Microsoft power point artiklar och gruppkreativitet

The dance group black grace, picture from www.boston.com

What does recent scientific
litterature say about creativity,
groups and group creativity?

Journal of Management 2004 30(4) 453–470
A Little Creativity Goes a Long Way: An Examination of Teams’ Engagement
in Creative Processes.
L.L. Gilson & C.E. Shalley

Engagement in creative processes involves team
members
• behaviorally,
• cognitively, and
• emotionally
attempting new things or ways of going about
their work.


“..in this paper, team creative processes are
defined as members working together in such
a manner that they link ideas from multiple
sources, delve into unknown areas to find
better or unique approaches to a problem, or
seek out novel ways of performing a task.

The dance group black grace, picture from media.newtimes.com

The dance group black grace, picture from fwdc.org

”… if team members perceive that creativity is
required by their job, this essentially gives
them both the permission and motivation to
attempt to engage in creative processes.”

• Hypothesis 1: The more team members believe that their job requires creativity, the more
frequently the team will engage in creative processes. Strengthened by the study.
• Hypothesis 2: The more team members believe that their work requires task interdependence,
the more frequently the team will engage in creative processes. Strengthened by the study.
• Hypothesis 3: The more team members report that their team has a high level of shared
goals, the more frequently the team will engage in creative processes. Found a significant
connection
• Hypothesis 4: The more team members report that the team actively participates in problem
solving, the more frequently the team will engage in creative processes. Found a significant
connection
• Hypothesis 5: The more team members report that their team climate is supportive of
creativity, the more frequently the team will engage in creative processes. Found a significant
connection
• Hypothesis 6: Teams with moderate amounts of organizational tenure will more frequently
engage in creative processes. Found a significant connection

• They also concludes; ”… this represents the first study that indicates that contact in the form
of socializing during breaks at work and outside of work is positively associated with teams
engaging in more creative processes. “


Therefore, it is important to understand what
drives individuals and teams to choose to
engage in creative processes, since this is not
inherently the easiest route to pursue, and yet
this act of engagement is the necessary first
step to potential creative outcomes, as well as
potentially improved performance.

The dance group black grace, picture from artscenter.uhh.hawaii.edu

Journal of Psychopharmacology,
22(8) (2008) 821–827
“Is it time to revisit the role of
psychedelic drugs in enhancing
human creativity?”
B Sessa

http://www.cnsforum.com/content/pictures/imagebank/hirespng/Drug_amphet_high.png

Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(8) (2008) 821–827
Is it time to revisit the role of psychedelic drugs in enhancing human
creativity?
B Sessa

“ … with today’s current renaissance in
psychedelic drug research and the growing
interest in cognitive enhancing drugs, now
may be the time to re-visit these studies with
contemporary research methods.”

creativity?
B Sessa

“Despite the enormous amount of money and
energy invested in such commercial industries,
the scientific concept of how creativity is
enhanced is poorly understood. This makes
the neuroscientific understanding of these
processes particularly relevant.”

creativity?
B Sessa

Heilman, et al. (2003) proposed that creative
innovation requires the co-activation and
communication between regions of the brain
that ordinarily are not strongly connected.

creativity?
B Sessa

Some scholars (Zinkhan, 1993) have argued
that creativity, by definition, defies
measurement because all tests have
predetermined correct answers and
originality is a requirement of creativity –
therefore, any ‘correct’ answer in a creativity
test could not be creative.

creativity?
B Sessa

• Tests to measure creativity fall into two
broad categories – the more scientific
psychometric tests and the more subjective,
but widely used, method of ‘Expert Opinion’.
• Tests that measure divergent thinking include
the ‘Unusual Uses’ test, the ‘Structure Of
Intellect’ test and ‘Mednick’s Remote
Associates Test’.

creativity?
B Sessa
Barron;
• Creativity was not linked directly to IQ. Although intelligence is in some
degree necessary, it is not alone a sufficient condition for high creativity.
• Finding meaning in the world – and being enthusiastic and able to
communicate that meaning to others in one form or other.
• Being intuitive
• Being introverted
• Finding a simple explanation to a complex problem (and this refers to
creativity in both art and mathematics).
• Being slightly more ‘psychologically imbalanced’ (measured by Barron as
‘schizoid tendencies’) than the general population.
• Ability to maintain independent judgement (even in the face of alternative
peer consensus).
• ‘Maintenance of psychic opposites’ – for example, individuals who
displayed a tendency to be both free and disciplined or both ‘masculine’
and ‘feminine’.

creativity?
B Sessa
Rogers, internal and external conditions;
• Low psychological defensiveness,
• a lack of rigidity,
• a permeability of boundaries in concepts, beliefs, perceptions and
hypotheses,
• a tolerance for ambiguity,
• an ability to receive and integrate apparently conflicting
information,
• a sensitive awareness of feelings and
• openness to all phases of experience, intuition, aesthetic sensibility,
• a sense of satisfaction in self-expression,
• the ability to think in terms of analogues and metaphors and
• the ability to ‘toy’ with ideas, shapes and hypotheses

creativity?
B Sessa

Psycadelic drugs:
A particular feature of the experience – that is
encompassed by all the above characteristics and
has special relevance to the creative process is,
that of a general increase in complexity and
openness, such that the usual ego-bound
restraints that allow humans to accept given pre-
conceived ideas about themselves and the world
around them are necessarily challenged.

creativity?
B Sessa
In some subjects, which had ’creative personality traits’, LSD trends for
these effects where found, but not statistically significant
• 1) Reduced inhibition and reduced anxiety.
• 2) Improved capacity to restructure problems in a wider context.
• 3) Increased fluency and flexibility of ideas.
• 4) Increased visual imagery and fantasy.
• 5) Increased ability to concentrate.
• 6) Increased empathy with objects and processes.
• 7) Increased empathy with people.
• 8) Subconscious data more accessible.
• 9) Improved association of dissimilar ideas.
• 10) Heightened motivation to obtain closure.
• 11) Improved ability to visualize the completed solution.

creativity?
B Sessa

“It is well accepted that when under the acute
influence of psychedelic drugs, performance
on standard tests of intelligence, learning,
memory and other cognitive functions, as well
as certain psychomotor tasks, generally show
impairment and sometimes show lack of
change and only rarely show improvement.”

creativity?
B Sessa

What is the benefit of revisiting psychedelics and
creativity research now?

• The area of psychedelic enhancement of
creativity is one such area that may have
potential benefits for furthering our
understanding of neuroscience.
• In addition, if we are to strive to comprehend the
brain and mind in their entireties, these are areas
that are worth revisiting with modern research
methods.

SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35
No. 5, 2004
SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY
AND SIMILARITY IN
GROUP-IDEA GENERATION
ASAKO MIURA and
MISAO HIDA

http://www.psychologytoday.com/files/u114/conferencetable_1.jpg

SMALL GROUP RESEARCH, Vol. 35 No. 5, 2004
SYNERGY BETWEEN DIVERSITY AND SIMILARITY IN GROUP-IDEA
GENERATION; ASAKO MIURA and MISAO HIDA

Hypothesis: A group made up of members who
show high degrees of both diversity and similarity
of thought categories will get stronger creative
benefits from working as a group than will groups
with other compositions.


But many previous empirical studies suggest that various factors of
interactive groups are responsible for the loss of productivity.
• production blocking; it is not possible to share one’s own ideas
while others are talking within the group.
• evaluation apprehension; the potential evaluation of ideas by
those within the group can also inhibit idea generation.
• social loafing; another important social factor is the tendency of
individuals to loaf or be less motivated when individual
contributions are to be combined in a group product.
• free riding; one may exert less effort or take a free ride when the
high performance levels of others within a group make one’s
contributions appear to be unnecessary.


• How can we overcome the “loss” factors that
block the generation of creative ideas in
interactive groups?
• Which characteristics of groups lead to high
levels of productivity or creativity?
• What factors improve the generation of
creative ideas through discussion?
• When and how does interaction support
creativity?

http://www.tsh.ca/images/synectics.gif


“…similarity between the idea pools of
members, at least to within some appropriate
level, acts as a catalyst by allowing group
diversity to make a positive contribution to
creative performance. This catalysis, that is,
restriction of the diversity within a group so
that mutual comprehensibility is retained,
motivates the group members to connect
their ideas in effective ways and to elaborate
novel ideas from the connections.”

http://judotips.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/50jahre_aktu_judo.jpg


In the task of Study 1, participants were asked to
generate unusual uses for an object. This
simple heuristic task has often been used in
research on brainstorming. Examples of the
objects used are a knife, a detached
doorknob, a paper clip, a soda can, a shoelace,
and a pencil.

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_dXDZmgVew5A/SoyLF2FcI1I/AAAAAAAAFhQ/eTd4GYjCjPU/s400/pencil+art.jpg


The task in Study 2 is the addition of new
functions to an existing object. For example,
the ideas generated in response to the same
target object might include “Have the can’s
surface change color in response to the
emperature of its content”…

http://www.thegoodstore.com.au/Uploads/Images/4fp-ruler-pen.jpg

TABLE 2: Values for(Study 1)
Similarity
Low High
Variable Low Diversity High Diversity Low Diversity High Diversity
Productivity a 11.00 14.27 15.40 20.08

Creativity b 9.00 11.80 12.53 15.92

Perception of
communication (as listener)
c 11.56 11.07 12.16 12.72

Perception of
communication (as
speaker) c 13.36 12.44 12.24 14.00
a. Number of ideas generated by the group.
b. Number of ideas for which the creativity score was higher than average.
c. Assessed on three 5-point items to produce a scale ranging from 3 to 15

However, in those cases where the high-similarity condition held, groups that also had
high levels of diversity were significantly more creative than groups that did not (p < .05).
This result indicates that groups achieved the best creative performance when they had
high degrees of both diversity and similarity.


TABLE 4: Values for(Study 2)
Similarity
Low High
Low Diversity High Diversity Low Diversity High Diversity
Variable
Productivity a 4.44 5.46 4.78 8.90
Creativity b 1.78 2.54 2.89 4.20
Perception of
communication (as
listener) c 13.48 13.23 13.64 13.47
Perception of
communication (as
speaker) c 12.04 11.77 12.63 12.30
a. Number of ideas generated by the group.
b. Number of ideas for which the creativity score was higher than average.
c. Assessed on three 5-point items to produce a scale ranging from 3 to 15.

In line with the results of Study 1, this result indicated that those groups identified as
having high levels of both diversity and similarity demonstrated the strongest creative
performance.


“In Study 2, the synergistic effect of diversity and
similarity on group creativity in idea generation
that was suggested by Study 1 was investigated in
a slightly more precise condition (all group
members were female) and with another
creativity task. Our empirical analysis indicated
similar results on group performance to those of
the first study. Our hypothesis on group creative
performance had thus received further support.
Accordingly, we can regard the possibilities of
generality for this effect as strong.”

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