1. APPLICATION OF THEORIES IN
NURSING RESEA5RCH
BY
ARUN.M

2. APPLICATION OF THEORIES IN
NURSING RESEARCH
Introduction:
In any discipline science is result of relationship
between the process of enquiry (research) and the
product of knowledge (theory)
Frame work for research
Theory guides Research process
Research questions
Research design
Analysis & interpretation of data

3. DESIGNS FOR NURSING RESEARCH
A. Quantitative Research Design.
B. Qualitative Research Design
Quantitative Research Design
The study of phenomenon that tend themselves to
precise measurement and quantification often
involving a rigorous and controlled design. The
information collected in numerical form. Statistical
procedures used to assess the magnitude and
reliability or relationship among phenomenon.
In this design theories are tested

4. Qualitative Research Design
The investigation of phenomenon typically in an
in-depth and holistic fashion through the
collection of rich narrative materials using a
flexible research design. Here the data is
collected in narrative (non numerical) form
through an unstructured interview . The
organization & interpretation of data is used to
discover the underlined dimensions & patterns
of relationship.
This design usually generates a theory.

5. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGN
Purposes & Dimension – Prediction
Experimental Quasi Experimental Non Experimental
1.Before& after
design.
2.After only design.
3.Factorial design.
4.Repeated measure
design.
5.Clinical trials
1.Non equivalent control
group before – after
design.
2.Non equivalent control
group after only design.
3.Time series design
1. Ex post facto
research design. -
Retrospective
studies
- Prospective studies.
(Case controlled
studies)
2. Descriptive design
– longitudinal,
cross sectional, co
relational and
comparative

6. SPECIFIC TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Surveys – Prevalence ,
distribution, interrelationship,
description.
2. Evaluation – Process analysis
Outcome analysis
Impact analysis
3. Outcome Research

7. QUALITATITIVE RESEARCH
METHODS
1. Ethnography.
2. Phenomenology.
3. Grounded theory.
4. Historical research.
5. Action research.
6. Triangulation.
7. Case study method

8. Ethnography – It is branch human enquiry
associated with the field of anthropology. The
design focuses on culture of a group of people.
E.g. The health practices & health seeking
behavior pattern of tribal women of
reproductive age group in a selected
geographical area.
Phenomenology – This design focuses of lived
experiences of human being
Example
The lived experiences of panic disorder in
mother during postpartum period.

9. Grounded theory –This design
focuses on symbolic interpretation or
interactions to address verbal or non
verbal expression
Example
The reproductive & mothering
experience of HIV positive women.

10. Triangulation Method:
The use of multiple methods to collect or interpret
data about a phenomenon.
It could be
• Data triangulation (Time, space, person).
• Methodological triangulation (qualitative,
quantitative).
• Investigator triangulation (Doctors, Nurses,
Investigator).
• Theoretical triangulation (Application of more
than one theory in research)

11. Historical research – It is the study of
interrelationship with people activity behaviour
etc. in the past.
Example: Nursing – A transition from occupation
to profession
Action research – A research method characterized
by the systematic study of the implementation of
planned change to a system.
Example : An outcome study on implementation of
RCA type of latrines in a rural community
Case study method- “Case” is a person with a
condition under study

12. RESEARCH PURPOSES & RESEARCH
QUESTIONS
Type of
theory
&Research
Quantitative research Qualitative Research
Descriptive
Theory
Descriptive
Research
How prevalent is the
phenomenon?
How often does it occur
What the characteristics of
the phenomenon?
What are the dimensions of
the phenomenon?
What variations exists?
What is important about the
phenomenon?
Descriptive
Theory
Exploratory
Research
What factors are related to the
phenomenon?
What are the antecedents of
the phenomenon?
What is the full nature of the
phenomenon?
What is really going on here?
What is the process by which
the phenomenon is
experienced?

13. Explanatory
Theory
Correlation
research
What are the measurable
associations between
phenomenon?
What factor cause the
phenomenon?
Does the theory explain the
phenomenon
How does the
phenomenon work?
Why does the
phenomenon exists?
What is the meaning
of the phenomenon?
How did the
phenomenon occur?
Predictive
Theory
Experimental
research
What will happen if we alter a
phenomenon or introduce an
intervention?
How can we make the
phenomenon happen or alter its
nature or prevalence?
Can the occurrence of the
phenomenon be controlled?

14. In descriptive research data are gathered by
participants/non participant observation, open
ended are structured interview schedule or
questionnaire.
• Data may quantitative or qualitative or both.
• Descriptive theories are used in
• Concept analysis.
• Psychomotor analysis.
• Case studies.
• Survey, evaluation outcome
• Phenomenology.
• Ethnography.
• Grounded theory.
• Historical enquiry

15. In correlation research data is collected through observation
questionnaire & interview schedule.
• It is used both in qualitative & quantitative research.
• Data is analyzed by inferential statistics – correlation &
association.
• Explanatory theories are used in comparative and
correlation research
In experimental research the data is generated or tested
It gives cause & effect between variable .
• It involves manipulation of some phenomenon to determine
the effect on another phenomenon.
• It require quantifiable data
• Inferential statistics is used to measure the difference.
• Predictive theories are used in theory testing (quantitative)
and theory generating (qualitative)

16. EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH:
A study to describe the problem of skin break down in
extremely low birth weight infant (Quantitative)
• A study to describe the psycho social and behavioral
aspects of clients living with urinary incontinence in
a nursing home (Qual)
EXAMPLES OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH:
A study to explore the role that village health nurses
play in implementation of RCH programme to
reduce maternal & infant morbidity & mortality
(Quant.).
• A study to explore women’s midlife experience &
perception of their changing body during
menopausal period (Qual.)

17. EXAMPLES FOR EXPLANATORY STUDIES
A study to explain use of hormones during
menopause based on quantitative indicators of
women’s habits believes and norms and
demographic characteristics (Quant.)
A study to explain the experience of
transitioning technology- dependent from
hospital to home/ community – based care
(Qual.)
EXAMPLE FOR PREDICTION &
CONTROLLED STUDY
To identify risk factor that could predict post
operative pulmonary complications after total
abdominal hysterectomy (Quant.).
Intervention Studies (Quant.)

18. CATEGORIZATION OF THEORIES USED IN
RESEARCH
1. A. Descriptive theories based on human needs
• Florence Nightingale - environmental theory.
• Faye G Abdellah – patients centered approach in
nursing.
• Virginia Henderson – the principles & practices in
nursing.
• Dorothea E Orem – The self care deficit nursing
theory.
• Lydia E. Hall– core care & cure model
B. Descriptive theories based on interactive process.
• Jean Watson – theory of human caring.
• Sister Callista Roy – adaptation model .
• Myra Estrin Levine – the conservation model
• Martha E Rogers – unitary human being

19. 2. Explanatory theories in co relational research.
 Hildegard E Peplau – psycho dynamic nursing .
 Ida Jean Orlando – nursing process theory
 Joyce Travelbeee – human to human relationship
model.
 RT mercer – maternal role attainment theory.
 E. Barnard – parent child interaction model.
 Madeleine Leininger Culture care – Diversity &
universality theory.
 Ernestine Wiedenbach - helping art of clinical
nursing theory.
 Nola J Pender – the health promotion model.
 Joyce J Fitzpatrick – life perspective model

20. 3. Predictive theory & experimental
research.
 Dorothy E Johnson - behavioral system
model.
 Betty Neuman systems model.
 Imogene King - interacting systems
framework & theory of goal attainment.
 Bertalanify - general system model

21. THEORIES APPLIED IN DESCRIPTIVE
RESEARCH (Quant. & Qual.)
1. Nightingale’s Environmental Theory:
A. Person: Person is referred to patient who is being
acted upon by a nurse & affected by the
environment.
B. Environment: All the external conditions & forces
that affects one’s life and development.
C. Health: is described as maintaining well being and
controlling environmental factors to prevent
diseases.
D. Nursing: Facilitates persons reparative process by
ensuring the best possible environment.

22. Example:
The factors influencing the recovery of patients
admitted in post operative surgical unit
External
conditions
& Forces
Client
factors
Nurse &
Nursing
care
Recovery
of clients

23. 2. Virginia Henderson's Definition of Nursing
Major Concepts:
A. Nursing :
• The nurse has a unique function to help sick or well
individual. She maintains good nurse physician
relationship.
The 14 components of nursing care encompass all
possible functions of nursing.
A. Person (Patient):
• The person must maintain physiological and
emotional balance and requires help towards
independence.
A. Health:
Health is basic to human functioning which requires
independence & interdependence.

24. D. Environment:
• Healthy individuals may be able to control their environment but
illness may interfere with that ability.
D. Needs: 14 basic needs identified by Henderson
1. Breath normally.
2. Eat & drink adequately.
3. Eliminate body wastes.
4. Move & maintain desirable positions
5. Sleep & rest.
6. Select suitable clothing.
7. Maintain body temperature.
8. Maintain body cleanliness & grooming.
9. Avoid dangers in the environment.
10. Communicate with others to express emotion, needs, fears, and
opinions.
11. Worship according to one’s faith.
12. Work in a way that provides a sense of accomplishment.
13. Participate in various form of recreation.
14. Learn, discover or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal
development & health

25. Nurses role diminishes as rehabilitation progresses among amputated patients
Before operation First day First week
Four month Fourth month
One year
Nurse
Surg.
Phys.
SW
Family
Anaesth
Nurse
Phys
Surg.
Fam
Patient
Nurse
Phys
Surg
Physioth
Occuthe
Fam
Patient
Nurse
Social
worker
Physician
Surgeon
Family
members
Patients N
u
r
s
e
N
u
r
s
e
Family members
Patient
Phy
Surg
Family
Patient

26. 3. Hall’s Core, Care and Cure Model
Hall’s model and the four concepts of nursing meta
paradigm
A. Person (patient)
Composed of three parts
- Person (core circle)
- Body (care circle)
- Pathology (cure circle)
B. Environment must be conducive to self development.
Any nursing action taken in relation to the environment should
assist the patient in attaining a personal goal.
C. Health- Illness as a behavior directed by persons feeling of self
awareness
D. Nursing- the goal of nursing care is to help the patient to develop self
awareness

27. CORE, CARE AND CURE MODEL
THE CORE CIRCLE
THE CURE CIRCLETHE CARE CIRCLE
• The person
• Social sciences
• Therapeutic use of self
• The body
• Natural and biological sciences
• Intimate body care
• The disease pathological and
therapeutic sciences
• Seeing the patient and
family through medical care
Example: A descriptive study to assess the nursing functions in reduction of
hospital stay and health care cost among patients admitted in selected hospitals.

28. 4. Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model:
Pender’s Health Promotion Model seeks to increase on individuals level of well
being. The model focuses of individuals cognitive and perceptual factors, modifying
factors and participation in health promoting behavior.
Example: A descriptive study to assess the knowledge and prevalence of bronchial
asthma among floor workers working in oil refineries.
Cognitive Perceptual
Factors
Modifying
Factors
Participation in Health
– Promoting Behaviors
Knowledge on s/s of
BA
Risk Factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Education
Past History
Provision of safety
measurement
Industrial policies
Emerging measures
On conclusion of
factors
Health Promoting
Behavior
+ve
Use of safety
measurement
Medical checkup
-ve
Absentism
sickness
Episode of BA Episode of BA

29. 5. Laffery & Kulbok’s Community Health Promotion Model
This model focuses on two complimentary paradigms
1. Health paradigm
2. Service paradigm
This the component of the above paradigm is composed of two major dimension
1. The focus of care that include primary, secondary and tertiary care focusing
on promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative health services.
2. The client system includes individual family and community at large.
3. The health personal form the base of service paradigm their services
influences the health care their by decides the outcome of health paradigm
specially the community.
Example: A descriptive study to assess the knowledge attitude, and skill among
village health nurses on immunization coverage of under five children of a
selected primary health centers.

30. ASSESSMENT
•Age
•Sex
•Qualification
•Experience
•Training&
ISE
•Caring
experience
Clientsystem/Focusesofcare
HEALTHPERSONNEL
H
E
A
L
T
H
P
E
R
S
O
N
N
E
L
H
E
A
L
T
H
P
E
R
S
O
N
N
E
L
Individual
Family
Aggregate
Community
CARE COMPONENT
PRIMARY CARE
CARE COMPONENT - SECONDARY CARE
CARE COMPONENT – TERTIARY CARE
HEALTHYCOMMUNITY
HEALTHYPROMOTIONINTERVENTION
IMMUNIZATIONOFUNDERFIVECHILDRENS
CLIENTSYSTEM
ATTITUDE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL & PRACTICES
KNOWLEDGE OF HEALTH PERSONNEL
SERVICE PARADIGM HEALTH PARADIGM

31. 6. Leininger’s Culture care diversity & Universality theory (sunrise
model)
A. Person
1. Is refereed to by Leninger as “human being”
2. Is caring and capable of being concerned about others and care of human
being is universal in all cultures.
B. Environment
1. It is closely related to the concept of culture
C. Health
1. reflects the ability of the individual to perform their daily roles
2. it is universal across all cultures define differently by each culture to
reflect its specific values and beliefs.
D. Nursing
1. Uses three modes of action (culture care preservation, culture care
accommodation, culture care repatterning) suited to client’s culture.
Example: A study to assess the knowledge attitude and practices of child bearing
and child rearing among tribal mothers residing in selected hilly areas.

32. Technological
Factors
Religious
and
Philosophic
al Factors
Cultural
values
and
lifeways
Social
Factors
Generic
of lock
systems
Nursing
care
Professional
system
Political and
legal factors
Economic
factors
Educational
Factors
Culture care world view
Cultural and social structure dimension
Individuals, Families, Communities, and institutions, in divers health system
Influences care
expression, patterns
and practices
Health (well-being)
Nursing care decision and actions
Cultural care preservation and maintenance
Cultural care accommodation and negation
Cultural care repatterning and restructuring
Culture-congruent care
SUNRISE
MODEL

33. THEORIES APPLIED TO RESEARCHES WITH THE PURPOSE OF
EXPLANATION AND EXPLORATION
7. Paplau’s Interpersonal Relations Model
A. Person
As an individual that strives to reduce anxiety cost by needs.
B. Environment
It implied that nurse must consider culture and values when caring the
patient at the hospital environment.
C. Health
Health consists of interacting physiological and interpersonal conditions
promoted through the INTERPERSONAL PROCESS (it is derived from
behavioral sciences and this model evolves psychodynamic nursing.
D. Nursing
Is a significant therapeutic interpersonal process.
Example: Interpersonal influence in relationships between psychiatric
patients and nursing staff on changing behavior in selected hospital.

34. The nurse and the patient are the strangers to each other and many have
entirely separate goals and interests
The roles of each in the problematic situation may differ, partly because of
Their individual preconceptions about the meaning of the medical problem
Together, the nurse and the patient can work toward a partially mutual and
Partially individual understanding of the nature of the medical problem
Common, shared health goals can result from a mutual understanding of
The nature of the problem and of the roles and requirements of the nurse
And the patient in solving the problem.
Their collaborative efforts can direct the nurse and the patient toward
solving he problem together, productively.
CHANGING ASPECTS OF THE NURSE-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP

35. 8. Ernestine Wiedenbach: The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory
A. Person (client)
A human being who strives towards self direction and independence
desires to make the best use of personal abilities to fulfill responsibilities.
B. Environment
Environment are factors in realities constitute a dynamic sense of ideas
events experiences and objectives in contact with a patient.
C. Health
Is addressed as nurse patient relationship and need for help.
D. Nursing
Nursing is a clinical practice discipline
Helps a patient overcome difficulties and meet the need for help.
Example: A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program for
Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) on identification of risk factors of
pregnant women at selected Health Unit District, Tamilnadu.

36. NURSING ACTION
• Pressessment of knowledge of
TBAs on early identification of
high risk factors.
• Inadequate knowledge
• Need for improving
STEP1: IDENTIFYING THE NEED
FOR HELP
STEP2: MINISTERING THE
NEEDED HELP
1.Realities 2.Prescription
Agent
Nurse Health
Educator
Health Teaching
On early
Identification of
high risk factors
in
•Antenatal
•Intranatal
•Postnatal
•Newborn
Recipient
TBAs with
different
variables
SHORT TERM GOAL
TBAs gain knowledge
TBAs identify high risk
mothers
LONG TERM GOAL
Improved safe motherhood
practice
Prevention of complication
during pregnancy and
child birth
STEP3: VALIDATING THAT
THE NEEDED HELP WAS MET
• Post assessment of knowledge of
TBAs on early identification of
high risk factors after planned
health teaching.
• Analysis of findings
CENTRAL PURPOSE
Wiedenbach: The Helping Art of Clinical Nursing Theory

37. 9. Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Theory
A. Person
Person is a recipient of care is a BIO PSYCHOSOCIAL being who constantly interact
with the changing environment.
– is an adaptive system who uses innate and acquired coping mechanism to deal
with STREESS
- Can be individual, group, family or society.
B. Environment
All conditions, circumstances and influences affect the development and behavior
of individual and group it is constantly changing and interacting.
Consist of external and internal environment which provide input in the form of
stimuli.
C. Health
It is defined as a process of being and becoming an integrated and whole person.
The goal of the persons behavior and persons ability to be an adaptive organism.
D. Nursing
Includes assessment , diagnosis, goal setting, intervention and evaluation.
Example:
A comparison of level of depression between elderly residing at old age home and
with families of selected community.

38. THE PERSON AS ADAPTIVE SYSTEM
PERSON
Physiological
Self - concept
Interde-
pendence
Role
function
ADAPTATION
COPING
MECHANISMS
STIMULI
BEHAVIOR
BEHAVIOR

39. CALLISTA ROY’S ADAPTATION MODEL
INPUT OUTPUTTHROUGHPUT
Person has an Adaptive System
Elderly person
living in the
elderly home
Age, sex, education,
occupation, income, religion,
type of family, marital status,
no. of children, recreational
activities, religious activities,
type of illness
Elderly person
living in the
families
Age, sex, education,
occupation, income, religion,
type of family, marital status,
no. of children, recreational
activities, religious activities,
type of illness
STIMULI
Psychological
Problem
Anxiety, depression,
loneliness, emotional
problems related to poor
physical health,
worthlessness,
hopelessness,
suspiciousness
Physiological
Problem
•Diseases
•Disabilities
Social
Problem
Poverty, dependency, elder
abuse, social isolation, loss
of role and status, wanderly
tendency, drug abuse
Level of physiological
well-being
•Neural regulation
•Chemical & endocrine
regulation
Level of
Esteem
•Body image
and sensation.
•Self
consistency and
self ideal
•Self
observation and
self evaluation
Level of interpersonal
relatedness with
others
•Relationship with
others
•Help seeking, attention
and affection.
•Taking initiatives
satisfaction in life
Role Personnel
•Position in society
•Interaction
•Role performance
Adaptive
Response
Maladaptive
Response
Health
Education
Health
Education
•Referral
•Counseling
•Mild level of depression
•Moderate level of depression
•Severe level of depression
Enhancement
Reinforcement
Improvedquality
oflife
Euthymic

40. 10. Dorothea E.Oren: Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing
A. Person
Patient to functions biologically, symbolically and socially and who has the potential for
learning and development.
Is an individual subject to the forces of nature, with a capacity for self-knowledge, who can
engage in deliberate action, interpret experiences, and perform beneficial actions.
Is an individual who can learn to meet self-care requisites; if, for some reason, the person
cannot learn self-care measures, other must provide the care.
B. Environment
Can positively or negatively affect the person ability to provide self care.
C. Health
Consist of physical, psychological interpersonal, social aspect of care and they are inseparable
It includes promotion and maintenance of health treatment of illness and prevention of
complication
D. Nursing
Is caring the sick and well
promotes patient as a self-care agent which include self-care agency, self-care requisites and
therapeutic self-care demands.
It consists of three steps determination of needs for care designing a nursing system delivering
care.
Example: A comparative study to assess the activity of daily living between the residential and non
residential mentally challenged children in selected institutions.

41. Self-care
Self-care
capabilities
(self-care agency)
Therapeutic
Self-care
demand
Nursing
capabilities
(nursing agency)
<
R R
R R
PATIENT

42. MentalHealthNurse
High family
support and
formal training
by health
professionals
Enhanced
competency
in activities
of daily
living
Supportive
Educative
Supportive
Guidance
•Counseling
•Rehabilitative
•Education
•Training of parents
Sustained self
care activities
Compromised
self care ability
Partially
compensated system
Health care
professionals/
Mentally challenged
children
Activities of daily
living
Wholly compensated
system
Health care
professionals
Activities of daily
living
Lack of family
support and
training by
health
professionals
Insufficient
competency
in activities
of daily
living
Partially
sustained self
care ability
Negativeoutcome
Positive
outcomeAssessment
DV ADL
DV ADL
HealthIntervention
Dorothea E.Oren: Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing

43. 11. Joyce J. Fitzpatrick Life perspective model
A. Person
Person is open system a unified whole characterized by a basic human rhythm
B. Environment
Man and environment are open system continually changing matter and energy
with each other.
C. Nursing
The meaning of nursing is attached to life the basic understanding of human
existence is a central concern of nursing as a science and profession.
D. Health
Is viewed as a continuously developing characteristic of humans with the
full life potential that may characterized the process of living and dying.
Example
A study to access the impact of child birth process on psychological well
being of mothers during post natal periods at selected hospitals.

44. RELATIONSHIP WITHIN THE LIFE PERSPECTIVE MODEL
Normal
delivery
Caesarean
delivery
Postnatal
Mother
(Person)
Impact of childbirth
(health) process
Assesses and compared
psychological well-being of
postnatal mothers
(Nursing action)
Temporal patterns
Motion Pattern
Conscious pattern
Perceptual pattern
Subjective
well being
Mood
Status
Sleep
Pattern
Interaction
Pattern
Maternal
Infant
Relation
Psychological well-being of mothers Joyce J. Fitzpatrick Life
perspective model

45. THEORIES APPLIED TO RESEARCHES WITH THE PURPOSE OF
PREDICTION
12. Dorothy E. Johnson behavioral systems model
A. Person
Is an open interrelated system identified by actions and behaviors that
are regulated and controlled by biological, psychological and sociological
factors.
B. Environment
Constantly interact with the individual.
C. Health
It is a balance and stability of a persons behavioral system to
demonstrated by orderly purposeful predictable behavior that
effectively manages the relationship to the environment
D. Nursing
is an eternal regulatory force that acts to preserve optimal organization
and integration of a patents behavior.

46. Subsystem
Achievement
Tension
Health or illness
Investigate/eliminative
Aggressive
Dependency
Stress tolerance
Flexibility
Behavioral system (patient)
Attachment / affiliation
Structure
Drive Set, Choice
Behavior Dynamic
Equilibrium (Goal)
Active dynamic behavioral system
(person, group, family)
Internal stressors
(+) or (-)
Learning, Experience, Maturation, Other
changing factors (biological,
psychological, sociological)
External stressors
(+) or (-)
Nursing action
Nurture
Protect
Stimulate
Dynamic Environment
CUE
Sexual

47. 13. Betty Neuman's System model
A. Person
is viewed as a whole, multidimensional, dynamic system
Is composed of basic core structures as well as physiologic, psychological, sociocultural,
developmental and spiritual variables; these core structures and variables constantly interact with
the environment.
Can be an individual, family, group, or community.
Forces on the persons relationship and response to stress.
B. Environment
In described as those internal and external forces surrounding the person at any given time. It
includes interpersonal, intrapersonal and extra personal stress that can interfere with the persons
normal line of defense and can affect the systems stability’s.
C. Health
is defined as a state of wellness or system stability and is reflected by the level of wellness.
D. Nursing
Is a unique profession that deals with all the variables affecting the persons, uses primary,
secondary and tertiary interventions to reduce a client stress. Neuman’s nursing process consist of
three steps Nursing diagnosis, Nursing goals and nursing outcomes.
Example:
A study to assess the effectiveness of educational intervention regarding self care
management of gestational diabetes among primigravida mothers attending outpatient
department

48. Client factor
•Age
•Religion
•Education
•Work pattern
•Family income
•Community
•Type of family
•Family history
of patient
STRESSOR
•Pregnancy
•Need for life-style
modification in GDM
condition
CLIENT
Primi gravida
mothers with
GDM
PRETEST
Assessment of
knowledge on SCM of
GDM, 1st
day
interaction with the
investigator
NURSING INTERVENTION
Structured teaching on
SCM of GDM
POST TEST
Assessment of
knowledge on SCM of
GDM after one week
Secondary
Prevention
TERTIARY
PREVENTION
Early detection and
Prompt treatment
helps in preventing
the complication of
GDM
Rehabilitative
Negative outcome Positive outcome
Inadequate
knowledge on SCM
of GDM
Adequate knowledge
on SCM of GDM
D
E
G
R
E
E
O
F
R
E
A
C
T
I
O
N
Betty Neuman's System model
Secondary prevention

49. 14. Imogene King Theory of Goal attainment
A. Person
Is a social rational, perceiving controlling, purposeful, action oriented, time-
oriented being.
has a right to self-knowledge, participation in decisions that affect life and health
B. Environment
Internal and external environment
C. Health
Health is a dynamic state of life cycle and illness is view as an interference in the
continuum of the life cycle.
D. Nursing
Refers to observable nurse client interaction the focuses of which is to help the
individuals to maintain health.
It is viewed as an interpersonal process of action, reaction, interaction and
transaction.
Nurse perceives those the client and influence the interaction.
Example:
Effectiveness of structured teaching on knowledge on prevention of anemia
among primigravida mothers attending outpatient department of selected
hospitals.

50. Schematic Diagram of Goal Attainment Theory
Perception
Nurse
Communication
Perception
Client
Communication
Agree in
means
Explore
means
Transaction
Mutual goal
setting
Action
Reaction
Disturbance

51. Nurse educator
in Antenatal O.P.D
PerceptionPerception:: Lack of Knowledge on prevention
of anemia for mothers may cause maternal
and foetal hazards
Judgment:Judgment: Mobilize the resources for
creating awareness among mothers on
preventive measures of anemia
Action:Action: Implements health education
programme in order to create awareness
and improve their knowledge on
prevention of anemia
Antenatal
mothers
in O.P.D
Action:Action: Readiness to gain Knowledge
Judgment:Judgment: Identifying the sources to
gain knowledge on prevention of
anemia
Reaction
Nurse
educator
prepares
flash
cards and
self
instructio
nal
booklet
on
preventio
n of
anemia
for
educating
antenatal
mothers
Mutual
goal setting
Antenatal
mothers
To gain
knowledge
Interaction
•Present
knowledge
of antenatal
mothers on
prevention
of anemia.
•Flash
cards for
giving
structured
teaching.
•Post test
knowledge
of antenatal
mothers on
prevention
of anemia
Transaction
•Level of
knowledge of
the antenatal
mothers after
the structured
teaching
programming
Gains knowledge on prevention
of anemia during pregnancy
and adapt preventive measures
Perception:Perception: Need to gain knowledge on prevention
of anemia
Teaching and training
programme in prevention
of anemia
Lack of knowledge on
prevention of anemia
during pregnancy
Imogene King Theory of Goal attainment

52. Bertalaniffy General System Theory
This model consist of four components, Structure input, process
throughput , Outcome output.
Structure refers to the arrangement of parts and expressed as input.
Process refers to design strategies role, functions, activities or task that
maintain the equilibrium of the system. Is also expressed as throughput.
Outcome is the end result of the interaction of the structure and process
and is depend on the ability of the system to regulate the tool. When
there is a harmonious balance of the structure and process relationship ,
then the desired outcome emerges.
Feedback is the response of the structured process and outcome leading
to a recycling decision and context to modify the system.
Example:
Effectiveness of maternity nursing services rendered by village
health nurses working in subcentres of selected Health Unit Districts.

53. STRUCTURE PROCESS OUTCOME
ANC INTRANATAL CARE PNC NEWBORN CARE
Home Visits, Clinic, Health
Education, Demonstration,
Counseling
Assessment, Diagnosis,
Planning Intervention,
Evaluation,
Health awareness of the community,
Degree of positive safe motherhood
1. Registration
2. Immunization
3. Anemia prophylaxis
4. Deworming
5. Detection of high risk
pregnancy
6. Referral
7. Morbidity pattern
8. Mortality pattern
9. Infant birth weight
10. Infant immunization
11. Breast feeding
12. Birth spacing
1. Health centre building
2. Population
3. Manpower quality and
quantity
4. Super vision
5. CNE
6. Equipment and
supplies
7. Nutrition and
supplements
8. Drugs
9. Standing orders
10. Policies
11. Health education
martial
12. Transport
13. Referral system
General System Theory

54. Areas of future research nursing
Critical health needs of communities and vulnerable population
1. Family health and transition
2. Health promotion and risk reduction
3. Bio-behavioral manifestations of health and illness
4. Women’s health
5. Geriatric care
6. Environments for optimizing
7. Event outcome
8. Genetic research
9. End – of - life research

55. Conclusion
The relationship between research and theory is
undeniable and it is important to recognize the impact of their
relationship on the development of Nursing knowledge. The
source of theory for research study is unique to nursing or
borrowed from another discipline but the theoretical
framework should be explicit and appropriate.
Let us work together
Share our experiences in using theories and models
Let it reflect in publications, Seminar, and Conferences
So as to strengthen nursing as a profession
Hope Indian nurses may generate more theories
And avoid borrowing theories from foreign theorists and from
other discipline

56. References:
1. M.Ewen. & Wills.E.M, Theoretical Base for
Nursing, Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams 2002
2. Polit F.Denise & Hungler.B.P, Essentials of Nursing
Research, Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams, 2004.
3. Streubert & Carpenter . Qualitative Research
Nursing, Philadelphia; Lippincott Williams, 2007.
4. Tommey A.M & Alligood M.R, Nursing Theorists
and their work, Philadelphia; Mosby Publication,
2002.
5. Wesley.L.R, Nursing Theories and models,
Pennsylvania., Springhouse Corporation, 1995.