2. Airports Authority of India (AAI)
• Formed under the act of parliament- AIRPORTS
AUTHORITY OF INDIA ACT 1994.
• Organization under the Ministry of Civil Aviation that
manages all the airports in India.
• Major revenue is generated from airports
development, landing/parking fees and fees charged
for providing Air Traffic Control services to aircraft
over the Indian airspace.
3. Services Provided by AAI
• Control and management of the Indian air space.
• Installation and maintenance of various
communication, navigation and surveillance aids.
• Design, development, operation and maintenance of
passenger terminals.
• Development and management of cargo terminals.
• Passenger facilities and information system.
• Rescue and fire services.
• Anti-Hijacking cell.
4. Air Traffic Control
• A wing of AAI.
• Provides control over air traffic.
• Decides air-routes over Indian airspace.
• Responsibilities also includes
1.) Area flight information.
2.) Notice to air-men (NOTAM)
3.) Communication services.
4.) Navigational services.
5.) Surveillance services.
6. Communication
Process of transferring information from one source to
another.
• Ground to Ground: Communication among stations
on the ground.
• Ground to Air: Between pilot and the air traffic
controller.
• Air to Air: Between the pilots of two aircrafts in the
air.
7. Communication
• HF or VHF is used for communication between
controller and pilot.
• Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication
Network(AFTN) is used for communication among
ground stations.
• AFTN uses basic copper wire as communication
media.
8. Navigation and NAV-AIDS
It is a process of reading and controlling the
movement of an aircraft from one place to another.
• NDB: Transmits guiding signals towards a particular
aircraft at a particular frequency.
• DVOR: Directional VHF omni-range measures the
angular orientation of the aircraft with respect to
the magnetic north.
• DME: Gives the slant distance of the aircraft from
the equipment.
9. Navigation and NAV-AIDS
• CDI: Guiding signals received by avionics of the
aircraft are indicated to pilot through Course Deviation
Indicator (CDI) needles.
• ILS: Instrument Landing System which helps the
aircraft to land safely and includes.
• Localizer: provides runway centerline guidance to
aircraft.
• Glide Path: Provides Gliding angle to the aircraft.
• Markers: Provides runway threshold to the aircraft.
• Air Traffic Control: Air traffic controllers in direct
contact with the pilots and guide them to move
forward.
11. Surveillance
• Monitoring from a distance, by means of equipment
installed at each airport, the movement of all the
aircrafts within its region of operation.
• Primary and secondary radars are used to aid
surveillance in civil as well as military aviation.
• Surface Movement Radar is used to
monitor the movement of the aircraft
on runways or taxiways.
12. Flight Information Region (FIR)
• Vast Indian airspace is divided into five FIRs viz
Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai and Guwahati.
• An FIR is airspace with some dimensional bounds.
• Each FIR has a separate ATC that provides ATC
Services for that area only.
• Each FIR has a separate controller for:
• Area (approx. 250NM)
• Approach (approx. 50NM)
• Tower (approx. 10NM)
13. VHF
• The VHF (very high frequency) range of Radio
Spectrum is the band which extends from 30 MHz to
300 Mhz.
• Band used for communication at the airport is 118-
136 MHz.
• Ideal for short distance terrestrial communication
practically at LOS.
• Less affected by atmospheric noise and interference
from electrical equipment.
• Easily blocked by land features than HF.
14. HF
• The HF (high frequency) range of Radio Spectrum is
the band which extends from 3 MHz to 30 Mhz.
• Ionosphere wave propagation.
• At oceanic regions no LOS communication is
possible, hence HF is used.
• Noise immunity is very low.
15. Radars at ATC
Primary Radar:
• No role of target.
• Detection range upto 60NM.
• Frequency range is between 2 to 4 GHz.
• Operates at 15RPM.
• Consumes more power.
Secondary Radar:
• Target has to participate in the detection process.
• Target uses a transponder to reflect signal back.
• Detection range is upto 220 NM.
• Frequency range is between 1 to 2 GHz.
16. Radars at ATC
• Operates at 5RPM.
• Consumes less power.
Surface Movement Radar:
• Detection range upto 5 NM.
• Frequency range is between 8 to 12 GHz.
• Operates at 60RPM.
• Provides very fast updates due to short range as
well as highest quality images are obtained.
17. Radars at ATC
Services:
• Runway and Taxiway surveillance.
• Airport airspace surveillance.
• Precision approach control.
• Air route and air movement surveillance.
18. Automatic Message Switching
System (AMSS)
Accurate and speedy exchange of aeronautical
information, such as Air Traffic Service (ATS)
messages consisting of Flight Plan, Departure and
Estimates messages etc. between stations to enable
them to control the air space and movement of Air
traffic in an orderly manner
Network Topology: All networking within AAI is
established mainly using three topologies which are
1.)Mesh : Fully connected
2.)Bus : Main cable
3.)Star : Employes a hub
19. Categories of Networks
• Local Area Network (LAN)
• to allow resources to be shared between personal
computers or workstations within same station
• to connect various servers of that station with
workstations
• Wide Area Network (WAN)
• long-distance communication among stations
• utilize public, leased, or private communication
lines (AFTN), usually in combinations
• Connects centralized servers of AAI to computers
in a station
20. AMSS
• Three desired characteristics:
• Correct delivery: Data must reach only the
intended recipient
• Accurate delivery: Data sent must be received in
the same form
• Timely delivery: Data must travel from the
sender to the receiver in a finite amount of time.
21. Conclusion
• Very enriching experience
• Practical application of theoretical concepts in form
of various equipments and processes
• Cooperative and encouraging staff makes it a true
learning experience
