Hydrometer
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The objective of this lab is to measure and study density and specific gravity of different liquids by using hydrometer. This gives information how light or heavy a crude oil is.
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Exp. no.1 density and specific gravity by hydrometer and weight
This document describes an experiment conducted by students to measure the density and specific gravity of various liquids using a hydrometer. The introduction provides background on hydrometers and how they are used to determine density and specific gravity. The experimental procedures involve filling a cylinder with the test liquid, inserting the hydrometer, and recording the point where the liquid meets the stem. The student then answers discussion questions about density and specific gravity measurements in oil industry, how hydrometers work, differences between density and relative/specific gravity, API gravity, and sources of error in their results.
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Density determination of liquids by using hydro...
This experiment measured the density and specific gravity of naphtha using a hydrometer. The hydrometer reading for naphtha was 0.695 at an actual temperature of 21°C. The specific gravity was then corrected to the standard temperature of 15.6°C, yielding a value of 0.697592. Calculations were shown to determine the density of naphtha at 15.6°C as 0.697 g/cm3. The hydrometer method was discussed as the simplest way to determine liquid density and specific gravity based on Archimedes' principle.
Specific gravity
This a laboratory report of an experiment conducted at the American University of Nigeria as a requirement of completing the Petroleum Science course.
Applications of bernoulli equation
Bernoulli's equation states that the total mechanical energy of an incompressible and inviscid fluid is constant. It has applications in sizing pumps, flow sensors, ejectors, carburetors, siphons, and pitot tubes. In pumps, the volute converts kinetic energy to pressure energy. Ejectors use pressure energy to create velocity energy to entrain suction fluid and then convert it back to pressure. Pitot tubes use pressure differences to measure flow velocity. Carburetors use Bernoulli's principle to draw in fuel, where faster air has lower pressure. Siphons use the principle to move liquid over an obstruction without pumping.
Drying
The document discusses various topics related to drying of solids, including the classification of dryers, principles of drying, temperature patterns in dryers, heat transfer during drying, phase equilibria, and the drying curve. It describes different types of dryers such as adiabatic dryers, non-adiabatic dryers, and cross-circulation dryers. It also discusses factors that influence the drying process such as the nature of the solid, methods of contacting the solid and gas, and how drying occurs in three phases - initial, constant rate, and falling rate periods.
Size reduction
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses into small unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction process is also termed as
Comminution/Diminution/Pulverizations.
Solid pieces of food is reduced by the
application of grinding, compression
or impact forces.
In many food processes it is frequently
necessary to reduce the size of solid
materials for different purposes
Fluid Mechanic Lab - Reynold's Number Experiment
1. The document summarizes an experiment conducted by Muhammad Sulaimon Rasul to determine different types of fluid flow (laminar, transitional, turbulent) using Reynolds apparatus.
2. The experiment measured the volume of water and time taken to fill a graduated cylinder for different flow rates. This was used to calculate Reynolds number to identify flow type.
3. All results showed Reynolds numbers less than 2000, indicating laminar flow for all trials according to the theoretical boundaries between flow types.
Screen analysis
Screen analysis is used to measure the size of particles between 3-0.0015 inches. A stack of screens with decreasing mesh sizes is shaken for 20 minutes to separate particles by size. The mass retained on each screen is measured and converted to mass percentages. Sieve trays and different mesh screens allow separation of particles into size fractions for analysis. The Peclet number is a dimensionless number used in heat transfer calculations that depends on factors like velocity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity.
Recomendados
Exp. no.1 density and specific gravity by hydrometer and weight
This document describes an experiment conducted by students to measure the density and specific gravity of various liquids using a hydrometer. The introduction provides background on hydrometers and how they are used to determine density and specific gravity. The experimental procedures involve filling a cylinder with the test liquid, inserting the hydrometer, and recording the point where the liquid meets the stem. The student then answers discussion questions about density and specific gravity measurements in oil industry, how hydrometers work, differences between density and relative/specific gravity, API gravity, and sources of error in their results.
DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Density determination of liquids by using hydro...
This experiment measured the density and specific gravity of naphtha using a hydrometer. The hydrometer reading for naphtha was 0.695 at an actual temperature of 21°C. The specific gravity was then corrected to the standard temperature of 15.6°C, yielding a value of 0.697592. Calculations were shown to determine the density of naphtha at 15.6°C as 0.697 g/cm3. The hydrometer method was discussed as the simplest way to determine liquid density and specific gravity based on Archimedes' principle.
Specific gravity
This a laboratory report of an experiment conducted at the American University of Nigeria as a requirement of completing the Petroleum Science course.
Applications of bernoulli equation
Bernoulli's equation states that the total mechanical energy of an incompressible and inviscid fluid is constant. It has applications in sizing pumps, flow sensors, ejectors, carburetors, siphons, and pitot tubes. In pumps, the volute converts kinetic energy to pressure energy. Ejectors use pressure energy to create velocity energy to entrain suction fluid and then convert it back to pressure. Pitot tubes use pressure differences to measure flow velocity. Carburetors use Bernoulli's principle to draw in fuel, where faster air has lower pressure. Siphons use the principle to move liquid over an obstruction without pumping.
Drying
The document discusses various topics related to drying of solids, including the classification of dryers, principles of drying, temperature patterns in dryers, heat transfer during drying, phase equilibria, and the drying curve. It describes different types of dryers such as adiabatic dryers, non-adiabatic dryers, and cross-circulation dryers. It also discusses factors that influence the drying process such as the nature of the solid, methods of contacting the solid and gas, and how drying occurs in three phases - initial, constant rate, and falling rate periods.
Size reduction
Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit masses into small unit masses, coarse particles or fine particles.
Size reduction process is also termed as
Comminution/Diminution/Pulverizations.
Solid pieces of food is reduced by the
application of grinding, compression
or impact forces.
In many food processes it is frequently
necessary to reduce the size of solid
materials for different purposes
Fluid Mechanic Lab - Reynold's Number Experiment
1. The document summarizes an experiment conducted by Muhammad Sulaimon Rasul to determine different types of fluid flow (laminar, transitional, turbulent) using Reynolds apparatus.
2. The experiment measured the volume of water and time taken to fill a graduated cylinder for different flow rates. This was used to calculate Reynolds number to identify flow type.
3. All results showed Reynolds numbers less than 2000, indicating laminar flow for all trials according to the theoretical boundaries between flow types.
Screen analysis
Screen analysis is used to measure the size of particles between 3-0.0015 inches. A stack of screens with decreasing mesh sizes is shaken for 20 minutes to separate particles by size. The mass retained on each screen is measured and converted to mass percentages. Sieve trays and different mesh screens allow separation of particles into size fractions for analysis. The Peclet number is a dimensionless number used in heat transfer calculations that depends on factors like velocity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity.
Plate and Frame Filter Press Lab 1 Report
This experiment aimed to determine how concentration affects the weight and volume of cake obtained from a plate and frame filter press, as well as the length of time needed to obtain a certain volume of filtrate. The results showed that as concentration increased, the time required to collect a set volume of filtrate also increased. A linear relationship was observed between volume of filtrate and time per volume of filtrate, with an r-squared value of 0.95, indicating these variables increased proportionally. Sources of error included possible equipment defects and variability in cake weights.
Flash point
The Aim of this experiment:
To determine fire point of an oil product using closed cup method (Penesky Marten’s apparatus).
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Size reduction equipments
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Bernoulli’s Theorem
This document summarizes Daniel Bernoulli and his theorem on fluid mechanics. It discusses how Bernoulli, a Swiss scientist born in the 1700s, discovered that an increase in the speed of a moving fluid is accompanied by a decrease in the fluid's pressure. Bernoulli's principle, also called Bernoulli's theorem, states that the total energy in a fluid remains constant provided the flow is steady, frictionless, and incompressible. The document then provides Bernoulli's equation and describes experiments using a Venturi meter to verify the theorem by measuring pressure and velocity changes at different pipe sections. It concludes that the experiments validate Bernoulli's equation and its applications in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics.
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Section: Mass transfer processes
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This document discusses different methods for particle size analysis including sieve analysis. It describes various types of sieve shakers and their advantages such as digital control and adjustable parameters. It also discusses different sieving methods like dry, wet, and air jet sieving. Sieve analysis is used to characterize particles of various materials including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, minerals and more.
Dead-weight piston gauge
The objective of this experiment is to calibrate the Bourdon gauge, which is used to measure gauge pressure.
Dehydration
Dehydration is a process that removes water from foods through evaporation or sublimation under controlled conditions. This preserves foods by reducing water activity and microbial growth while also lowering storage and transportation costs. There are various methods of dehydration like sun drying, hot air drying, and freeze drying. Proper design of dehydration systems requires understanding moisture content calculations, sorption isotherms, heat and mass transfer principles, and predicting drying times and rates.
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This document discusses the calculation of refrigeration load, which includes transmission load through walls/roof/floor, product load from cooling/freezing products, internal load from equipment like lights/motors, infiltration load from open doors, and equipment load from devices like fan motors and defrosting. It provides examples of calculating each type of load, such as transmission load using dimensions/insulation values, product load using weight/temperature of arriving goods, internal load from people working, and total load by summing individual loads. The example calculation finds a total refrigeration load of 72.27 kWh/day for a cold storage room.
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Ultrafine grinders produce particles averaging 1 to 20 μm in size and can use classifying hammer mills, fluid energy mills, or agitated mills. Classifying hammer mills internally separate oversized particles for further grinding using rotor vanes. Fluid energy mills suspend particles in a high velocity gas stream for inter-particle attrition and internal classification. Agitated mills contain a liquid and solid grinding medium that is agitated to produce particles down to 1 μm in size.
Drum dryer or roller dryer-1.pptx
A drum dryer consists of a horizontally mounted hollow steel drum that partially dips into a liquid feed pan. As the drum rotates, the liquid forms a thin film on the drum's external surface and dries within one rotation. A doctor's knife then scrapes off the dried material, which falls into a storage bin. Drum drying is suitable for heat-sensitive materials since the short contact time of 6-15 seconds limits exposure to heat. It efficiently transfers heat and moisture due to the large drying surface area of the thin liquid film on the drum. Common applications include drying solutions, slurries, and suspensions in industries such as food, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
Drying
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
2. multiple effect evaporator
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an equipment for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.
Steam is mostly used as heating medium in Multiple effect evaporator.
Multiple Effect Evaporation remains one of the popular method for the concentration of aqueous solutions.
Experiment 1
This experiment measured the density and viscosity of fluids using different methods. Density of water was measured using a beaker, Eureka can, and density bottle, with the bottle found to be most accurate. Specific weights of glycerin and castor oil were also measured using a hydrometer. Viscosity was determined using a falling sphere viscometer with spheres of different sizes dropped in glycerin and castor oil. The viscosity of glycerin had high error likely due to low fluid level, while castor oil results were close to accepted values.
Fluid & Fluid properties
Fluid is defined as any substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. All liquids and gases are considered fluids. Key properties of fluids include density, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility. Density is the mass per unit volume and can be used to characterize fluids as heavier or lighter than water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow - Newtonian fluids have a viscosity that does not change with stress, while non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable or complex viscosities. Surface tension arises from unbalanced cohesive forces at the fluid surface that create a membrane-like effect. Compressibility refers to changes in a fluid's volume with pressure.
Agitation and mixing
Agitation and Mixing are two important unit operations used in industries such as Impellers agitators are widely used to circulate the liquid through the vessel in which the dispersion of liquids and gases into other liquids like mixing of stiff paste, elastomers and dry solids powders takes place.
C. sieve analysis & hydrometer analysis
Soil mechanics is the application of principles of mechanics and hydraulics to engineering problems dealing with settlement of foundations, slope stability of earth fills, and design of retaining structures, braced excavations, anchored bulkheads, cofferdams, etc. It involves identification and characterization of soils, laboratory and field testing of soils, evaluation of soil properties such as compressibility, shear strength, permeability, consolidation, etc. and design of foundations, retaining structures, earth structures, and other soil-structure interactions.
hydrometer ( flow fluid lab ) chemical Eng
This document is a student laboratory report that details using an aerometer or hydrometer to determine the density of various liquids. It includes an introduction to the theory behind how aerometers measure density, the experimental procedure, a table of density readings for oil, water, and a saltwater solution, and a brief discussion section. The aim was to use appropriately calibrated aerometers to ascertain properties like alcohol content, fat content, concentration, and antifreeze content by measuring density.
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Plate and Frame Filter Press Lab 1 Report
This experiment aimed to determine how concentration affects the weight and volume of cake obtained from a plate and frame filter press, as well as the length of time needed to obtain a certain volume of filtrate. The results showed that as concentration increased, the time required to collect a set volume of filtrate also increased. A linear relationship was observed between volume of filtrate and time per volume of filtrate, with an r-squared value of 0.95, indicating these variables increased proportionally. Sources of error included possible equipment defects and variability in cake weights.
Flash point
The Aim of this experiment:
To determine fire point of an oil product using closed cup method (Penesky Marten’s apparatus).
Plate heat exchanger
The document discusses plate heat exchangers. It describes how plate heat exchangers use metal plates to transfer heat between two fluids flowing in alternating passages. They are classified as plate and frame, brazed, or welded depending on how the plates are joined. Benefits include compact size and high efficiency. Limitations include limited operating pressures and temperatures as well as susceptibility to fouling. In conclusion, plate heat exchangers offer advantages over shell and tube exchangers and their performance can be further enhanced through design.
Size reduction equipments
The document discusses various types of size reduction equipment used in mining and manufacturing processes. It describes crushers which use compression forces to reduce large solid materials into smaller particles ranging from 150-250mm. Specific crushers covered include jaw, gyratory, and roll crushers. Grinders further reduce particle sizes down to 74-350um using different grinding mechanisms like hammer mills, ball mills, and rolling compression mills. Ultra fine grinders can process materials into micron-sized particles from 1-50um using technologies such as agitated mills or fluid energy mills. Cutting machines also aid size reduction from 2-10mm using knife, cutter, or slitter tools.
Bernoulli’s Theorem
This document summarizes Daniel Bernoulli and his theorem on fluid mechanics. It discusses how Bernoulli, a Swiss scientist born in the 1700s, discovered that an increase in the speed of a moving fluid is accompanied by a decrease in the fluid's pressure. Bernoulli's principle, also called Bernoulli's theorem, states that the total energy in a fluid remains constant provided the flow is steady, frictionless, and incompressible. The document then provides Bernoulli's equation and describes experiments using a Venturi meter to verify the theorem by measuring pressure and velocity changes at different pipe sections. It concludes that the experiments validate Bernoulli's equation and its applications in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics.
Centrifugal separator
The document discusses centrifugal separators. It describes how centrifugal separators use centrifugal force to separate liquids from solids in a slurry. The separator consists of a perforated, rotating basket inside a protective casing. As the basket spins at high speeds, the centrifugal force causes the liquid to pass through the basket walls while the solids accumulate and form a porous cake. Different types of centrifugal separators are described, including suspended batch, automatic batch, and continuous filtering centrifuges. Industrial applications include purification in chemical industries, fuels treatment, and processing of foods and beverages.
Particle Technology and Characterisation
Particle Technology and CharacterisationThe Engineering Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning
The first lecture in the module Particle Technology, delivered to second year students who have already studied basic fluid mechanics. Some applications of Particle Technology are described, in industry and nature, and particle size analysis and means of representing the data. The format for the laboratory classes for the module and their reports are covered. Molecular diffusion
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project (https://www.spire2030.eu/impress).
Section: Mass transfer processes
Subject: 2.2 Molecular diffusion
Heat & Mass Transfer Chap 1 (FE-509) Food Engineering UAF
This chapter introduces key concepts of heat transfer and thermodynamics. It defines heat transfer as energy transferred due to a temperature difference and discusses the three mechanisms of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction involves energy transfer through direct contact of particles. Convection combines conduction and bulk fluid motion. Radiation transfers energy via electromagnetic waves. The chapter establishes relationships like Fourier's law of conduction and Newton's law of cooling and introduces concepts such as thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficients.
Sieve analysis
This document discusses different methods for particle size analysis including sieve analysis. It describes various types of sieve shakers and their advantages such as digital control and adjustable parameters. It also discusses different sieving methods like dry, wet, and air jet sieving. Sieve analysis is used to characterize particles of various materials including pharmaceuticals, chemicals, minerals and more.
Dead-weight piston gauge
The objective of this experiment is to calibrate the Bourdon gauge, which is used to measure gauge pressure.
Dehydration
Dehydration is a process that removes water from foods through evaporation or sublimation under controlled conditions. This preserves foods by reducing water activity and microbial growth while also lowering storage and transportation costs. There are various methods of dehydration like sun drying, hot air drying, and freeze drying. Proper design of dehydration systems requires understanding moisture content calculations, sorption isotherms, heat and mass transfer principles, and predicting drying times and rates.
Calculation of refrigeration load
This document discusses the calculation of refrigeration load, which includes transmission load through walls/roof/floor, product load from cooling/freezing products, internal load from equipment like lights/motors, infiltration load from open doors, and equipment load from devices like fan motors and defrosting. It provides examples of calculating each type of load, such as transmission load using dimensions/insulation values, product load using weight/temperature of arriving goods, internal load from people working, and total load by summing individual loads. The example calculation finds a total refrigeration load of 72.27 kWh/day for a cold storage room.
Ultrafine grinders,Hammer Mills,Agitated mills,Fluid energy mils
Ultrafine grinders produce particles averaging 1 to 20 μm in size and can use classifying hammer mills, fluid energy mills, or agitated mills. Classifying hammer mills internally separate oversized particles for further grinding using rotor vanes. Fluid energy mills suspend particles in a high velocity gas stream for inter-particle attrition and internal classification. Agitated mills contain a liquid and solid grinding medium that is agitated to produce particles down to 1 μm in size.
Drum dryer or roller dryer-1.pptx
A drum dryer consists of a horizontally mounted hollow steel drum that partially dips into a liquid feed pan. As the drum rotates, the liquid forms a thin film on the drum's external surface and dries within one rotation. A doctor's knife then scrapes off the dried material, which falls into a storage bin. Drum drying is suitable for heat-sensitive materials since the short contact time of 6-15 seconds limits exposure to heat. It efficiently transfers heat and moisture due to the large drying surface area of the thin liquid film on the drum. Common applications include drying solutions, slurries, and suspensions in industries such as food, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.
Drying
introduction, theory of drying, applications of drying, construction & working about fluidised bed dryer,use of tray dryer,construction about vacuum dryer, construction & working about drum dryer, construction about spray dryer
2. multiple effect evaporator
A multiple-effect evaporator, as defined in chemical engineering, is an equipment for efficiently using the heat from steam to evaporate water.
Steam is mostly used as heating medium in Multiple effect evaporator.
Multiple Effect Evaporation remains one of the popular method for the concentration of aqueous solutions.
Experiment 1
This experiment measured the density and viscosity of fluids using different methods. Density of water was measured using a beaker, Eureka can, and density bottle, with the bottle found to be most accurate. Specific weights of glycerin and castor oil were also measured using a hydrometer. Viscosity was determined using a falling sphere viscometer with spheres of different sizes dropped in glycerin and castor oil. The viscosity of glycerin had high error likely due to low fluid level, while castor oil results were close to accepted values.
Fluid & Fluid properties
Fluid is defined as any substance that can flow and take the shape of its container. All liquids and gases are considered fluids. Key properties of fluids include density, viscosity, surface tension, and compressibility. Density is the mass per unit volume and can be used to characterize fluids as heavier or lighter than water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow - Newtonian fluids have a viscosity that does not change with stress, while non-Newtonian fluids exhibit variable or complex viscosities. Surface tension arises from unbalanced cohesive forces at the fluid surface that create a membrane-like effect. Compressibility refers to changes in a fluid's volume with pressure.
Agitation and mixing
Agitation and Mixing are two important unit operations used in industries such as Impellers agitators are widely used to circulate the liquid through the vessel in which the dispersion of liquids and gases into other liquids like mixing of stiff paste, elastomers and dry solids powders takes place.
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Heat & Mass Transfer Chap 1 (FE-509) Food Engineering UAF
Heat & Mass Transfer Chap 1 (FE-509) Food Engineering UAF
Ultrafine grinders,Hammer Mills,Agitated mills,Fluid energy mils
Ultrafine grinders,Hammer Mills,Agitated mills,Fluid energy mils
Destacado
C. sieve analysis & hydrometer analysis
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hydrometer ( flow fluid lab ) chemical Eng
This document is a student laboratory report that details using an aerometer or hydrometer to determine the density of various liquids. It includes an introduction to the theory behind how aerometers measure density, the experimental procedure, a table of density readings for oil, water, and a saltwater solution, and a brief discussion section. The aim was to use appropriately calibrated aerometers to ascertain properties like alcohol content, fat content, concentration, and antifreeze content by measuring density.
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To determine the particle size distribution of soil by hydrometer method
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Destacado (20)
To determine the particle size distribution of soil by hydrometer method
To determine the particle size distribution of soil by hydrometer method
STUDY ON EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER PARTICLE FILLED POLYMER COM...
STUDY ON EFFECTIVE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER PARTICLE FILLED POLYMER COM...
Similar a Hydrometer
(Admiral) exp. no.3 find api of crude oil by wusing hydrometer
Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya Universiy
Oil and Gas Property Laboratory
2020
(Shw shw) exp. no.3 find api of crude oil by wusing hydrometer
Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya Universiy
Oil and Gas Property Laboratory
2020
Dew point
thermodynamics dew point lab report Generally, hygrometers, or cooled mirrors, have been the conventional air measurement tools used for precise dew point measurement. The device is considered to be a humidity transfer standard. The process entails cooling a mirror until water vapor begins to condense on the surface. The temperature of the mirror is measured. This projects the dew point of the air. This process is generally used in laboratory practices.
A dew-point hygrometer was invented in 1751. For this instrument, cold water was added to water in a vessel until dew formed on the vessel, and the temperature of the vessel, the dew point, provided a direct index of humidity.
In this experiment acetone is used even though the sample is not necessary to be acetone nor the amount of volume matters that becomes vapor so that the temperature (dew point) is measured until the metal mirror starts to condense.
.
Relative Humidity Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio between saturated humidity over absolute humidity at a given temperature. Relative humidity depends on temperature and the pressure of the system of interest. It requires less water vapor to attain high relative humidity at low temperatures; more water vapor is required to attain high relative humidity in warm or hot air. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage ; a higher percentage means that the air water mixture is more humid ; a lower percentage means that the air-water mixture is less humid.
Relative Humidity (%RH) =𝑭𝑺𝐅𝐀∗%𝟏𝟎𝟎
Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor present in a given volume of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 grams per cubic meter when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
4
Absolute humidity is the mass of the water vapor divided by the volume of the air and water vapor The absolute humidity changes as air temperature or pressure changes.
The saturation humidity (Hs or FA) is the maximum quantity of water vapor that air can contain at a given temperature, without phase separation. The relative humidity (φ or RH) is the ratio (as percentage) of the partial pressure of water vapor in air, to the vapor pressure of liquid water at the same temperature.
phase change occurs at dew point temperature when the temperature of a gas is the temperature at which the water vapor or low-boiling hydrocarbon derivatives contained in the gas is transformed into the liquid state.
The boiling point of a liquid varies according to the applied pressure; the normal boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure is equal to the standard sea-level atmospheric pressure (760 mm [29.92 inches] of mercury). At sea level, water boils at 100° C (212° F).
Finding Dew point by hygrometer
5
Physical bases of the Measurement Procedure:
At room temperature ether is close to its boiling point. Rapid evaporation is already taking place
Petroleum Properties - Density and relative density
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the density and API gravity of kerosin and gas oil samples using two methods: a hydrometer and a pycnometer.
2. The results found the API gravity of kerosin to be 48.53 using the hydrometer method but 35.56 using the pycnometer method, showing a difference between the methods.
3. The pycnometer method is considered more accurate as it is less affected by factors like temperature, bubbles, and alcohol content that influence the hydrometer readings.
EPS-A
This document provides details of an experiment conducted to measure the electrical properties of rock core samples. Three core samples - Dolomite, Indiana, and Torrey - were saturated with brine and their resistances were measured. Calculations were performed to determine properties like formation factor, cementation factor, tortuosity, resistivity index, and water saturation. The results are displayed in tables and the experimental procedure, equipment used, and calculations are described over multiple chapters.
Newton's law of cooling - By Aditya Abeysinghe
This presentation is a samle demonstration of the newton's law of cooling. The first part of the video defines the law and the second part designs an experiment to findout the specific heat of a given liquid by the method of cooling.
Density and Specific Gravity (Specific Gravity Bottle method)
The objective of this lab is to measure and study density and specific gravity of different liquids.
fluid lab. no.1 Aerometer or Hydrometer 2
Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya University
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
2020
Mto lab
1. The document describes an experiment to determine the diffusivity of acetone in air using Winkelmann's method. Acetone is allowed to evaporate from a vertical glass tube while air flows over it. The rate of drop in the acetone level is measured over time.
2. The rate data is used to calculate the diffusivity coefficient of acetone in air using Stefan's correlation. The diffusivity is expected to decrease over time as the concentration gradient decreases.
3. Procedures are provided to measure parameters like temperature, acetone density, air velocity and to record observations of acetone level drop at regular time intervals. The diffusivity is then calculated from the data.
liquid fuel properties and methods to properties
The document summarizes key properties of liquid fuels that can be estimated including density, viscosity, flash point, cloud point, boiling point, and calorific value. Density can be measured using a hydrometer, which uses Archimedes' principle to determine the specific gravity of a liquid compared to water. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to deformation and can be found using an U-tube or Ostwald viscometer. Other properties like flash point and boiling point are important safety indicators, while calorific value represents the total heat released from burning a fuel. Standard tests and equipment exist to accurately measure these various liquid fuel properties.
Entalphy's Experiment report
The document reports on an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of the neutralization reaction between sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. 150 mL of 1M HCl and 50 mL of 1M NaOH were mixed in a polystyrene cup calorimeter. The temperature increase of 0.75°C was used to calculate the energy transferred of 156.75 J. Thermochemistry principles are discussed including definition of enthalpy change, methods to determine it including calorimetry, and equations used to calculate energy from temperature change measurements in solution calorimetry.
Determining Surface Tension of Different Fluids with The Help of Tensiometer
Abstract:- Current research work taken in account of surface tension of various fluids available like diesel, petrol, water. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the equivalence between surface tension and surface energy. sThis project covered the importance of surface tension of different fluids with the help of a case study from Lords Institute of Engineering & Technology.
Q923+rfl+l03
This document provides information and instructions for measuring fluid viscosity using various laboratory instruments. It begins with definitions of viscosity, density, and rheology. It then describes different types of viscometers including the falling ball viscometer, capillary tube viscometers like the Ostwald viscometer, and rotational viscometers. The document provides details on operating the Ruska rolling ball viscometer and calculating viscosity. It also discusses Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid behavior and factors that influence viscosity like temperature, pressure, and molecular weight.
final adsorbtion.pptx
This document describes an adsorption refrigeration system and experiments to test it. It discusses:
1. The components of an experimental setup used to test the adsorption of freon by silica gel at different temperatures, including a vacuum pump, balance, and thermocouples.
2. The steps of the experiment, which involve evacuating air from the system, charging it with freon, measuring the weight of adsorbed freon, and recording temperatures and pressures.
3. The components of a main adsorption refrigeration apparatus, including two adsorbent beds, condenser, evaporator, and water tanks/pumps used to study the effect of operating temperatures.
fluid lab. no.1 Aerometer or Hydrometer
Muhammed Fuad Rashid
Petroleum Engineering Department at Koya University
Fluid Mechanics Laboratory
2020
Fluid Mechanic Lab - Hydrometer or Aerometer
Department: Petroleum Engineering
Title: Hydrometer
Prepared by: Muhammad S. RaniYah
Style: Harvard
Subject: Fluid Mechanics
HTR Lab - Exp-02b - G-A2.pdf
This lab report summarizes an experiment conducted to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient (U) of a shell and tube heat exchanger with uniflow configuration. Temperature and flow rate data was collected for the hot and cold water streams at various flow rates. The heat transfer rate (Q) was calculated using this data and equations for mass flow rate and log mean temperature difference. The overall heat transfer coefficient (U) was then calculated for each set of data using the equation U=Q/(A*ΔTlm). U values ranged from 1.696 to 92.05 W/m2K over the range of flow rates tested in the uniflow shell and tube heat exchanger.
K cl o3decomp05
This experiment studied the thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate (KClO3) in the absence of a catalyst. Three possible reactions were predicted to occur, producing either KCl, KClO2, or KClO. Oxygen gas produced was collected over water and its volume measured. The mass of the solid product was also measured and used to determine which reaction occurred. Analysis of the gas and solid products indicated that the decomposition reaction produced KClO2 in the absence of a catalyst, rather than KCl as occurs with a catalyst present.
X-ray diffraction internship
The document provides information about various textile testing machines and processes used at the Uttar Pradesh Textile Technology Institute in Kanpur, India. It describes X-ray diffraction for analyzing crystal structure, a drying rate tester, differential scanning calorimetry for thermal transitions, UV prevention performance testing, a narrow loom, and several other machines. The summary focuses on key capabilities and principles of operation for selected machines.
Similar a Hydrometer (20)
(Admiral) exp. no.3 find api of crude oil by wusing hydrometer
(Admiral) exp. no.3 find api of crude oil by wusing hydrometer
(Shw shw) exp. no.3 find api of crude oil by wusing hydrometer
(Shw shw) exp. no.3 find api of crude oil by wusing hydrometer
Petroleum Properties - Density and relative density
Petroleum Properties - Density and relative density
Density and Specific Gravity (Specific Gravity Bottle method)
Density and Specific Gravity (Specific Gravity Bottle method)
Determining Surface Tension of Different Fluids with The Help of Tensiometer
Determining Surface Tension of Different Fluids with The Help of Tensiometer
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PRODUCTION OF METHYL TERTIARY BUTYL ETHER (MTBE)
this project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of bachelor in science in Chemical engineering at Koya University.
The main purpose of our project is to describe and design the production of MTBE, and using it as an additive to gasoline in order to increase its quality.
We work at this plant to produce 112,200tons / year (112,200,000 kg/y) of methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE)
Rotary kiln
A Rotary kiln is a pyroprocessing device used to raise materials to a high temperature (calcination) in a continuous process. Materials produced using rotary kilns include: Cement. Lime.
Ammonia
Ammonia is a common toxicant that is derived from wastes, fertilizers, and natural processes. It has a long history dating back to its discovery in 1774. Ammonia has many industrial uses including in fertilizer production, refrigeration, textile processing, and steel manufacturing. It is highly soluble in water and forms ammonium hydroxide which acts as a weak base. Ammonia's properties make it useful as an industrial solvent.
Gas hydrate formation and prevention
Gas hydrate
To prepare natural gas for sale, its undesirable components (water, H2S and CO2) must be removed. Most natural gas contains substantial amounts of water vapor due to the presence of connate water in the reservoir rock. At reservoir pressure and temperature, gas is saturated with water vapor
Temperature Measurment
The probe type is determined by the measurement task. The selection of the most suitable temperature sensor is made according to the following criteria:
- Measurement range
- Accuracy
- Measurement site design
- Reaction time
- Durability.
Heat exchanger parallel flow
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
Heat exchanger curent flow
The objective of this experiment is to calculate the rate of the heat transfer log mean temperature difference, and the overall heat transfer coefficient in case of Counter flow
Radial heat conduction
1. The document describes an experiment on radial heat conduction conducted by students. The experiment aims to determine the thermal conductivity of unknown materials.
2. Key steps of the experiment include setting up the equipment, taking temperature readings at different points in the material as heat is applied, and calculating the thermal conductivity using the temperature data and heat transfer equations.
3. Results showed a linear relationship between temperature difference and distance from the heat source, and that thermal conductivity values decreased with increasing heat input, as expected based on theory.
Linear heat conduction
This document summarizes a laboratory experiment on linear heat conduction. The objectives were to measure thermal conductivity along the z-direction and verify Fourier's Law. The procedure involved installing a heating element in a brass barrel, adjusting the cooling water and heater power, and measuring temperatures at points along the barrel until steady state was reached. Thermal conductivity values were calculated at different temperature drops and distances. The results showed that conductivity decreased with increasing temperature difference and distance, in agreement with theory. Sources of error and ways to improve the experiment were also discussed.
Basic Refrigeration System
To assess the performance of the vapor compression cycle as a refrigerator and as a heat pump and its dependence on various parameters. To learn how to use the equipment to measure temperatures at various test points and the flow rates for liquids and gases.
STATIC & DYNAMIC PRESSURE
The aim of this experiment is to find the dynamic pressure in a moving fluid using piezometer and pitot tube. By calculating its static pressure and its total
Pressure.
Smoke point
The maximum flame height in millimeters at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under standard conditions; used as a measure of the burning cleanliness of jet fuel and kerosene.
Boyle's low
The aim of this experiment is to show that the pressure (P) is proportional to show that inverse to volume
P=1/V
Over all pressure of Fluid flow
1) The document describes an experiment measuring fluid pressure using Bernoulli's principle. A Venturi nozzle and pitot tube are used to measure static and total fluid pressures at different points.
2) Tables of pressure measurements are presented and graphs show the relationships between flow velocity, pressure, and other variables according to Bernoulli's equations.
3) The results are discussed in relation to real-world examples of Bernoulli's principle like aircraft wings and passing vehicles. Pressure, velocity, and forces are analyzed.
Humidity-Measuremente
This document describes an experiment to measure humidity using a psychrometer. It includes sections on the aim, introduction, theory, instructions, calculations, discussion, and references. The introduction explains that humidity is the amount of water vapor in air and defines relative humidity. The theory section describes how vapor pressure relates to temperature and humidity. The instructions explain how to use a psychrometer to measure the dry and wet bulb temperatures and determine relative humidity from a table.
Steam tables
The document appears to be a 66-page document from the Mechanical Engineering Department authored by Assistant Professor IYD EQQAB MAREE during the second week. Each page contains an identical header stating the author and week, suggesting the content is repetitive or the same across all 66 pages.
Fire point
This experiment aimed to determine the fire point of kerosene using the closed cup Penesky Marten's apparatus method. The experiment yielded flash point results of 45°C and 43°C, and fire point results of 55°C and 50°C. However, these results differed from literature values and errors were present in the experiment due to issues with the gas supply, damaged apparatus, and improper mixing of the sample. Determining flash and fire points is important for classifying petroleum products and assessing fire hazards during storage and transportation.
marcet boiler
This document summarizes an experiment conducted using a Marcet boiler to determine the relationship between the pressure and temperature of saturated steam. The experiment measured pressure and temperature values over a range of approximately 0-14 bars. These measured values were then compared to theoretical values from steam tables. The results showed that pressure and temperature were directly proportional, though some measured values differed slightly from predicted values, possibly due to experimental errors. The document also lists the objectives, equipment used, calculations made, and discusses sources of error in the experiment.
GAY LUSSAC LAW
This document summarizes an experiment conducted to determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas at constant volume in accordance with Gay-Lussac's law. The experiment was conducted using equipment that included a heatable cylinder and digital displays to measure pressure and temperature changes as the gas was heated and cooled. The results showed a direct proportional relationship between pressure and temperature, though some errors were observed likely due to issues with the machine and heater. The document provides background on Gay-Lussac's law and the theoretical relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas at constant volume.
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一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Rainfall intensity duration frequency curve statistical analysis and modeling...
Using data from 41 years in Patna’ India’ the study’s goal is to analyze the trends of how often it rains on a weekly, seasonal, and annual basis (1981−2020). First, utilizing the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve and the relationship by statistically analyzing rainfall’ the historical rainfall data set for Patna’ India’ during a 41 year period (1981−2020), was evaluated for its quality. Changes in the hydrologic cycle as a result of increased greenhouse gas emissions are expected to induce variations in the intensity, length, and frequency of precipitation events. One strategy to lessen vulnerability is to quantify probable changes and adapt to them. Techniques such as log-normal, normal, and Gumbel are used (EV-I). Distributions were created with durations of 1, 2, 3, 6, and 24 h and return times of 2, 5, 10, 25, and 100 years. There were also mathematical correlations discovered between rainfall and recurrence interval.
Findings: Based on findings, the Gumbel approach produced the highest intensity values, whereas the other approaches produced values that were close to each other. The data indicates that 461.9 mm of rain fell during the monsoon season’s 301st week. However, it was found that the 29th week had the greatest average rainfall, 92.6 mm. With 952.6 mm on average, the monsoon season saw the highest rainfall. Calculations revealed that the yearly rainfall averaged 1171.1 mm. Using Weibull’s method, the study was subsequently expanded to examine rainfall distribution at different recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years. Rainfall and recurrence interval mathematical correlations were also developed. Further regression analysis revealed that short wave irrigation, wind direction, wind speed, pressure, relative humidity, and temperature all had a substantial influence on rainfall.
Originality and value: The results of the rainfall IDF curves can provide useful information to policymakers in making appropriate decisions in managing and minimizing floods in the study area.
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Hydrometer
- 1. Koya University Faulty of Engineering School of Chemical&Petroleum Engineering Chemical Engineering department Laboratory of petroleum and gas properties EXPERIMENT NUMBER TWO Hydrometer Instructor: Mr. Abdulmajid & miss Cheeman Author Name: Aree Salah Tahir Experiment Contacted on: 22/oct/2013 Report Submitted on: 29/oct /2013 Group:A
- 2. The aim of this experiment: The objective of this lab is to measure and study density and specific gravity of different liquids by using hydrometer. This gives information how light or heavy a crude oil is.
- 3. Theory: Hydrometer is considered the simplest and the fastest method in determination of specific gravity of a liquid The operation of the hydrometer is based on the Archimedes principle that a solid suspended in a fluid will be buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. Thus, the lighter the liquid (that is, the less its specific gravity), the deeper the body sinks because a greater amount of liquid is required to equal the body's weight. A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. The liquid to be tested is emptied into a tall container, often a graduated cylinder. The hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer is noted Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the stem, so that the specific gravity can be read directly.
- 4. It is important to know that most hydrometers are calibrated on 15 0 C. The actual density can be calculated by Thermal expansion coefficient of acetone = 0.00143 / 0 C Density of water at 15 0 C is 0.999099 g/cm3
- 5. EQUIPMENT and COMPONENTS USED Graduated cylinder: Thermometer: Hyderometer:
- 7. The procedure: 1:Fill the cylinder with acetone. 2:Read the temperature of the liquid by the thermometer Tactual . 3:Down the hydrometer into the sample slowly and carefully. 4:Keep the hydrometer floating in center of the cylinder andfrom the wall. 5:) After stabilization of the hydrometer, note the point where the surface of the liquid touches the stem.
- 8. Calculations: Tactual=24.4 Treference=15.5 spgr=0.785 T= Tactual- Treference =24.4-15.5 =8.9cᵒ s.p.g.r=ρaceton/ρreference 0.785 = ρaceton/0.999099 ρ aceton=0.784292715 g/cm3 ρ=0.784292715/(1+0.00143*8.9) ρ=0.77444 g/cm3
- 9. Discussion: 1:Compare your result (density of acetone) with any references? Ans: In the case of using another liquid ,the using of the kind of the hydrometer will change ,if the liquid was heavier than water we will use another different leveled hydrometer from the lighter. 2:Compare your result (density of acetone) with the previous obtained results (Density by bottle method). Ans: finding density by bottle is less accurate than finding density by hydrometer , it doesn’t mean that hydrometer has a perfect result . it needs a long time to make the hydrometer stand and maybe the distance between the hydrometer and the cylinder will not be that what we want.