition, when foreign substances or
organisms invade the body, the circulatory
system swiftly conveys disease-fighting
elements of the immune system, such as
white blood cells and antibodies, to regions
under attack.

6. Also, in the case of injury or bleeding, the
circulatory system sends clotting cells and
proteins to the affected site, which quickly stop
bleeding and promote healing.
Circulatory system in vertebrates has two main
divisions:
- the cardiovascular system and
- the lymphatic system

7. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
 Responsible for the removal of
interstitial fluid from tissues
 It absorbs and transports fatty
acids and fats as chyle from the
digestive system
 It transports white blood cells
to and from the lymph nodes
into the bones
 The lymph transports antegen-
presenting cells to the lymph
nodes where an immune
response is stimulated
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
 Transport of nutrients ,
oxygen and hormones to
cells throughout the body
and removal of metabolic
wastes
 Protection of the body by
white blood cells, antibodies
and complement protections
that circulates in the blood
and defend the body against
foreign microbes and toxins.
Clotting mechanisms are also
present that protect the body
from blood loss after injuries
 Regulation of body
temperature, fluid ph and
water content of cells
FUNCTION OF
CARDIOVASCULAR
AND LYMPHATIC
SYSTEM

8. Cardiovascular system
-distributes blood.
-Have the three main components:
the HEART,
BLOOD, and
BLOOD VESSEL

9. HEART
The heart is the engine of the circulatory
system. It is divided into four chambers: the
right atrium, the right ventricle, the left
atrium, and the left ventricle. The walls of
these chambers are made of a special muscle
called myocardium, which contracts
continuously and rhythmically to pump blood.

10. The pumping action of the heart occurs in two
stages for each heart beat: diastole, when the
heart is at rest; and systole, when the heart
contracts to pump deoxygenated blood
toward the lungs and oxygenated blood to the
body. During each heartbeat, typically about
60 to 90 ml (about 2 to 3 oz) of blood are
pumped out of the heart. If the heart stops
pumping, death usually occurs within four to
five minutes.

12. BLOOD
A fluid that is pumped by the heart and
circulates throughout the body. The function of
the blood is to carry nutrients, oxygen and
hormones to all tissues of the body and to carry
waste products and carbon dioxide away from
the tissues. Blood consists of three types of
cells: oxygen-bearing red blood cells, disease-
fighting white blood cells, and blood-clotting
platelets, all of which are carried through blood
vessels in a liquid called plasma. Plasma is
yellowish and consists of water, salts, proteins,
vitamins, minerals, hormones, dissolved gases,
and fats.

13. BLOOD VESSEL
Three types of blood vessels form a complex
network of tubes throughout the body.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and
veins carry it toward the heart. Capillaries are
the tiny links between the arteries and the
veins where oxygen and nutrients diffuse to
body tissues. The inner layer of blood vessels
is lined with endothelial cells that create a
smooth passage for the transit of blood.

14. This inner layer is surrounded by connective
tissue and smooth muscle that enable the
blood vessel to expand or contract. Blood
vessels expand during exercise to meet the
increased demand for blood and to cool the
body. Blood vessels contract after an injury to
reduce bleeding and also to conserve body
heat.

16. Arteries have thicker walls than veins to
withstand the pressure of blood being
pumped from the heart. Blood in the veins is
at a lower pressure, so veins have one-way
valves to prevent blood from flowing
backwards away from the heart. Capillaries,
the smallest of blood vessels, are only visible
by microscope—ten capillaries lying side by
side are barely as thick as a human hair.

18. If all the arteries, veins, and capillaries in the
human body were placed end to end, the
total length would equal more than 100,000
km (more than 60,000 mi)—they could
stretch around the earth nearly two and a half
times.

19. The arteries, veins, and capillaries are divided
into two systems of circulation: systemic and
pulmonary. The systemic circulation carries
oxygenated blood from the heart to all the
tissues in the body except the lungs and returns
deoxygenated blood carrying waste products,
such as carbon dioxide, back to the heart.

20. The pulmonary circulation carries this spent
blood from the heart to the lungs. In the
lungs, the blood releases its carbon dioxide
and absorbs oxygen. The oxygenated blood
then returns to the heart before transferring
to the systemic circulation.

21. Circulation of blood in the heart
The heart pumps oxygenated blood to the body and
deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart
there is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation,
and with both a systemic and a pulmonary reaction there
are four chambers. The right atrium is the upper
chamber of the right side of the heart. The blood that is
returned to the right atrium is deoxygenated and passed
into the right ventricle to be pumped through the
pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and
removal of carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly
oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the
pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left
ventricle to be pumped through the aorta to the different
organs of the body

23. Lymphatic system
-system that collects intercellular fluid in the
body
Lymph vessel
-carry a clear fluid called lymph
unidirectionally towards the heart.
-have one-way valves to prevent any
backward flow.

24. Lymph
-a clear yellowish fluid made of white blood
cells, especially lymphocytes, the cells that
attack bacteria in the blood and fluid from the
intestines called chyle, which contains
proteins and fats.
-lymph only flows in only one direction
within its own system. This flow is only
upward toward the neck. Here it flows into
the venous blood stream through the
subclavian veins which are located on either
sides of the neck near the collarbones.

25. Lymph node
-there are between 600-700 lymph nodes
present in the average human body. It
produce immune cells that help the body fight
infection. They also filter the lymph fluid and
removed foreign material such as bacteria and
cancer cells. When bacteria recognized in the
lymph fluid, the lymph nodes produce more
infection-fighting white blood cells, which
causes the nodes to swell.

26. The thymus, bone marrow and spleen also
affect the immune system. When stimulated by
the presence of antigens, they produce more
antibodies. Antibodies fight antigens. Antibodies
are protein molecules. Antigens are foreign
substances or infectious microbes. The
destroyed or altered antigens are taken in by the
macrophages. If the macrophages reduce the
number of antigens, internal stability continues.
But if the antigens like cancer cells continue to
multiply, a disease may occur.

28. Circulatory system disorders
1.Hypertension- characterized by a sudden
rise in blood pressure. The person usually
feels a terrible headache, a pain in the
neck, dizziness and at times, sweating.
This condition can result to he rupture of
blood vessels.
A hypertensive person usually gets a
daily dosage of medication. This is to
keep the blood pressure within its
normal limits. It is advised that a person
suffering from hypertension measures by
his/her blood pressure regularly.

29. 2. Anemia- this is caused by the decrease in the
number of hemoglobin in the red blood cells.
This condition is due to iron deficiency. When
ones suffers from anemia, the blood cannot
produce enough hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is
the oxygen-carrying pigment of the red blood
cells. As a result, it cannot carry enough oxygen
to different body cells.
Anemia may be due to several causes: loss of
blood, severe deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic
acid, or fast destruction of red blood cells due
to diseases.

30. 3. Leukemia- leukemia occurs when the white
blood cells become abnormally great in
number. There are different types of
leukemia. Some are curable while others are
not. A person suffering from leukemia easily
bruises, bleeds, and tires. He/She develops
mouth and sore throats. This condition
needs immediate medical attention. Anemia
and leukemia may sometimes require blood
transfusion.

31. 4. Heart attack- a heart attack may occur when a
blood clot or fat gets lodged along the
bloodstream. This blocks the passage of blood
to the heart, thus preventing the heart from
getting enough blood. A heart attack victim my
feel pain in the neck, chest and upper abdomen.
The victim may also experience difficulty in
breathing. This is a medical emergency. The
person must immediately see a cardiologist for
proper treatment.
A person may have a mild or serious heart
attack. This person should remain calm and ask
help.

32. 5. Arteriosclerosis- arteriosclerosis is a condition
characterized by a reduction in blood flow. It is
caused by fat or cholesterol deposited on the
arterial wall. The fat deposits on the arterial
wall narrows the area which through blood can
flow resulting to high blood pressure.
Arteriosclerosis may lead to the development
of a serious heart disease. It is worsened by
high blood pressure. The cholesterol-thickened
walls of the arteries may become so narrow
that the blood cannot flow easily.
It is important that people monitor the
amount of cholesterol they take. There are
medical tests that easily can tell you how much
cholesterol you have .

33. 6.Rheumatic heart fever- is a complication of a
throat infection. It is caused by certain strains of
streptococcus bacteria. It is accompanied by
high fever and swollen painful joints. The
muscles are weakened. The person easily tires
and as usually pale.
This kind of illness requires a doctor’s cares.
The person needs to get long periods of rests

34. 7.Palpitation or irregular heartbeats- this
condition maybe brought about by tension,
disease or harmful changes. A person may feel
the sudden change in her/his heartbeat from
fast to slow or vise-versa. The change may bring
about clammy palms , weakness and fatigue

35. CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS IN NONHUMAN
One-celled organisms and many simple
multicelled animals, such as sponges,
jellyfishes, sea anemones, flatworms, and
roundworms, do not have a circulatory
system. All of their cells are able to absorb
nutrients, exchange gases, and expel wastes
through direct contact with either the outside
or with a central cavity that serves as a
digestive tract.

36. The circulatory system of all vertebrates, as
well as of annelids and cephalopods are
closed , just as in human. Still the systems of
fish, amphibians, reptiles and birds show
various stages in the evolution of the
circulatory system.
In fish, the system has only one circuit,
with the blood being pumped through the
capillaries of the gills and on to the
capillaries of the body tissues. This is known
as single cycle circulation. The heart of fish
is therefore only one pump

37. In amphibians and most reptiles, a double
circulatory system is used but the heart is not
always completely separated into two pumps.
Amphibians have three-chambered heart.
In reptiles, the ventricular septum of the heart is
incomplete and the pulmonary artery is equipped
with a sphincter muscle. This allows a second
possible route of blood flow. Instead of blood
flowing through the pulmonary artery to the
lungs, the sphincter may be contracted to divert
this blood flow through the incomplete
ventricular septum into the left ventricle and out
through the aorta.

38. This means the blood flows from the capillaries
to the heart and back to the capillaries instead
of to the lungs. This process is useful
ectothermic (cold-blooded) animals in the
regulation of their body temperature.
Birds and mammals show complete separation
of the heart into two pumps, for a total of four
heart chambers; it is thought that the four-
chambered heart of birds evolved independently
from that of mammals

40. Report by: Annadelle Alcantara

41.  References:
 Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009. © 1993-2008
Microsoft Corporation.
 New standard encyclopedia vol. 4 pg.c-341-
c-344
 http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory
 http://m.cliffsnotes.com/_guide/Functions-of-
the-Cardiovascular-System.topicArticleld-
277792,articleld277673.html
 http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphatic_syst
em
 http:www.lymphnotes.com/article.php/id/151/