This document discusses different types of processors used in embedded systems, including general purpose processors, application specific instruction set processors (ASIPs) like microcontrollers and DSPs, single purpose processors, and multi-core processors. It covers considerations for system designers in choosing processors, common microcontrollers used in small, medium, and large embedded systems, and examples of specialized processors like graphics and encryption engines. The summary at the end restates that the document provides an overview of hardware units and processor options for embedded systems.

1. Chapter 1 Lesson 2:
PROCESSOR IN EMBEDDED
SYSTEM
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 1
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

2. Hardware units in the Embedded
Systems
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 2
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

3. Typical Embedded System Hardware
units
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 3
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

4. Processor
Program Flow and data path Control
Unit (CU) —includes a fetch unit for
fetching instructions from the
memory
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 4
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

5. Processor
Execution Unit (EU) —includes
circuits for arithmetic and logical unit
(ALU), and for instructions for a
program control task, say, data
transfer instructions, halt, interrupt,
or jump to another set of instructions
or call to another routine or sleep or
reset
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 5
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

6. System designer considerations
Processor Instructions in the Instruction set
Processor ability to solve the complex
algorithms used in meeting the deadlines
for their processing.
Maximum bits in operand (8 or 16 or 32)
in a single arithmetic or logical operation.
Internal and External bus-widths in the
data-path
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 6
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

7. System designer considerations
Clock frequency in MHz and processing
speed -
Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS) or
Million Floating Point Instructions Per
Second (MFLOPS) or
Dhrystone- an alternate metric for
measuring processing performance. Refer
Section 2.6
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 7
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

8. 1a. General purpose microprocessor
For example, Intel 80x86, Sparc, or
Motorola 68HCxxx
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 8
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

9. 1b. Embedded general purpose
processor
Fast context switching features,
use of on-chip Compilers, for
example, Intel® XScale™
Applications Personal Internet Client
Architecture-based PDAs, cell phones
and other wireless devices,
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 9
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

10. 2. Application Specific Instruction-
Set Processor (ASIP)
(a)Microcontroller — Intel, Motorola,
Hitachi, TI, Philips and ARM, …
For example, an Intel® — MCS51, Philips®
51XA, 51MX, or
Motorola — 68HC11, 68HC12, 68HC16
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 10
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

11. Commonly used exemplary
microcontrollers in small scale embedded
systems
Small Scale Embedded System 8/16-
bit Microcontroller
8051 PIC16F8X Hitachi 68HC11xx
family family H8
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 11
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

12. Commonly used exemplary
microcontrollers in medium scale
embedded systems
Medium Scale Embedded System
16-bit Microcontroller
8051MX PIC Hitachi 68HC12xx,
16F876, D64F2623FA 68HC16xx
PIC18
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 12
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

13. Commonly used exemplary
microcontrollers in large-scale embedded
systems
Large Scale Embedded System 32-bit
Microcontroller
ARM family Cortex-M3, Atmel
AT91 series, ST10 series, Philips Hitachi
LPC 2000 series, Texas Instrument SH7045F
C16x and TMS470R1B1M,
Samsung S3C44B0X
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 13
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

14. Subunits in a Microcontroller
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 14
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

15. Application Specific Instruction-Set
Processor (ASIP)
(b) DSP or
(c) Media processor or
(d) IO processor or
(e) Network processor or
(f) A domain specific processor
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 15
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

16. (b) DSP
Typically a
Texas Instruments- C28x
Series, C54xx or C64xx or
Analog Devices SHARC or
TigerSHARC,
Motorola 5600xx
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 16
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

17. (d) Media processor
TI DSP TMS320DM310 or Trimedia
Phillips Media Processor 1x00
series for Processing Streaming and
Data Networks and Image, Video
and Speech: PNX 1300, PNX 1500
(2002)
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 17
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

18. A Media Processor PNX 1x00
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 18
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

19. 3. GPP or ASIP core (s)
GPP or ASIP Integrated into either an
Application Specific Integrated Circuit
(ASIC), or a Very Large Scale
Integrated Circuit (VLSI) circuit or a
FPGA core integrated with processor
unit(s) in a VLSI (ASIC) chip
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 19
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

20. 4. Application Specific System
Processor (ASSP)
Typically a set top box processor
or mpeg video-processor or
network application processor
or mobile application processor
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 20
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

21. 5. Single purpose processor or
Application Specific Instruction
processor
• Floating point Coprocessor
•CCD Pixel coprocessor and image
codec in digital camera
• Graphic processor
• Speech processor
• Adaptive filtering processor
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 21
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

22. • Encryption engine
• Decryption engine
•Communication protocol stack
processor
• Java accelerator
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 22
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

23. Use of Accelerator Cores:
Examples
Java Accelerator Nazonin
Communications Java codes run 15 to
60 Times fast,
Video Accelerator for fast Video
processing
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 23
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

24. 6. Multi core processors or
multiprocessor system using
GPPs
Examples
•Multiprocessor system for Real time
performance in a video-conference
system,
• Embedded firewall cum router,
• High-end cell phone, …
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 24
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

25. Summary
We learnt
(i) overview of hardware units,
(ii) Processor (s) used in the
systems: general purpose
processor, ASIPs (microcontroller,
DSP, Media processor, ..), single
purpose processor and multi-
processor, …
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 25
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education

26. End of Lesson 2
2008 Chapter-1L02: "Embedded Systems - " , Raj Kamal, 26
Publs.: McGraw-Hill Education